JEWISH SURNAMES IN THE GALUT (EXILE), IN

THE TEFUTSOT (DIASPORAS)

Compilation of the book by Pere Bonnín Aguiló - Jewish Blood 2, the
brilliant wake of the expelled Spaniards.

CLARIFICATION: THIS LIST OF SURNAMES HAS BEEN REVISED AND

INCREASED, RESPECTING THE ORIGINAL WORK OF MR. PERE BONNÍN
AGUILÓ, JEWISH BLOOD 2.

The truth is only recognized by those who conquer it day by day, and the
destiny of all truth is that it cannot be given other than those who,
tirelessly, daily, moment by moment, hour by hour, fight for such truth,
and emerge victorious (successful) from it. all the tests and arduous
detours imposed on him, the long and difficult path, so full of temptations
and confusions and adventures of all kinds, of confusion and chaos. Thus it
is continually demonstrated that, in the same way that it is not enough to
have breathed "just once" to be sure of life forever and ever, neither can
knowledge acquired "once" be preserved unless it is test with the force of
its antithetical term (opposing each conclusion to its opposite and each
thought to its opposite). Making the world "continue breathing" open to the
breath of HaShem, such is the message of the one and indivisible HaShem.
Inspired by the book of Genesis - Bereshit:
Genesis 1:26 Then Elokim said, "Let us make mankind in our image,
according to our likeness; and let them reign over the fish in the sea, and
the creatures that fly in the sky, and the animals, and over all the earth,
and over every creature that creeps on the earth."
Genesis 1:27 So Elokim created man; He created him in the image of
Elohim; male and female He created them.
Genesis 1:28 Elokim blessed them and said to them: “Be fruitful and
multiply, fill the earth and dominate it; and rule over the fish of the sea,
over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that creeps on the
earth.”
Genesis 1:29 Elokim said, “Look, I give you every plant that bears seed on
the earth, and every tree that bears fruit with seed; These will serve as
food for them.
Genesis 1:30 And to all the animals of the earth, to all the birds of the air,
and to everything that creeps on the earth, in which there is the breath of
life, [I give] every green plant for food.” So it was.
Genesis 1:31 And Elokim saw everything that he had made, and found it
very good. And that afternoon and that morning formed the sixth day.

Genesis 2:7 Then HaShem Elokim formed man [Hebrew: adam] from the
dust of the ground [Hebrew: admah] and breathed on his face the breath of
life, and the man became a living soul.
Genesis 2:8 HaShem Elokim planted a paradise toward the east, in Edem,
and there he placed the man whom He had formed.
Names of G-d or biblical names
Aaron (illustrious master): Aharon, Aron, Aharon, Aron Aarons, Aro, Arao,
Aroun, Aharoni, Aharonov, Agraniovok, Agron, Ahrend, Ahrendt, Aranovici,
Aranovitz, Aranovski, Aranson, Arele, Aremberg, Arend, Arendorf, Arendt ,
Arenfeld, Arengold, Arensin, Arenson, Arenstein, Arfeld, Arfelt, Arke, Arkin,
Arkind, Arn, Arndt, Arnfeld, Arnhold, Arnstein, Arnsztajn, Aronfeld, Arongold,
Aronhaus, Aronhauz, Aronin, Aronkin, Aronkind, Aronovich, Aronow , Aronowic,
Aronowicz, Aronowski, Aronsberg, Aronski, Aronsohn, Aronson, Aronstein,
Aronsztam, Aronwald, Aronzohn, Aronzon, Arsztajn.

Abraham (variant: Avraham, G-d is high, G-d is on high, High Father):

Abarbanel, Abrabanel, Avrabanel, Avravanel, Abrahamczik, Abrahamkin,
Abrahamkind, Abrahams, Abrahamsen, Abrahamsohn, Abrahamson,
Abrahamzon, Abram or Avram, Barabraham, Brahams, Brahamson, Bram,
Brams, Brom, Broms, Brum, Abramjtys, Abramczik, Abramek, Abramicki,
Abramkin, Abramkind, Abramoff, Abramov, Abramovich, Abramovicz,
Abramski, Abramovitz, Abranoff, Abranov, Abranow. Probably Bronson.

Adonay (variant: Adonai, can be used as an invocation to G-d, characteristic of

the liturgy [worship, ceremony], "my Lord of lords", "my Ruler of all" or "my
Great Lord". There are grammar experts who consider that it is a majestic
plural [belonging to or relating to majesty = greatness, superiority and
authority over others], used when someone addresses a superior to indicate
their greatness: "my Lords" or "my Great Lord"): Adoni, Adone, Addone,
Addoni, Adonis, Adunes, Adenajlo, Adenajlom, Adin, Admor, Adoinailo,
Adoinoilom, Adonajlo, Adonalom, Adoner, Adunai, Adunaj, Adunay, Adyn,
Benadon, Odoner, Bilow, Bulof , Buloff, Bullow. Other linguistic roots: Shneir
(Germanic origin: means lord, and its derivatives; Schneir, Shmeir, Shneerson
or Schneerson (last name of the Lubavitch Rebbe = Rabbi Menachem Mendel
Shneerson), Szneir.

Aleph (variant: Aleph, the letter of the Hebrew alphabet, and gives rise to
Alfaya, which comes from Aleph / Alef and Yah / Ya [G-d], and if we unite
these two names we are left with precisely the surname Alfaya, whose
meaning is G-d one is or G-d is one, "G-d is one": the absolute unity of G-d,
there is no other apart from Him [G-d]: "One, individual and unique ”):
Alfayan, Alfayat, Alfayet, Alfaha, Alfahan, Alfach (Catalan).

Amram, Ben Amram (friend of the highest or the people are exalted): Amran,
Amrane, Amroun, Amroussi, Ambran, Hambran, Hambrun.

Batia (Daughter of G-d): Bacia, Basie, Baszes, Batiman, Boszes, Basiuk (From
the Family of Basie, and its derivatives; Basiukevitz, Basin, Basis or Bazys,
Baskin, Baskind, Basman, Bason, Basow, Bassin , Basyn, Baszka, Beskin, Bosyn).
Probably Batias, Battias.

Harel (mountain of G-d): Montedeo, Gottberg, Montiel, Montel, Montell.

Asael (variant: Assael, G-d made it, G-d created it): Deuloféu, Created,
Gotthat, Godmade, Dieulafait.
Eliezer (Servant of Abraham): Esperandéu, Vedios, Amadeo, Gottlieb,
Cardedéu, Dedéu, Dedios, Dedieu, Gottesman, Godman.

Daniel (G-d judges, G-d is my judge): Danielewicz, Danielowski, Danilow,

Danilowicz, Daniewicz, Danielewiz, Danielevich, Danilewich, Danieli, Daniela,
Daniele, Danielis, Danielli, Daniello, Daniluk.

David, Ben David (dear, beloved): Davi (Catalan), Ben Daud or Daud (Arabic),
Daviche, Davico, Davidov, Davim (Galician), Davitchon, Daviu, Davopoulos
(Greek), Dawood, Badash, Badasz, Bardach , Bardavid, Bendavid, Berod,
Bogorad, Borad, Borda, Bordo (probably Bordon), Bordod, Borot, Brad,
Davidovich, Davidovitz, Davidowicz, Davidowski, Davidsohn, Davidson, Dawson,
Dawidow, Dawidovich, Dawidowicz, Dawidowski, Dawidzon, Davidenko ,
Davidian, Davidman, Davidovics, Davies, Daviau, Daviaud, Daviault, Daviaux,
Davieau, Davideaud, Davier, Davin, Daviu, Deviu, Davy, Davide, Davidi, Davini,
Davino, Dewi, Taffe (Irish origin, anglicized or anglicized MacDaibheid [son of
David]), Davidge, Davitashvili, Amado, Amat, Caro, Querido, Querydo, Kerido,
Cherido, Lieb, Aimé, Kind, Preciado or Prissiado (cherished), Voler, Querido,
Wille, Wills.

Eliahu (My G-d is he): Elias, Elle, Elke, Elkin, Elkes, Elie, Eliowicz, Elies, Elkon,
Elkone, Elia, Elie, Eliya, Elhiyani.

Ezra (Help, help): Déuloguard, Deuslogar, Déulosalv, Salvadeo, Gotthielf or

Gotthilfe, Achejzer, Achiezer, Ajieze, Ajiezer, Alatzar, Azaria, Azriel, Begam,
Beham, Eleazar, Ben Eleazar, Eliezer, Oizer; Eliezer (My help is G-d): Lazarus,
Leiser, Leizer, Leizor.

Elisheva (in Spanish, Isabel or Elizabet, Hebrew origin and means “oath or
promise of G-d”): Eliashev, Eliashew, Elisha, Isabel, Isabela, Isabella.

Gabriel (My strength is G-d): Gabriel, Gabril, Gabriele, Gabrielli, Gabrielzyc,

Gabrifer, Gabrilowicz or Gawrilowicz, Gabrielangelo.

Isaiah or Yeshaiahu (G-d saves you); Isaias, Yesahia, Yeshaia, Isayes, probably
Isahiel, Issai.

Israel or Yizrael (Who fights with the divine angel, warrior, also belonging to
the people of Israel, Jewish. G-d strengthened you, G-d has strengthened you.
Another interpretation suggests that Yisrael means, literally, “he has wrestled
with G-d” or “he has been saved by G-d,” based on the translation of “mrs”
that was intended to be used. Yi, in Hebrew, is the masculine form "he." "Sra",
in Hebrew, comes from the Semitic root “sry” which means "to strive" or "to
keep or be saved." The word El, in Hebrew, is a form of the word for G-d.
When El is observed in any Hebrew name, it is a form of the word for G-d.
Seeing other names like Yishmael (G-d has heard), Michael (Who is like G-d)
and Daniel (My judge is G-d). Therefore, to better understand what meaning of
"mrs" is to be used, one must understand the origin of the name Yisrael. The
origins come from Genesis chapter 32 where Yaakov wrestles with a man all
night long until he is blessed. The man asks him for Yaakov's name, and then
tells him that his name is no longer Yaakov, but Yisrael, because he has fought
with D with you and with man [Genesis 32:28]. Therefore, we can definitely
say that Yisrael, based on the Bible, means that “he has wrestled with G-d,”
but it also has a second meaning which is “G-d is my help or help” or “My G-
d.” it is salvation for you." Yaakov (now Yisrael) became the father of the
nation of Yisrael through his twelve sons and this is why you can hear the
phrase, the children of Israel, referring to the nation itself): Yisrael, Israeli,
Israelite , Israelewicz, Israelevicz, Israelian, Israelsky, Israeslki, Israelit,
Israelshon, Israelson, Israelzon, Israelev, Israilson, Israilzon, Ysrraelit.

Yochai (G-d lives): Yochai, Bar Yochai, Yohai, Yohay. Other linguistic sources:
Iejiel (G-d lives): Guilichinski, Ichelewicz, Ichileweski or Chilewski), Hiav
(Mizrahi origin, Hi de Jai = Lives and Av = Father, refers to G-d, the result is G-
d lives ), Hiya (Hebrew origin, G-d lives).

Yoachim or Yoakim (variant: Joaquin, G-d is willing, G-d will raise up):
Joachim, Joakim, Joanicó, Iachimowicz, Ioajimowicz, Jakimowski,
Jakimowicz, Joachimowicz, Jockin, Jöck (variants: Jokin, Joquin), Jocqz.

Joel (Ioh is G-d, Yahweh is G-d or YHVH is G-d): Yoel, Ioel, Ioels, Iolis, Jolis,
Joles, Yolis, Joelsohn, probably Joheli.

Malach (variants: Mallach, Malakh, Mallah, Malech, Malej (angel): Malachi,

Malachia (messenger of G-d), Malagui, Malah, Mallah, Mallel, Malel, Malele,
Malloul, Maloul, Angel, Angela, Angeles, Angelet, Angelelli, Angeleri, Angelero,
Angeletti, Angelillo, Angelini, Angelino, Angelis, Angeletti, Angelo, D'Angelo,
De Angel, De Angeli, De Angelis, De Angelo, Angeloff, Angelone, Angeloni,
Angeloro, Angelotti, Angelozzi, Angelucci, Angelovich or Angelowicz, Angiel,
Engel (and its derivatives, Engelman, Engelsberg, Engiel), Anszel, Angievicz,
probably Mallet (Malet), Malut.

Marta (Lady or The Woman who reigns in the home): Martan, Marthan, Martassi
(the three surnames originate from Tunisia [Berber Jews]), Martel (Toledo,
Spain), Martelo (Evora, Portugal). In the case of Martel / Martelo they have a
second meaning which is "hammer".

Moshe, Ben Moshe (saved from the waters): Moisés, Moishe (Yiddish origin),
Meszel, Moizesowicz, Mosenson, Mosenzon, Moszko, Mois, De Mois, Moix
(Catalan), Moixi (Catalan), Moissis, Massis, Moise, Moyse, Mose, Moses, Moshei,
Moss, Mosse, Moche, probably Mosseri.

Mesia or Mashiach (Anointed, the chosen or chosen one of G-d): Mesiah,

Mesias, Messiah, Messias, Messias of Hamburg, Mexia, Mejia, Mejias, Massias,
Massiah, Masias, Massiah, Macias, probably Maciel. There are also other
linguistic sources or grammatical roots that are equivalent to the surnames
cited or mentioned above; Christian (French origin, means "follower of
Christ"). There are two probabilities, the first is that it derives from the Latin
Chistianus (Christian, follower of Christ) and the second is that it is a
derivation of the Greek Christós or Hristos (anointed, chosen, chosen).
There are other grammatical (linguistic) forms of Germanic origin that could
suggest their connection with the term Christ. They are: Kris, Kriscantzky,
Kriscautzky, Krischaustzky, Krischevsky. They belong to families of Ashkenazi
origin, who could have voluntarily converted to Christianity (mainly to the
Protestant movement, since Catholicism always gave poor treatment to Judeo-
converts) in order to integrate into society or were forced to convert. like
many other Jews. However, in documentation dating from the Middle Ages
there are spellings of Germanic origin that refer to the word Christ or Christian
- which in Germanic is Christian (similar to the French graphic form) -, and
examples of these ancient Germanic or Germanic roots. They are the
following: Kerstin, Kirsten, Kirstan, Karsten or Carsten, Kyrstin.
Furthermore, in the Romance language (especially Spanish and Italian)
linguistic forms arise that are associated with the word Christ. Examples of
this are: Cristi, Cristiani, Cristiano, Cristin, Cristini, Cristina, Cristinis, Cristino,
Cristobal (means "he who carries Christ on his back" or "who carries Christ
[with him]), Cristobo, Cristofalo, Cristofani, Cristofono, Cristoforo (see
Cristobal), Cristoforone, Cristofaro, Cristofano, Cristofani, Cristoferi,
Cristofini, Cristofoleti, Cristofoli, Cristoforetti, Cristofori, Cristoforoni,
Cristinzio, Di Cristinzi, Di Cristinzio, Cristodoro, Cristodaro, Cristofaletti,
Cristofali, Cristofoletti, Cristofoletto, Cristofolini, Cristofolo, Cristofari,
Cristofaro, Cristoferi, Cristofero, Cristoforoni.
In the Bulgarian language there is the spelling Cristoff and in English
Cristophersen, Kristiansen, and some slightly distorted spellings such as; Kristic
and Kristo (possibly a Britishization, Anglicization or Anglicization of the Italian
surnames Cristi, Cristiano, Cristini, Cristina, Cristiani due to the many
emigrations of Italians to various parts of the world).
There is even a Germanic or Germanic form that is Kreiz, which comes from
the word Kreuz (cross, a symbol with clear Christian connotations [suggestions,
indications],) and gives rise to the spellings: Kraus (It has a second meaning
which is “someone of curly hair" or "curl (relating to hair with curls [strands or
coils of hair or hair]), Krausz, Krauze, Kreis or Kreiz, Krois or Kroiz. In
summary, all these surnames described are of an indisputable, undeniable,
Christian inspiration, but since they refer to a messianic word and a messianic
or Christian symbol that were never accepted by the majority of the Jews,
although yes, it is plausible to conclude that The words that give rise to the
named surnames belong to Jewish-converted families that adopted them as
their own.
In summary, all these surnames described are of an indisputable, undeniable,
Christian inspiration, but since they refer to a messianic word and a messianic
or Christian symbol that were never accepted by the majority of the Jews,
although yes, it is plausible to conclude that The words that give rise to the
named surnames belong to Jewish-converted families who adopted them as
their own.
Michael (variant: Mijael, Who is like you oh G-d): Miguel, Migueles, Miguelez,
Miguelina, Michel, Michelangeli, Michelazzo, Michelena, Micheles, Micheli
(Demicheli), Michelin, Michelini, Michelis, De Michelis, Michel, Michell
(Mitchell), Michelle, Michelloni, Michelotti, Michels, Michelus, Michailow,
Michailowski, Michalek, Michalewicz, Michalowicz, Michalski, Michelson,
Mickelson, Michelsen, Michoels, Mijailoff, Mijalowski, Michael, Mikhael, Mihael,
Mikael, Mikhail.

Natan or Jonathan (G-d gave him): Deudatus, Diosdado, Godgift. Other

derivatives: Natan (variant: Nathan, prophet of the time of David, means
given, granted): Donat, Dato, Barnat, Barnatan, Natanson, Natanzon,
Nusimowicz.

Neder: In Judaism, a Neder ( ‫ רדנ‬, plural nedarim) is a declaration, using the

name of G-d, of the acceptance of a commitment made to oneself, stating
that the commitment is to be fulfilled with the same importance as a halacha
(Jewish Law). The Neder can be to perform an act in the future (once or
periodically) or to abstain from a certain type of activity of the person's
choice. The concept of Neder and Jewish law, is described at the beginning of
the parashah of Matot (Matot, Mattot, Mattoth or Matos (*) ( ַ‫ ּמּטֹות‬- Hebrew for
"tribes", the fifth word, and the first distinctive word, in the parashat) is the
42nd weekly Torah portion (parashat) in the Jewish Torah reading cycle and
the ninth in the book of Numbers. Constitutes Numbers 30:2 - 32:42. (*)
Probably from here surnames can arise, such as, for example, Mata, Mato,
Matoso, Mattos, Matto or Matti, Matos, Matoso, Matosas, Matoses (Catalan
surname that designates bushes, thickets and is derived from "mata" = shrub,
bushy plant ). All of these surnames are linked to “a leafy forest or a person
who lives in the forest.” Which suggests that they have two different types of
roots or origins, that is, they come from the Hebrew Jeonegel (jungle):
Badosa, Bados, Badoz, Badoc (fir forest), Tanne, Tannenbaum or Tenenbaum,
Tannenwald, Tannenholz, Firgrove, Sapin, Selva, Silva, Da Silva, Silvestre,
Silvestri, Silvestrin, Silvesti, Silvi, Silvoso, Silvotti, Silveira, Silveri, Silverio,
Silvero, Silveyra, Da Silveira, Serba, Forest, Wood, Wald, Grunewald,
Greenwald, Grinwald; Bosch: Bosco, Bosque, Bosquerons, Bush, Forest,
Doyenart or Doyenarte or Oyhenart (Basque origin, place in the forest/place
near the forest), Mata, Mato, Matoso, Mattos, Matto or Matti, Matos, Matoses,
Matosas or del Hebrew Siach (bush, weed or shrub [tree, sapling], clump):
Mata, Matas, Mato, Matoso, Matoses, Matosas, Matto, Mattos, Matorral, Busch,
Grove, Soto, Sotto, Del Soto, Sotomayor. The Neder is a way of making a
commitment to the Torah and the mitzvot and practice of the religion. For
example, it is common for a tzadik (righteous, sincere) who is at a very high
level of Torah practice to establish new guidelines in his life. A common type
of Neder is that of the Nazarene (El Nazareo Neder). A Neder to be a Nazirite
for a period of time or sometimes for life for any of the reasons described
above. The Nazirite was required to abstain from consuming alcoholic
beverages or grape products, cutting hair, or exposure to dead bodies,
including one's closest relatives. Now, there is a Sephardic surname that is
Nazarene (originally from Nazareth, Israel). A linguistic derivative is Nazarian
(from the Hebrew "nazer or nazar": crown - hypocoristic of Nazarene, the
crowned one or the consecrated one or the one who consecrates himself to G-
d. Variants of Nazario in other languages: Nazar or Nazer (Hebrew surname),
and in other languages, Natzari (Catalan), Nazaire (French), Nazario (Italian).
Nazario is a surname of those called Christian inspiration, Jews forced to
convert to Christianity used to choose names of saints (blessed, for example:
San Juan, Santo Domingo, San Martin, San Antonio, San Clemente, San Milan,
San Pedro , San Vicente, Sant Celoni (Catalan), Sant Joan, Sant Jordi, Sant
Marti, Santa Clara, Santa María or Santamaría, Santiago [San Jacobo], Seaone
[Galician origin, which when broken down is San Xoan and the final result is
San Juan], are surnames of converts, etc.) and they also used to choose names
of Christian symbols (for example, related to objects; Cruz or Santa Cruz /
Santacruz, Da Cruz, De la Cruz, Crux, Croise. Linked to Christian faith; Santa
Fe or Santafe. Regarding baptism; Bautista, Batista, Baptista. Associated with
Christian holidays; Lent. Sanabria or Zanabria; It is a surname of Christian
inspiration. It corresponds to Santa Abril. The name April comes from the
French Brial, this name is often considered an apheresis (grammar: deletion of
some sound at the beginning of a word, as in Norabuena for congratulations.
The apheresis was a figure of speech according to the traditional precept), the
adjective Abrial corresponds to the month of April (the name given to a child
born in April, or the symbol of spring, renewal). It could be a converted Jewish
surname, but unfortunately it is not documented in historical records as
Jewish, but the issue is that so many surnames have been lost in time and
many others have gone unnoticed without anyone being able to detect their
Jewishness. Another probability: Christians have what is called Christian saints
(*1), so one of their saints (blessed, righteous) canonized (*2) by the Roman
Catholic Church is Saint April, this name means “she with an open personality
”, and its graphic variant is Abrilia. One fact to consider is that April in the
liturgical calendar (ceremonial or celebration) of Christians almost always
coincides with the month of April, according to the Gregorian calendar, with
Holy Week, which is when the annual Christian commemoration of the Passion,
Death and Resurrection of Rabbi Jesus of Nazareth, Yeshúa MiNazrat. Another
graphic variant: Apprill: Surname carried in the Lower Rhine (In French Bas-
Rhin, in Alsatian Unt'relsass, is a department of France, located in the region
of Alsace, with administrative capital in Strasbourg. The department of Bas-
Rhin borders to the south with that of the Haut-Rhin and to the west with
those of Vosges, Meurthe and Moselle. To the north and east it is bordered by
the Rhine River and the border with Germany), where it is quite rare. Variants:
April, Aprell, Abrell. It corresponds to April, and seems to have been used as a
given name (the hypothesis of a name given to a child found in April is
increasingly discussed). (*1) The saints' calendar is the liturgical calendar that
indicates the date on which festivities are celebrated in honor of a saint or
other religious figure. The day that corresponds to Santa Abril is January 30.
(*2) Canonized from the verb Canonize, and, this from the Latin “canonizare”:
The Pope officially declares a person a saint and authorizes his worship
throughout the Catholic Church. Others relating to Christian places or sites,
such as a monastery; Espositi, Esposito, Spósito, Esposti, Esposto. As well as
other Christian temples: Iglesia, Iglesias, De La Iglesia, Iglesario (Galician),
Chiesa, Chiese, Chiesi, Chiesini, Chiesino, Chiessi. In short, they are all
surnames of converts). Nazario gives rise to the patronymic
Nazarez (Son of Nazario) and other variants; Najares, Najara, Najari, Najera,
Naja (there is also the possibility that these Jewish surnames are connected
with the Hebrew Nagar [carpenter]).

Magan (Protector or Defender of the People): Alejandro, Alejo, Alejos,

Alexandro, Alexander, Alexandre, Aleixandre, Aleixandri, Aleksejunas (Greek),
Aleksander, Akselbrud, Akselrad, Akselrud, Aleks, Aleksenderowicz,
Aleksandrowicz, Aleksandrowski, Axelrad, Axelre, Axelrod, Axelrud, Sender,
Senderei, Senders, Szenderei, Aleksandrower, Alessandrella, Alessandrelli,
Alessandrello, Alessandretti, Alessandri, Alessandrin, Alessandrina,
Alessandrini, Alessandrino, Alessandro, Alessandroni, Alessandrucci,
Alessandri, Alessi, Alessio, Alesso, D'Alessandro, D'Alessio, D'Alesio, Alexio
(found in Montemor, Portugal, and, in Castela, Badajoz, Community of
Extremadura, Spain), Aleksanbanas, Aleksandrow, Aleksiabanas,
Aleksianbanas.

Pesach (Passover or Passover, as this holiday is called in Hebrew,

commemorates the liberation of the Jews of Israel from more than two
centuries of slavery in Egypt and recalls the mass exodus of the Jews from that
country some 3,300 years ago. It is the story of Israel's increasingly oppressive
bondage and suffering, the mission entrusted by G-d to Moshe and his brother
Aaron, their tireless efforts to secure the liberation of their people, the
stubborn opposition of Pharaoh. Egyptian, the series of Divinely ordained
catastrophes that finally brought about a temporary change of heart in the
Pharaoh and the flight of the Israelites - all this is recounted in Exodus,
Chapters 1 to 15. This event became the central point in the history of the
Jewish people because it crystallized their national identity and marked their
birth as a free people; Likewise, as a result of the lessons learned from the
experience of slavery in Egypt and redemption, this historical episode provided
a solid foundation for many of the most important concepts of Jewish faith and
ethics. The Torah calls Pesach "The Festival of Unleavened Bread" [Chag
hamatzot], an observance with which it is most characteristically identified. In
the prayer book it is also called "the date of our liberation" [Zeman jeruteinu]
which is its dominant theme. The name Chag Hapesach, in its meaning of
"Passover Festival" is, however, the most common. Passover refers to the
Passover offering made on the eve of the holiday, which commemorates G-d's
promise that "I will pass over you and there will be no plague of mortality
among you" [Exodus 12:13]. The name Pesach [Passover] is also the one
generally used in the Mishnah and throughout rabbinic literature. The
agricultural significance of Passover is that it also marks the early harvest
period in the land of Israel. The barley harvest is marked by the special
offering offered of the Omer on the second day of Passover): Pesahia (Hebrew
origin, Passover, relating to this Jewish holiday, grammatical variant: paschal
festival), Pesachson, Psachis, Pesah, Peisach , Peisah, Pejsach, Pejsak, Pesak,
Psachia, Paquin, Pascal, Pascaud (Dimunitive of Pascal, and its variants:
Pascault, Pascaut), Paschiero (equivalent: Pasquier), Pasco (variants: Pasquio,
Pasquiou), Pascot, Pascou, Pascoua (variant of Pascal. Close forms: Pascoual,
Pascoualle, Pascouaou, Pascouau), Pascual (Castilian form that is equivalent to
Pascal), Pascuttini (Italian origin and diminutive of Pascutto, Pascutti, and
similar forms: Pasco, Paschi are variants of the prenoun (name that precedes
to the family) medieval Pasqua, and its equivalent is Pâques), Pasquet
(Catalan), Pasca, Pasco, Pascai, Pascale, Pascali, Pascalis, Pasqual, Pasquale,
Pasqualetti, Pasqualetto, Pasquali, Pasqualin, Pascualini, Pascualino,
Pascualinotto, Pascualis , Pasqualon, Pasqualone, Pasqueloni, Pasqualotto,
Páscoa (Portuguese).

Rafael (Physician or Medicine of G-d), Raffael, Raphael, Raphal, Raffoul,

Refael, Rephael, Refaia, Rafaia, Rafel, Rafalovich, Rafaniello, Raffaelle,
Raffaelli, Raffaglio, Raffa, Raffo, Rapa, Rapaport, Rapiport, Rappaport ,
Rappe, Rapperport, Rappert, Rappoport, Rejfman, Rifman, Rofe o Roffe,
Rofett, Roife, Rojfa, Rufa, Medici, Medicci, Médicis, Dal Medico, Del Medigo,
Dalmedigo, Dalmedigos, Doctor, Aboulafia, Abulafia, Faquí, Alfaquí , Alfaque,
Alfaquim, Alhaquim, Alfaquiz, Galen, Doctor, Galiano, Galiana, Galiani, Metge,
Artz.

Shem Tov, Shemtov (variants: Semtov, Semtob [name of G-d or of good name,
sacred name, of good reputation]): Linguistic derivations; San Tov or Santob,
and from here we derive Santo, Sento, Senton, Sentou and its variants Santos,
Santi, Senti, Sentis, just as the Hebrew Kadosh can be taken into account
(variant: Qadosh, holy, sacred, sacred, related also with G-d, because it is
written: Leviticus 11:44, 45; For I am HaShem, your Elokim; sanctify yourselves
and be holy, for I am holy. You will not become unclean with any of those
creatures that crawl on the ground. For I am HaShem, the one who brought
you up from the land of Egypt, to be your Elokim. Be ye therefore holy
because I am holy. Leviticus 19:2; Speak to the entire community of the
Israelites and say to them: Be holy, for I, HaShem, your Elokim, am holy.
Levitical; 20:7 Sanctify yourselves and be holy; because I am HaShem, your
Elokim): Holy, Holy, Holy, Santi, Sante, Santis, Santin, De Los Santos, De
Santos, Losantos, De Santis, Dei Santi, Di Santi, Di Santo, Di Santolo, Dos
Santos, Dosantos, Santon, Santone, Santinelli, Santini, Santinacci, Santucci,
Santus, Santuc, Sants, Santoro, Santarone, Santaroni, Santorelli, Santarelli,
Santoni, Santinon, Santinone, Santinoni, Santelli, Sansu, Santangelo,
Santangel, Santaniello, Santato, Santella, Santonici, Santonico, Santuccio,
Santuccione, Santulli, Santullo, Ognisanti or Ognissanti (all saints), Heilig or
Heilik or Helik (sacred, sacred), Zelig (blessed soul, blessed, and its
derivatives; Selig, Seligman, Seligmann , Selik, Zeligfeld, Zeligman, Zeligsohn,
Zeligson, Zelik, Zelikman, Zelikson), Fromm, Saint, Sans, Sanç, Sains, Sainz,
Saenz, Saens, Saenz, Sans, Sanx, Sanz, Saiz, Saez, Sansa, Sanzi, Sanzio, Sanzo,
Sanzeni, Sanzogni, Sanzogno, Sonzogni, Sonzogno, Sánches or Sánchez (Son of
Sancho = sanctified, and its variants; Sanchet, Sanchiel, Sanchiz, Sanchuel,
Sances, Sancez, Sanci, Sancio, Sanciu, Sangez, Sangez, Sangi, Sangio, Sanchi,
Sanchioni), Holy, Blest. In addition, the existence of the plural of Kadosh or
Qadosh, which is Kadoshim or Kedoshim and its variants, must be considered:
Kedouchim, Kidussim, Qedoshim (they mean, saints, sacred) and hence the
following surnames appear: Santos, De Los Santos, De Santos , Losantos, De
Santis, Dei Santi, Ognisanti or Ognissanti (all the saints), Dos Santos, Dosantos,
Losantos. Other spelling equivalent to Kadosh / Qadosh is Kodesh or Qodesh.
There are also other similar forms of Shem Tov: Chemtov, Chemtob, Gentov,
Gantov. Shem = Hebrew origin, referring to worship or worship, name, name of
G-d or related to G-d, divine invocation. Tov = Hebrew origin, referring to the
person, good or relating to goodness or a kind person. Shem gives rise to the
Hebrew surname Shmuel or Schmuel (name of G-d or listen to G-d, and its
linguistic derivatives; Schmilever, Schmilewica, Schmuelson, Schmuelevich,
Balsam, Blaszam, Balszem, Barbasch, Barbash, Barbasz, Barsht, Begam ,
Beham, Samuel, Semuel, Szmuel, Shmulevich [patronymic, Of the Family of
Shmuel], Samuelides, Samuels, Shemel, Samele, Samuele, Samueli, Samuelli,
Samuale, Samwell). Tov (Tob, Tow) gives rise to the following surnames:
Tovman, Toviah, Towi, Towia, Towianski (Slavic origin, patronymic, From the
Family of Towia), Towim, Tobi, Tobías, Tobiasz, Toivie, Tubiasz, Tubilasz,
Barsimanto , Barsimantov, Barsimatov. Other similar forms: Tobit (Son of
Tobías), Tovya, Tobie, Tobies, Toby, Tobey, Tobin, Tóibín, Tobia, Tobiello,
Tobini, Tobino, Tobio, Toboh.
* MAKING HISTORY:
- Shem Tov.
Surname of Catalan Jewish origin. Its emergence took place in Santa Coloma
de Queralt, Tarragona, Catalonia in the year 1305. Means. Name of God or
Good Name, Sacred Name or Good Reputation are also accepted.
There was a poet Shem Tov Ben Yitzchak Ardutiel, better known as Rabbi
Shem Tov of Carrión de los Condes, who called himself Santo, and that is how
he signed many of his writings. He was the author of the Moral Proverbs,
written in the form of short sentences, which constitute one of the first traces
of Hebrew influence in the Spanish language. When the time of the Holy Office
of the Inquisition arrived, some of their relatives fled from Catalonia through
the Mediterranean Sea and arrived in Italy; some of them settled in the north
and others in the south. In addition, other relatives settled in Corfu (Greece)
and in Monastir (Macedonia, an independent state on the Balkan Peninsula in
southeastern Europe). This happened in the 14th century (14).
There are other variants of Shem Tov such as San Tov or Santob from which
Santo, Sento and its graphic variations possibly derive, Senton, Sentou, Senti,
Sentini, Sentis, Santos, De Santos, Dos Santos, Dosantos, De Los Santos, Sant,
Sante, Santi (Italian, means Son of Saint or Shem Tov). The Hellenizing
Romaniotes (Greek Jews) translated it by Kalonymus and from this the
spellings Calonymus, Calomino, Kalonimos arise and there were also
movements to Italy, more precisely to Venezia where the surname was
Italianized in the forms Caliman, Calimani, Calimano (there was a writer
Italian, Simon Calimani who lived around the 17th century [17]) and in Italy
Santi was Italianized (the Latin letter I at the end is a suffix that means “son
of”, since in ancient times Santo [Hebrew equivalent Shem Tov] It was a
proper name for a male, of a man, as well as of Christian inspiration and
Italian surnames ending in the Latin I do not always indicate or show plurality),
and its derivatives; Sante, Santis, De Santis, Dei Santi, Di Santi, Di Santo, Di
Santolo, Santon, Santone, Santinelli, Santini, Santinacci, Santucci, Santus,
Santuc, Santoro, Santarone, Santaroni, Santorelli, Santarelli, Santoni,
Santinon, Santinone , Santinoni, Santelli, Sansu, Santangelo, Santangel,
Santaniello, Santato, Santella, Santonici, Santonico, Santuccio, Santuccione,
Santulli, Santullo, Ognisanti or Ognissanti (all the saints).
Ur (Light), Uri (My Light), Uriel (G-d is light or The Light of G-d): Urielli, Luz,
Da Luz, Llum, Lum, Licht, Light, Lumiere, Licht (Germanic origin, means light,
and its derivatives; Lijtik, Lijtman, Lijtzier, Unlicht, Unszlicht), Candel
(variants: Candeil, Candeilh), Candela, Candelier (variants: Candeliez,
Candellier, Candeiller, Canderlier), Chandelier, Chandellier, Chandelliez,
Chandeleur, Candeloro, Chandeleur (variants: Candelora , Candiloro),
Candillon, Candilier, Candillier. Catalan forms: Candès, Canadés, Canet.
Similar descriptive forms: Luminous, Claro, Clar, Fotic, Hell, Luminous, Bright.

Yaakov (son of Yitzhak [Isaac], son of Avraham Avinu [Avraham our father].
Significance of Yaakov: the one who impersonates or who holds the heel):
Akabas, Ankel, Ankiel, Benlakow, Benyakow, Bilow, Buloff, Bullow, Iacobi,
Iakobi, Iakubowicz, Iakubowski, Iakubson, Iankel, Iankiel, Iavetz, Iavitz, Iawitz,
Iukel, Jack, Jackson, Jabobi, Jacobs, Jacobson, Jacob or Jakob, Jakobson,
Jakobzon, Jakubowski, Javitz, Jawec, Jawetz, Yawic, Yago or Iago, Yakobson,
Yakubson, Yankel, Yavitz, Jacobei, Jacobim, Yacobo, Jacobo, From Iacovo,
Jacobazzo, Jacobstamm, Jacoby, Iukel (from Yaakov, Yiddish origin, and its
derivatives; Iukelman, Iukelson, Yukelman, Yukelson), Santiago (last name of a
convert): Santiago can be decomposed, so to speak, into Sant Iago and Sant is
Saint or Saint, something already typical and typical of Christianity to assign
the title of holiness to a man or woman who were Christians and led a very
blessed, very holy life, that is, very consecrated to the Christian G-d Jesus. (in
Hebrew Yehoshua, but simplified is Yeshúa). However, it is clear that anyone
who has studied the Torah knows very well that no man or woman can be a
god or goddess respectively, this is idolatry. Well, if we take the name Iago or
Yago, we realize that it is a linguistic derivation of Yaakov, the son of Yitzhak
(Isaac, son of Avraham Avinu [Avraham our father]). The most accepted
meaning of Yaakov is "he who supplants or holds the heel", I have also read
Christian theological comments about how Yaakov fought with an angel,
therefore, the etymological meaning is attributed to Yaakov, in Spanish
Jacob , "he who fights with G-d", but believe me, it is a very bad translation
and this kind of thing is what makes people dizzy, disconcerting, confusing,
especially Christians who have assumed that this is so, and when The Christian
theologians who came to this sad conclusion are wrong. Returning to the topic,
Yago or Iago are also Jewish surnames. In any case, Iago or Iago in Spanish
acquired the spelling of Jacob (as I mentioned previously) and also with
another similar form which is Jacobo. Then it can be inferred - concluded,
deduced - that Santiago, if we unite all the parts that we "disunited", leaves us
as Saint Jacob/Jacobo. It is a religious surname, the surname of converted
Jews. In addition, other spelling variants are also born from Iago or Yago
(Jacobo), such as, for example, in Spanish, Diego and this gives rise to the
patronymic Díaz (Diego's son), and, in the Portuguese language, it is Thiago or
Tiago and gives rise to the patronymic Dias (variant of Diaz, El Hijo de Thiago
or Tiago). It is also likely that the surname Diez is another graphic variation
(Hijo de Diego, Thiago or Tiago). Similar form: Dieguez (Son of Diego).
Other linguistic sources are, for example, Jaume (Catalan), Jaime or Jaimes
(Spanish), James (English), Jacques (French, with a considerable list of
variations that has cost me a lot of work to obtain, since sometimes research
They must be very exhaustive as well as exhausting, however, since I love,
love and adore this work, it does not become so difficult for me; here are the
examples: Jaccou, Jackowski, Jacky, Jacolot, Jacomino, Jacqmin (and their
variants: Jacqmain, Jacmain, Jacmin, Jacqmart, Jacqmarc, Jacmart,
Jacmard), Jacquard, Jacquart, Jacqué, Jacquès, Jacquel, Jacoulet, Jacoillot,
Jacoulet, Jacoulot, Jacoutot (and its variants: Jacoutet, Jacouton, Jacouty),
Jacot (and its variants: Jacote, Jacotte, Jacotet, Jacotey, Jacottet, Jacottey,
Jacotez, Jacotin), Jacquel, Jacquelin (and its derivatives; Jacquelain,
Jacquelard Jacquelet, Jacquelinet, the matronymic (*1) Jacqueline),
Jacquemart (variants: Jacquemard, Jacquemar ), Jacquemet, Jacquème,
Jacquemin, Jacquemain (these are hypocoristic (*2) of Jacques (they are
variants of Jacquème, and there are other variants: Jacquemeyn, Jacquemijn,
Jacquemyn, Jacquemyns, Jacquemyns), Jacquenet, Jacquet, Jacquety
(variants: Jacquetty , Jacquetti, Jacquetin and Jacquettin, the Italian
Giacchetti), Jacquiaux (variants: Jacquiau, Jacquiaud, Jacquieau), Jacquier,
Jacquot (variants: Jacqotin, Jacquottet, Jacquottin and the matronymic
Jacquotte), Jacson, Jacqueson, Jacquesson, Jacsont, Jacus ( variants: Jacusse,
Jacqus). (*1) Matronymic is equivalent or equal to patronymic: It is said of the
surname that was formerly given in Spain to children, formed from the name
of their parents; for example, Fernández, from Fernando; Martínez, from
Martín, Gonzalez, from Gonzalo; Rodriguez, from Rodrigo; Enriquez, from
Enrique: Hernandez, from Hernan or Hernando, etc. (*2) Hypocoristic;
grammatical adjective: Said of a noun: Which, in diminutive, abbreviated or
infantile form, is used as an affectionate, familiar or euphemistic designation;
for example, Pepe (José), Pep (Catalan, Josep), Juanito or Juancito (Juan),
Pepa (Josefa), Concha (Concepción), Santi (Santiago), Ale or Alejo (Alejandro),
Leo (Leonardo), Nando (Fernando), Lola or Lolita (Dolores), Carmen (Carmela),
Gonchi (Gonzalo), Teté (Teresa), Guille (Guillerno), Paco (Francisco), Nacho
(Ignacio), Rafa (Rafael), Gaby (Gabriel) , Antonio (Toni), Roser or Rosa (Rosi,
Rosita), Rosario (Charo), etc.

Yitzchak (variants: Yitzak, Itzjak (son of Avraham, means “who will laugh”):
Isaac, Isaak, Isaaki, Isaachi, Isacco, Isaacs, Isak, Isac, Isack, Isaach, Isacomo,
Isach, Ishac, Ischach, Issach, Ysach , Ishag, Ishaki, Ishaq, Ysaque, Isaacson,
Aisik, Ajzik, Ajzyk, Itzik, Itzcovicz, Itzikson, Itzjaki, Iztkovitz, Itzkowicz,
Icekson, Ichiloff, Icikson, Ichowich, Ichowicz, Isacson, Isakov, Isakow,
Isakowich, Isakon, Itchiloff , Izakowicz, Izaksohn, Izakson.

Yehoshua; Ben Yehoshua, (variants: Bar Yehoshua, Yehosua), Hoshea, Yoshua

(variant: Yeshua), meaning: G-d is my help, G-d is salvation, G-d saves: Joshua
(from the Hebrew Yoshua, biblical reference in Numbers 13:8: of the tribe of
Ephraim, Hoshea [Yoshua] the son of Nun), Jesus, Of Jesus, Savior, Heiland,
Savior, Saviour, Savio, Salvaderi, Salvadore, Salvadori, Salvatore, Salvatorelli,
Salvatori, Sauveur , as well as Salvat, Salvado, Salvi, Salvus, Salvo, Salvos,
Salves, Salvius, Salveta, Salvetat, Salvetas, Salvet, Retter; Joshua (D. is my
help): Amsiejowicz, Amszejewicz, Anszejewicz, Hojszowicz, Josué, Ovsei,
Owsei, Shie, Yochoua.

Yohanan (G-d is merciful): Juan, Juanche, Juanena, Juani, Juanicó,

Juanicotena, Juanin, Juanveltz, Juambeltz, Johnson, Johnston, Jonson,
Joinson, Joynson, Johnston, Johns, Jones, Yones, Johana, Joanne, Joannes ,
Joannès, Joanenc, Joannas, Johann, Johanson.

Nobokyor or Nobokear (chosen, chosen): Chosen, Gewelt, Chosen, Scelta,

Triat, Trilla, Triay.

Calendar
We find allusions to the day, the week, and the Hebrew month, and later
translated or adapted to the diasporic language.
Yom Tov, Yomtov (good day): Bornjorn, Buendía, Shöntag, Fineday, Bonjour,
Buongiorno, Bom Día, Bomdía.

Jewish months and their adaptation

Jews and Jewish converts preferably used the seven months as surnames with
Roman cultural references, while they discarded those that only indicated
order (septem, seven –September-, octo, eight –October-, novem, nine –
November-, decem, ten -December-).
Examples of this in Spanish: January, February, March, April, May, June, July,
August.
January, and its variants: Niero, Giner, Ginerman, Janvier, Janvrin, Janvre,
Janvresse, Gennai, Gennaio, Gennari, Gennarini, Gennarino, Gennaro.

February, and its variants: Febrer (Majorcan), Février, Febbraio, Febbraro.

March, and its variants: Mars, Marcius, Martius, Marsal, Marsel, Marshall,
Marschal or Marshal, Martial, Marsan, Marçal.

April, and its variants: Avril, Avrille, Davril, Apvril, Aprile, Aprili, D'Aprile,
Avrillon, Avrillaud, Avrillault, Avrilleau, Avrilleaud, Apryl.

Mayo, and its variants: Maio, Maiu, De Mayo, Maggetti, Maggetto, Maggi,
Maggini, Maggino, Maggio, Majo.

June, and its variants: Giugni, Giugno, Juin, Juino, June, Junius, Junious,
Junior, Juniper.

Julio, and its variants: Juli, Juliao, Julius, Julliot, Julliet, Jullio, Juliot, Juillot,
Giulli, Giuilli, Giuili, Julhe, Julian, Jullian, Julhan, Julhian, Julians, Juliant,
Julliand, Julliant, Juliany, Julianus, Julianny. Julien, Jullien, Julhien, Julia,
Julienne, Jully, Julou, Julo, Julot, Juloux, Jullo, Jullou, Julloux.

August, and its variants: Agostón, Augustus, Agostino, Agócs (Hungarian),

Agosta, Agosti, Agostini, Agostinis, Agostinelli, Agostinello, Agusti, D'Agosto,
De Agostini, De Agostinis, De Agostino, De Agustini, Deagostini.

Note:
It is necessary to know aspects and particularities of the Roman calendar:

Months of the year:

JANUARY: from the Latin "Ianuarius", month dedicated to the god Janus. A
character who had two faces, like someone I know! (you do not)

FEBRUARY: from the Latin "februarius". Month that evokes the ancient festivals
dedicated to the deceased that lasted throughout this month. They were
called "february".

MARCH: from the Latin "martius". Once again the god Mars does not appear
here, since apart from being the god of war, he was also revered as a divinity
of vegetation. For this reason, since spring and consequently vegetation begins
at the end of March, this month was dedicated to it.

APRIL: from the Latin "aperire" which means to open. As you know, during this
month the flowers open and spring breaks out. There are historians who
believe that it may also be dedicated to "aper", a wild boar that was venerated
by the Romans or that its etymological root comes from "aparas", an oriental
word that means "following", that is, following the first month, since that for
the Romans, this was the second month of the year. For now there is no more
confusion about it!
MAY: month dedicated to Maya, one of the seven daughters of the Greek
mythological characters Atlas and Pleyone. Some historians also point out that
it was the month dedicated to the elderly, since elderly in Latin is "maiorum."

JUNE: from the Latin "junius". Month dedicated to the goddess Juno. Highly
revered by girls who were going to give birth and among married women.

JULY: month that the consul Mark Antony dedicated to the emperor Julius
Caesar.

AUGUST: month dedicated to the Roman emperor Caesar Augustus.

SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER: the names of these four

months are derived from the Latin words "septem", "octo", "nove" and "decem";
that is, the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth month of the primitive Roman
calendar.

Days of the week, day division

There are frequent Jewish surnames that refer to Saturday, a Jewish holiday
(Shabbat or Shabbat), and Sunday (Yom Rishom), a holiday assumed by
converts: Sabado, Sabato, Samstag, Saturday, Samedi, Shabath, Sabat, Sabad,
Sabaton , Sabatto, Sabbadini, Sabbagh, Sabag, Sabariego, Sabatelli, Sabattelo,
Sabatini, Sabatay, Sabetai, Sabetay, Sabsai, Sabsay, Schabtai, Szabat; Sunday,
Domenge, Domenico, Domenica, Domenicali, Domenicantonio, Demenichini,
Demenici, Domenicucci, Sonntag, Sontag, Sonentag, Sonnentag, Sonenchein,
Sunday. Sunday is the day of the Sun, it was a pagan Roman god, but the Jews
adopted this day of the week as a surname, and Sun in Hebrew is Shemesh,
thus it is also a Hebrew proper name. Shemesh, was translated or transcribed
into other languages. From Shemesh meaning “the house of G-d,” arise
surnames such as Sanson, Samson, Samso, Sanso, (from Hebrew: ִ‫ ׁש ְ מׁשֹון‬,
Shimshon, Tiberian Šimšôn; meaning “of the Sun” – perhaps proclaiming that it
was radiant and powerful , or “[he who] serves [Elohim]). The surnames
Sanson, Samson, Samso, Sanso have other variants: Shimshom (Hebrew origin,
means: Illuminated by the sun), and gives rise to these surnames:
Samsonowicz, Scham, Schamshon, Schonowski, Shamsho, Szamszon...these last
ones are Ashkenazi surnames , while Sanson, Samson, Samso, Sanso are
Sephardic.

Some names refer to different parts of the day

Shachar (variants: Chahar, Shahar, the morning): Alba, Alva, Aube, Matí,
Bonmatí, Matin, Bonmatin, Morn, Morgade (linguistic derivative of the
Germanic Morgen), Morgen (Germanic origin, means dawn or morning, and its
derivatives ; Morgenfeld, Morgenstern, Morgensztern, Morgental, Morgentau,
Morgenthal, Morgenthaler, Morgenthau, Morguen), Dawn.

Trees, plants, fruits

Anaf (branch): Ram, Rama, Branca, Branco, Rameta, Tany, Zweig. Another
linguistic source: Yenifiliz (Turkish origin, from the words “yeni filiz”, which
literally refer in Spanish to the “new shoots”, that is, the sprout, the shoot of
the leaves of a tree branch or a plant. In other words, it is the stem that the
plant grows again, or, stem or stem that the tree or plant grows after pruning
or cutting).

Ages (pear), Agasi (variant: Agassi, pear tree): Pera, Peral, Perales, Perot,
Perote, Perón, Pereda, Perelada or Perellada, De Perelada, Peraleda,
Peratallada, Pereira or Pereyra, Preyra (Italian, peral – The surname of
Portuguese origin Pereira Italianized Preyra), Pira or Piras (Italian, pear tree),
Paraira (Portuguese, pear tree), Dapereira, Pereiro, Pereiros, Pereiras, Birn
(pear), Birnbaum, Birenbaum, Birynbaum, Berembaum, Berenboim, Beren
( Germanic origin, pear), Berenbaum, Berenblit (pear bud), Berenblum (pear
blossom), Berenblut (pear bud), Berencwajg (pear branch), Birne, Birnson,
Pear, Pearson, Poire, Poiré, Poirier, Perera, Perer, Parés. Other similar forms:
Peer, Pearman (England), Pere, Poir, Poirot, Poirriez and Dupoirer (France and
Belgium), Perier, Perrier, Peres and Perie (Provençal, region in the south of
France), La Pira, Delpero, Lepera and Piras (Italy), Pirner (Germany). The
Hebrew surname Agasi or in its other similar form Agassi in Italy acquired the
spelling of Agazzi and other variations appear such as: Agassini, Agazzini,
Agazzino, Agazzone, Agazzoni. One fact: An attempt is made to assign the
Italian Agazzi the meaning of "cake" (from the Italian "gaza" = cake) and there
is the French graphic form Agasse that means the same (the spelling "agasse" =
cake), but this probability I discard it, since there is no consensus among
genealogy experts.
Agasi (variant: Agassi, pera, peral): Pera, Peral, Perales, Perot, Perote, Perón,
Pereda, Perelada or Perellada, De Perelada, Peraleda, Peratallada, Pereira or
Pereyra, Preyra (Italian, peral, – is the surname of Portuguese origin Pereira
Italianized Preyra), Pira or Piras (Italian, pear tree), Paraira (Portuguese, pear
tree), Dapereira, Pereiro, Pereiros, Pereiras, Pedreiras or Pedreiros (Galician
origin), Birn (pear), Birnbaum, Birenbaum, Birynbaum , Berembaum,
Berenboim, Beren (Germanic origin, pear), Berenbaum, Berenblit (pear bud),
Berenblum (pear blossom), Berenblut (pear bud), Berencwajg (pear branch),
Birne, Birnson, Pear, Pearson , Poire, Poiré, Poirier, Perera, Perer, Parés.
Other similar forms: Peer, Pearman (England), Pere, Poir, Poirot, Poirriez and
Dupoirer (France and Belgium), Perier, Perrier, Peres and Perie (Provençal,
region in the south of France), La Pira, Delpero, Lepera and Piras (Italy),
Pirner (Germany). The Hebrew surname Agasi or in its other similar form
Agassi in Italy acquired the spelling of Agazzi and other variations appear such
as: Agassini, Agazzini, Agazzino, Agazzone, Agazzoni. One fact: An attempt is
made to assign the Italian Agazzi the meaning of "cake" (from the Italian "gaza"
= cake) and there is the French graphic form Agasse that means the same (the
spelling "agasse" = cake), but this probability I discard it, since there is no
consensus among genealogy experts. In the Italian language there are many
more graphic forms of the pear and the pear tree, such as: Peroncini, Perone,
Pernoni, Perrone, Perroni, Pero, Pera and Peri (Italian origin, it is thought that
its meaning in Spanish is Pedro, but in It is actually incorrect because Pedro
comes from the Latin Pietrus which gives rise to Pietro [Pedro] and its variants
Piero, Pierino, Pietrino, Peric, Perich, Pere), Perin, Perinelli, Perinello,
Perinetti, Perinetto, Perini, Perini, Perinu, Pirina , Perinu, Peroncini, Perone,
Peroni, Perrone or Perroni (not to be confused with the Italian spelling of dog
or can because this animal according to Jewish Law is ceremonially impure [it
is said of what is improper, inadequate, incorrect, imprudent).
Allon (oak): Carvajal, Carvajo, Carballo, Carballal, Roble, Robles, Robledo,
Roure, Roureda, Rovira, Rovires, Roira, Ruyra, Rubira, Encina, Encinar, Alzina,
Dachs, Azevedo, Acevedo, Acebedo (derived from Acebo ), Holly, Sureda, Om,
Omar, Olm, Olmar, Olmo, Olmedo, Alnedo or Arrendó, Eiche, Holm, Holmes,
Hulme, Ulme, Elme, Oak, Reboledo, Rebollo.

Tzaror (sheaf: set of shoots, reeds, corn, branches, grass, etc., larger than the
bunch and smaller than the sheaf): Sheaf, Bunch, Garbo or Garba (sheaf of
corn or cereals), Gavella, Garbe, Gerbe , Sheaf, Fascina, Covone. Other
linguistic sources: Eiriz or Eiris (Etymology: place where tasks are carried out
with meshes or nets and in which, in general, straw or dry grass are placed.
Graphic variants: Eira, Eirabella, Eiranova, Eiras, Eiravella). Possibly the
surname Pallas (native of Galicia, Spain) and the surname Palles (native of
Mallorca) are linguistic derivatives of Eiriz or Eiris.

Chom or Kom (chestnut: Tree of the Hippocastanaceae family, with white and
yellowish wood, palmate leaves composed of seven leaflets, flowers in straight
clusters, and fruit containing the seeds. It is an ornamental plant native to
India: Chestnut, Castañeda, Castanyer, Castanyar, Chesnut, Kesten
(Kastanienbaum in medieval German), Kasztan (Slavic origin, means chestnut,
chestnut, pineapple, and its derivatives; Kastanien, Kasztanbaoum, Kasztanski,
Kasztenbaum, Kazdan, Kestenbaum).

Jeonegel (jungle): Badosa, Bados, Badoz, Badoc (fir forest), Tanne,

Tannenbaum or Tenenbaum, Tannenwald, Tannenholz, Firgrove, Sapin, Selva,
Silva, Da Silva, Silvestre, Silvestri, Silvestrin, Silvesti, Silvi, Silvoso , Silvotti,

Silveira, Silveri, Silverio, Silvero, Silveyra, Da Silveira, Serba, Forest, Wood,

Wald, Grunewald, Greenwald, Grinwald; Bosch: Bosco, Bosque, Bosquerons,
Bush, Forest, Doyenart or Doyenarte or Oyhenart (Basque origin, place in the
forest/place near the forest), Mata, Mato, Matoso, Mattos, Matto or Matti,
Matos, Matoses, Matosas.

Shoshana (variants: Shoshanah, Shouchanah, Shoushana, Chochana, Sossan,

Susanna, Susana, Ben Susan, Ben Sussan, pink): Rosa, Rose, Rosas, Azucena,
Lirio, Lily, Lys, Lilie (Germanic origin, referring to botany , means lilac):
Lilien, Lilienbaum, Liliental (lilac valley), Lilien (lilacs), Lilienblum (lilac
flower), Lilienberg (lilac mountain). Other variants: Bensusan, Bensuson,
Bensusen, Bensussen, Bensussan, Bensoussan, Sosan, Soussan, Soussana.

Chita or Chyita (wheat): Trigo, Trigueiros, Tosell, Tusell, Tuell, Tuel,

Chamorro, Kron, Forment, Formento, Froment, Wheat, Blat or Blatt, Blé.

Drdor (thistle, nettle, hawthorn, phonetically pronounced dardor): Cardo,

Cardozo, Cardoso, Card, Carda, Cardós, Cardone, Cardús, Distel, Thistle,
Ortigas.

Dekel (palm): Palma, Palmier, Palmer, Palmera, Bargallo, Garballo, Margallo,

Palme, Palm; Tamar, Tomer: Palmito, Bargallo.

Dovedeven (cherry tree): Cerezo, Cereso, Serezo, Cerez, Serez, Ceresa,

Cerezza, Cerezuela (fruit tree, chili pepper, cherry tree), Kirsch (Germanic
origin, means cherry, related to the cherry tree, and its derivatives; Kersch,
Gerhvin, Gersch , Karsch, Karsz, Kerman, Kersenbaum, Kerszner, Kerzner,
Kirschbaum, Kirschber, Kirchenbaum, Kirschenberg, Kirschenblat, Kirschman,
Kirschner, Kirsz, Kirszman, Kirszner, Kirzner, Kurziner, Vainkersz, Wainkersz).

Tamara (támara: palm tree from the Canary Islands, Spain, or, land populated
with palms): Tamarisco, Tarache, Taray, Tamariu, Gatell, Tamari, Tamarit,
Tamaro.

Cluster , Traube, Grappe, Sarmiento, Sarmento, Stump, Weinstock, Tebstock,

Sarmiento, Sarment, Rebholz, Weinholz, Wining, Vinet, Viner, Vinater,
Vinadero.

Egoz (walnut): Noceda, Nocedal, Walnut, Noguer, Nogueira, Noguera,

Nogueral, Nussbaum, Walnut.

Kerem (vine, vine, vine): Vineyard, Viñas, Viñies, Vinyes, Vigne, Vignolo,
Vignoli, Vigna, Veneyard, Weinberg, Parra, Parall, Parrado.

Geza or Gezea (trunk): Balata, Piló, Pilón, Trunk, Troncoso, Bloch, Block,
Stamm, Stem, Cepa (Part of the trunk of any tree or plant, which is inside the
ground and attached to the roots) Cepeda (see Cepa), Cepedal (see Cepa).

Haba (Judeo-Arabic origin, bean, broad bean, bean, bean): Frijola (Catalan
origin, designates the bean plant, also known as bean or bean), Bohn
(Germanic origin, means bean, bean, bean, and its derivatives; Bohnen, Bon,
Bonenfeld, Bonifeld).

Etz (tree): Arbol, Arboles, Arbre, Baum, Tree, Albero, Feldbaum (field of
trees, forest). Other linguistic derivations: Sanguineti, Sanguinetti (dogwood,
type of bush. Significance according to botany: The dogwood tree; very
branchy shrub, from the Cornaceae family, three to four meters high, with
branches with red bark in winter, opposite, entire and ovate leaves, white
flowers at the top, and round, fleshy, black drupes for the fruit. with red
spots), Arbolea or Arboleda (site populated with trees, mainly the shady and
pleasant ones), Abrera (Arbrera), Floresta, Garriga, Garrigosa.

Jaka (cane): Canias, Cañas, Ocaña, Cañizales, Cañizares, Cañete, Canyelles,

Cañaveral.

Kots (thorn), Espina, Espino, Espinoza, Espinosa, Spinoza, Epine, Dorn, Thorn,
Spina, Arn, Cambron, Espino, Espinos, Bony, Stachel, Thorny.

Limon (lemon, fruit of the lemon tree): Llimona, Citron, Limone, Lemon,
Zitrone, Toronja, Toronji, Tarongi.

Nichoch (perfume): Benzoin, Benjoin, Benzol, Benzoin, Shiraz, Estoraque,

Estorach.

Kepetor (button: closed flower and covered by the leaves that together defend
it, until it opens and extends): Boot, Boton, Novell, Yema, Bourgeon, Knospe,
Button.

Oren (pine): Pi, Pino, Pinar, Pineda, Pinie, Pinies, Pine, Pin, Kiefer. Other
similar forms: Piña, Pinya, Pinha, Piñedo, Pineiro, Piñero, Piñeiro, Piñera,
Piñeyrua, Pinheiro.

Perach (flower, and its derivatives; Perahia, Perahya or Perahyah): Flor,

Flores, Florez, Florido, Florit, Floal, Laflor, Lafleur, Zaflor (Saflor), Florensa,
Florensiach, Blume, Blum, Bluming, Blumenfeld, Flower, Florews, Bloom,
Fleuri, Fiori, Feldblum (country flower), Goldblum (gold or golden flower and
its derivative; Blumengold), Edelweis or Edelweiss (alpine flower)

Sana (bramble: thorny bush): Zarza, Gasca, Gascón, lagasca, Galinsoga.

Pilpel (pepper: Annual herbaceous plant, from the Solanaceae family, with
branchy stems four to six decimeters high, lanceolate, entire and hairless
leaves, small, white, axillary flowers, and fruit in a hollow berry, very variable
in shape. and size, depending on the breed, but generally conical, with an
obtuse tip, smooth on the surface, first green, then red or yellow, and with a
multitude of flat, circular, yellowish seeds, held in an interior expansion of the
peduncle. It is an American plant widely cultivated in Spain): Pepper,
Pimintilla, Pimentel, Pimentero, Pfefer, Pfeiffer, Piper, Pepper.

Rimon (pomegranate: Tree of the Punicaceae family, five to six meters high,
with a smooth and tortuous trunk, thin branches, opposite, oblong, entire and
glossy leaves, almost sitting flowers, red and with somewhat bent petals, and
whose fruit is the pomegranate): Granada, Granado, Granados, Grenada,
Magrana, Magraner.

Hadas (arrayán or murto: Shrub of the Myrtaceae family, two to three meters
high, fragrant, with flexible branches, opposite leaves, bright green, glossy,
small, hard and persistent, axillary flowers, solitary, small and white, and
bluish-black berries): Genesta, Ginesta, Genestar, Ginestar, Hiniesta, Iniesta,
Murta, Margallo, Margallon. Other linguistic forms: Balay, Retamar, Ginster,
Broom (all of these surnames are associated with Hiniesta).

Shaked (almond tree): Almendro, Ametller or Ametler, Almendros, Almendras,

Mandelbaum, Ametlla, Mandel Almond.

Siach (scrub, weed or shrub [tree, small tree], bush): Mata, Matas, Mato,
Matoso, Matoses, Matosas, Matto, Mattos, Matorral, Busch, Grove, Soto, Sotto,
Del Soto, Sotomayor.

Tapuach (apple): Manzano, Manzaneda, Manzanedo, Manzaneira, Poma,

Pomero, Pomera, Pomar, Apple and its phonetic transcription Apel (engraved
or inscribed in various forms, including Appel, Appoell, Epple, Eppel), Apfel
(Germanic origin, means apple, and its derivatives; Apfelbaum, Apfelberg,
Apfeld, Apfeldman), Pommier (French origin, and its variants; Pommiers,
Pommiès, Pommiez, Pommé, Pommés, Pomé, Pomés, Pommié), Mela, Melas
(both of Italian origin ).
Teana (fig tree): Higuera, Higueras, Higa, higo, Figa, Figo, Figuera, Figueres,
Figueredo, Figueroa, Figuerola, Safiguera, Beige, Feigenbaum, Feigensohn,
Fig, Fisgón, Tunera.

Tseforen (carnation): Clave, Clavell, Nelken or Nelkien (carnations), Pink

(graphic variants: Pinch, Pinck, Pincke, Pinks, Penk, Penke).

Mosri (moral: Tree of the Moraceae family, five to six meters high, with a thick
and straight trunk, a wide crown, rough, woolly, heart-shaped, toothed or
lobed leaves on the margin, and unisexual flowers in spike-shaped catkins,
separating the masculine from the feminine. Its fruit is the blackberry): Mora,
Moura, Moral, Morales, Moralez, Moracho, Morachs, Moraga, Moranque,
Morata, Moratans, Morera, Morer, Moreira, Morató, Beere, Berry, Morachs,
Moranque, Moran, Moragues, Morais , Do Moral, De Mora, Morel, Morell,
Moreul, Morali, Morelli, Morello (diminutive of Morellini).

Vered (pink): Rosa, Roza, Rosal, Da Rosa, Derosa, Roser, Rosales, Rozales,
Rossas, Rosadilla, Rosana, Rosanes, Rosano, Rossano, Rozano, Rosanes,
Rozanes, Rosanez, Rosaniz, Rosas, Rosel, Rosell, Rosello, Russello, Rossi,
Rossetti, Rossetto, De Rossi, Rosenthal, Rosenstrauss, Rosenstock, Rosenberg,
Rosebush, Rosenvelt, Roosevelt, Rosen (Germanic origin: roses, rosal),
Rosenblat, Rosenblit, Rosenblum, Rosenbach, Rosenbuj, Rosencwit,
Rosenfeld, Rosengardt, Rosengart, Rosengarten, Rosengolc, Rosenheim,
Rosenheimer, Rosenholc, Rosenholtz, Rosenfranc.

Zayit (olive tree): Oliver, Olivera, Olivar, Olivares, Oliveiro, Oliveira,

Olivenbaum, Oelbaum, Olive, Olivier, Revell, Ravell, Ravel or Revel, Ullastre,
Ullastres, Acebuche, Olivas, Oliveti, Oliveto, Olivetti, Olivetto, Olivati ,
Olivato, Ulivati, Olivari, Oliveri, Oliveri, Oliverio, Olivero, Olivieri, Oliviero,
Olivi, Ulivi.

Jobs, activities, titles, status, utensils, products, residence (place,

residence or geographical origin)
Argon (war): Guerra, Guerrero, Menaguerra, Krieger, Kriger, Kriegsman,
Warrior, Soldier, Soldat, Atalayero or Talayero, Bastida, Martí (warrior).

Ashir (variant: Ashyir [rich or well-off]): Oceransky (Comes from the spelling
Oyzer, a name created by the Jews from the common Hebrew noun ‫רישע‬
(phonetically, ashir or ashyir) which means "rich" or "well-off", most likely in
Central Europe. It appeared in Eastern Europe due to migrations from the
West. There are other variants of Oyzer which are Ozer, Ovzer, Avzer, Eyser,
Evzer, Oizer, Osher, Oszer, Uscher, Usher, Uszer. There is also the similar
form Oisher / Oiszer of Yiddish origin (root, provenance) and its meaning is
"rich" or "affluent" and helps to determine with accuracy and precision the
etymology of Oceransky. A graphic variant of Oisher / Oiszer is the Hebrew
Ezra [see this surname as well as Eliezer, since Oisher / Oiszer has a second
meaning which is "helper"] and in addition Oisher / Oiszer has derivatives such
as; Oizerow, Oiserowicz. The derivations give clues that Oceransky is
patronymic: the suffixes ov, ow, in Yiddish give the idea or guideline that the
surname is originally or natural from Russia and surrounding countries, such as
Ukraine, Belarus. Meanwhile, the suffixes ic, ski, ych, icz indicate that they
come from Poland, Germany and surrounding countries, such as Austria, the
Czech Republic, Slovakia, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia. Then it is finally
pointed out that Oceransky means Of the Family of Oisher / Oiszer).

Abir (knight): Knight, Cavaller or Cavalle, Ritter, Chevalier, Gentleman,

Knight, Cavalieri.

Noi (ornament), Bar Noi: Adorno, Schmuck, Adorn, Ornato.

Adon, Bar Adon (master, lord): Amo, Herr, Wirt, Senior, Senyor, Bonsenyor,
Senyoret.

Mesepenet (shipyard): Shipyard, Dock, Helling, Docker.

Moshal (governor): Batle or Batlle, Mayor, Bürgermeister, Herrmann.

Aluf (colonel): Colonel, Colonel, Ober (Germanic origin, means superior [in
authority or rank, hierarchy] and its derivations; Huberman, Oberdam,
Oberdamm, Obermeister, Oiberman), Koronel. Composite forms or variants:
Coronel Chacón, Coronel Chagao, Coronel Da Silva, Coronel Jessurun Lobo,
Coronel Pereira or Coronel Pereyra.

Marchel (marshal): Marshal, Marshall or Marschal or Marshal.

Bona (builder): Builder, Constructor, Baumeister.

Techeshit (jewel): Joyero, Joier, Argenter, Argentera, Argentiere, Juwelier,

Silbermann (Silverman), Goldman (Goldmann), Silversmith, Goldschsmidt,
Goldszmid.

Atia (gift, present, donation, and its variants; Attia, Attiah, Attiya, Attias,
Attie, Attieh, Attiyeh): Gracia, Graciel, Gnade, De Grazia, Segen, Anmut,
Grace.

Bayit (Hebrew, means house or home): Abad, Adabi, Aisenbett, Ajzenbet, Bab,
Badab, Betcajg, Bete, Betel (house of G-d), Beter, Betl, Eisenbet, Eisenbett,
Szabad, Szabat, Betelhejm (origin Germanic, home for the destitute or
relating to the destitute), Beter, Betler, Bajtler, Bejter, Bejtler, Betman,
Bettler, Betsalel (Hebrew origin, under the shadow of G-d, and its derivatives;
Becalel, Betzalel, Calewicz), House , Casas, Casafranca, Casal, Çasala, Casals,
Casanat, Casanate, Do Casal (Portuguese). Other linguistic sources: Shul
(Germanic origin, means school, house of study, and its derivations [branches,
forks]; Schulman, Schulmann, Shulman, Szul, Szulman), Aguirre and its variant
Aguerre (Basque origin, comes from the Basque term "agerri" [= visible, not
covered]. Designates the house [or village] that can be seen from afar), Bayit
HaSefer (school): Escola, Escuela, Schule, Schüller, School, Scolari. Bayit
Metevechyim (slaughterhouse): Lease, Lesev, Escarda, Fork, Aixartell,
Aixartells, Rascle, Rastrero, Egge, Herse, Harrow.

Barzilai or Hadad (blacksmith): Herrero, Herrera, De Herrera, Herrador,

Herreros, Ferrer, Ferrari, Ferraria, Ferrario, Ferraro, Ferrensis, Ferrera,
Ferreres, Ferreria, Ferrero, Ferreiro, Ferreira or Ferreyra, Fierro, Ferro,
Fornalutx, Smith, Serraller, Farrar, Farrah, Pharro, Pharoah, Ferrara, Varey,
Varrow, Ferrarotti, Farrier, Farjes (with their French graphic variants Farge,
Farges, and their derivatives: Farjo, Ferjo, Farjardo [variant: Fajardo], Farji,
Farjah, Forjoe, Furj, Forjuoh, Farj, Farjami, Farganel, Farge, Farges,
Fargamel, Farjonel, Farjounel, Fargearel, Fargerel, Fargeau, Fargeaud,
Fargeot, Fargeout Fargeoux, Fargeaudou or Fargeaudoux (Variants:
Farjaudoux, Farjeaudou, Farjeaudoux), Shmid (Germanic origin, means
blacksmith, and its derivatives; Vogtschmidt [Blacksmith's employee]
Aisenszmid, Ajsenszmid, Eisenschmid, Eisenschmied, Eisenznmid, Goldschmidt,
Goldszmid, Kipershmidt, Kipermiszmid, Kuperschmidt, Kuperszmid, Schmider,

Silverszmid, Szmid, Szmier, Szmidt, Schmied, Schmider, Schmidt, Schmidt,

Zilberschmidt).

Bechor (major [of age]): Mayor, Major (Majo), Alter, Altere, Elder, Grande,
Gross, Grossman, Grand, Legrand.

Oresher (archer), Keset (archer): Arquer, Arquero, Bow, Bowman, Ballester,

Ballestero (Ballesteros), Schütze, Boguenchutz, Armbrust.

Dala, Delet (door): Porta, Portas, Puerta, Puertas, Lapuerta, Laporta, Saporta,
Porter, Portero, Pforte, Pförtner, Portier, Door, Gate, Gates, Port, Porte,
Portman, Porti, Portis, Portillo.

Chadash (grid, grate, bars): Reja, Reixa, Gitter, Grid, Trellis.

Anav (grape): Llevat, Ferment, Rent, Fermento, Levain, Sauerteig, Leaven.

Shomer (guard, guardian, watchman): Guardia, Guardiola, Custos, Sentinel,

Guarde, Guardiano, Schutz, Posten, Wache, Custody, Ward.

Kalef (parchment): Parchment, Pergaminer, Pergaminero, Pergament,

Parchment, Pergamena.

Cohen (variants: Coen, Koen, priest): Priest, Capellà, Capellán, Del Capellán,
Kaplan (Kaplon, Kaplun), Chaplain, Capellanus, Priest (Priestly), Prister,
Pretre, Coy (Mac Coy), Katz or Catz, Sacerdot, Sacerdotte, Sacerdoti, Cahan,
Cahana, Cahane, Cahen, Cahna, Hacohen, Ha-Kohen, Kahan, Kahana, Kahane,
Kahn or Cahn, Kochan, Kochen, Kogan or Cogan, Kohn, Kon; Katz (Hebrew
origin, acronym: Initials of Kohen Tzedek, Sacordote Justo and gives rise to
these surnames: Katznelson, Katzman, Katzovich, Katzsovicz, Katzovski,
Kazman, Kazmann), Cociovicz (From the Catz Family), Kaplun-Kogan (origin
Yiddish, means priest, conjunction of the surnames Kaplun and Kogan, both
with the same meaning, but from different linguistic sources).

More (teacher, educator), Mora (teacher, educator): Admor, Barmac, Barmasz,

Barmak, Barmatz, Mac (Hebrew acronym, initials of More Tzedek [righteous
teacher] and its derivative: Mackin [Yiddish origin, patronymic, De La Family
of Mac]), Maharal, Maharschack, Maharshal, Maharszal, Marschak, Marshak,
Marszak, Mats, Matz, Mets, Moc (Hebrew acronym, initials of More Tzedek,
Righteous Teacher, and its derivatives; Mochin, Mochman [both origin Yiddish,
patronymics, Of the Family of Moc]), Mohar, Moor or Mor (Hebrew acronym,
initials of Morenu Rabenu, Our Master and Rabbi, and its derivative; Morman
[Yiddish origin, patronymic, Of the Family of Mor]), Morenu (Hebrew origin,
our teacher), Moro (Hebrew acronym, initials of Morenu Rabenu, Our Teacher
and Rabbi), Mots, Motz, Maral (Hebrew acronym, you have two meanings, 1)
Initials of Morenu Ha Rab Loew, Our Teacher the Rabbi Loew, creator of the
Golem [A golem is in medieval folklore and Jewish mythology, an animate
being made from inanimate matter. The name appears to derive from the
word gelem, meaning "raw matter." Scholem, in his work "The Kabbalah and its
Symbolism", writes that the Golem is a figure that appears every thirty-three
years in the window of a room with no access in the Prague ghetto. The word
golem is also used in the Bible (Psalms 139:16) and in Talmudic literature to
refer to an embryonic or incomplete substance. Similarly, golems are used
primarily in metaphor today, either as mindless beings or as entities at the
service of man under controlled conditions but enemies of man under other
conditions. Similarly, it is a colloquial insult in Yiddish or Yiddish / Yiddish,
synonymous with clumsy or retarded], 2) Initials of Morenu HaRab Shlomo Liva,
Our Master Rabbi Shlomo Liva), Marschak (variants: Marshak or Marszak,
Hebrew acronym: initials of Morenu Rabbi Shlomo Kluger). Probably Mori or
Mory.

Nagar (carpenter): Carpintero, Carpentero, Carpinteiro, Fuster or Fusté,

Carpenter, Charpentier or Charpantier, Tischler, Dorador, Sisa, Tzimer
(Germanic origin, means carpenter, and its derivatives; Cimerman, Cymerman,
Zimer, Zimerman, Zimmerman, Zimmermann , Szymerman, Zimerinov),
Calvez, Le Calvez (both of French origin, carpenter). Other probable
variations: Najares, Najara, Najari, Najera, Naja.

Chacham (sage): Sage, Savi, Weise, Sapere, Sage, Savant. Graphic variant:
Hakam, Hakham, Jajam: Wise (title given by the Sephardim to the local
Rabbi).

Dayan (judge): Judge, Jutge, Judge, Richter, Juge.

Derech (road): Camino, Camí, Caminer, Caminero, Vía, Viaplana, Viader, Weg,
Fach, Carrère, Carrera, Carreras, Carreres (Catalan). Similar forms of Euskara
(Basque language of the Basque Country): Carrica (From karrika = street, little
street and from here the derivative Carriquiry is also born), Carricaburu
(extremity of the street), Carricart (variant: Carrique: street next to water or
place of willows), Carricarte (street next to water or place of willows),
Carricondo (near or next to the street). Other similar forms: Corredor, Laufer,
Wanderer, Renner, Walk, Walker, Run, Runner. Other descriptive variations:
Gual, Vado, Furt, Ford, Gue (meaning: step, crossing, path, path).

Matana (gift): Gift, Regalado, Regal, Regalia, Gift, Present, Treat, Wohlleben.

Megira (drawer), Argaz (drawer): Cajón, Calaix, Caja, Caixa, Casillas, Cajilla,
Gaveta, Naveta, Kiste, Kasten, lade, Truhe, Kasse, Box, Chest, Segura (safe,
and its variants: Segoura , Sigoura, Sigura, Siegora, Sagura).
Franco (free man): Franch, Frank, Frei, Frey, Libre, Lliure, Liberto, Free,
Francomanno, Francomano, Franconiere, Franconieri.

Duches (duke): Duque, Herzog, Graf, Duke, Duca.

Keldra (caldera) Keldron (calderón): Calder: Calder, Calders, Caldés, Caldera,

Caldero, Calderos, Calderón, Caldaia, Caldas, Eimer, Kesselmann, Kettler,
Fromm. Calderon

Avek (dust): Dust, Pols, Ash, Dust, Staub, Pulver, Pussiere.

Heamer (hammer), Maccabi (hammer): Machabeu, Machabeo, Macabeo,

Porrero, Porreras, Porres, Porron, Martail, Martellat or Martelat, Martel,
Marteau, Martelet, Marthelet, Martellet, Martelon or Martellon, Martelou,
Martelout, Martelot ( Variants: Martelo, Marthelot, Martell (Catalan), Hamer
(Germanic origin, means hammer or related to the work required by this tool,
and its derivatives; Goldhamer, Hamerklaper, Hamerman, Hammershlag or
Hammershlag, Hamerschlog or Hammershlog, Hamestein, Hamerszlag,
Sztokhamer , Hamerslough), Martela or Martella, Martelini, Martelli, Martelato,
Martellenghi.

Mil or Myil (mill, crusher, crusher): Mortar, Mortar, Morter, Mortar, Morser,
Pison, Rammer, Pestle, Molina, Molinas, De Molino. Mills, Melhman,
Meilerman, Meler, Melerman, Melier, Melman, Melnik, Milman, Milner,
Milnerman, Milrad, Milrud, Milstein, Milsztein, Milert, Milinkiewicz. Similar
forms: Moliner, Molinero, Molina, Mahler, Müller, Müllner, Miller, Meunier.
Other linguistic sources: Picó (Catalan origin, and its variants: Picho, Pichon,
Piche, Picar, Picaç. In Spanish it means "tamper": a heavy and thick
instrument, usually shaped like a truncated cone, which is provided with a
handle, and is used to press (crush, crush) earth, stones, etc.).

Ezra (help, help): Ayuda, Auxilio, Amparo, Socorro, Ajut, Ajuda, Aide, Aid,
Costat, Secours, Succor, Hilfe.

Sofar (variant: Sofer [Hebrew origin, means scribe, writer, writer, and its close
forms: Soifer, Soiferis, Soiferman, Sojfer, Soyfer, Soyfertis, Soffer, Sopher,
Safer, Zofer]): Escrivà, Escribano, Escribanis, Schreiber , Cribe, Clerk or
Clerck. Other variants: Kasvan (Yiddish origin, means scribe, writer, copyist,
and its derivatives; Kasven, Kasvin, Kasvon, Kosven, Kosvin). Another linguistic
derivative: Bendel (Germanic origin, hypocoristic; comes from Band, and its
derivatives; Beldelman, Bendler. The most feasible origin of Band is Tomo,
volume, referring to a book or text. Relative to books and by extension
(breadth), erudite, wise, educated, enlightened person. Band derivatives:
Bandman, Bandt, Bandurek, Bandurski, Bantman, Bendelmacher,
Bendermacher, Bendor, Eisenband, Eizenband, Sametband, Aisenband,
Aizenband, Ajzenband, Axelband). Gabay (temple administrator, Rabbi's
assistant)

Gelegel (wheel): Rueda, Roda, Kreis, Roll, Wheel, Roue, Ruota.

Gesher (bridge): Bridge, Bridges, Pont, Ponte, Ponti, Ponton, Brucke, Brueke,
Bridge (Bridges).

Gezever (treasurer): Treasurer, Calvari, Bosser, Treasurer, Schatzmann,

Bursar.

Goia, Ben Goia (probably derived from the Hebrew Goi, town, nation): Goyes,
Goyanes, Goyas, Goycoechea, Goyeche, Goyen, Goyena, Goyeneche, Goyeni,
Goyenola, Goyetche, Goyhenetche, Goyoaga, Goyos, Goyret, Goyri, Goytiño.

Mehesom (barrier): Barrera, Barriere, Barrere, Frontera, Limit, Schranke,

Sierre, Damm, Parets, Paredes, Mauer.

Chor (hole), Ben Chor: Hoyo, Hoyos, Covas, Clot, Loch, Grube, Buco, Hole,
Trou, Cueva, Cuevas, Covas, Heil (Germanic origin, means cave).

Chaver (friend): Companion, Company, Compagnon, Genosse, Comrade,

Friend, Amie, Mate, Freund; Reu, Amigo, Ami, Amic, Amie, Freund, Friend.

Machshev (machine): Turner, Torner, Turner, Dreschler, Lathe, Haspel, Wheel.

Zamar (singer): Cantor (Sang), Cantaire, Cantador, Singer, Sanger, Senger,

Kantor, Chanteur, Cantore, Ratzinger (Yiddish origin, from the term raykke =
rich, that is, if we join raykke + zinger [singer], The result is “famous singer”
or “famous or famous singer.” Note: Ratzinger is broken down into Rat, which
comes from the Germanic Rike [rich] and this from the Yiddish raykke, with
the same meaning, and, as for zinger, it is a graphic variation of singer [singer,
singer, or, relative to the liturgical cantor] and there is the surname Singer
and its derivatives; Shulsinger, Schulzynger, Singerman, Szulsinger, Zinger,
Zinger, Zyngier).

Toda (favor, mercy, gift, is a greeting used by the Jews in Hebrew, for
example, Toda Raba [thank you very much]): Gracian, Graciano, Graciani,
Gracia, De Grazia, Merce, Gnade.

Iara (phonetically it sounds aiara): Villa, Vila, Villar, Vilar, Viller Villers Villiers
Villars, Villis, Ciutat, Quintana, Torre, Landgut, Borough, Aldea. Other
variants: Aldeano, Poblador, Stadt, Dorf. Another probability is that these
surnames also derive from the Hebrew Vila whose meaning is "mansion" or
"quinta." Mansion = dwelling, residence, house, home. Quinta = village, town.

Oren (pine): Piña, Pinya, Pinha, Piñedo, Pineiro, Piñero, Piñeiro, Piñera,
Piñeyrua, Pinheiro.

Chayat (tailor, and its variants: Haiat, Chaiat Haiut, Hiatt, Hyatt): Sastre,
Sartorio, Schneider, Tailor or Taylor, Tailleur, Sarzo, Sayal, Sayas, Grobe,
Grobes, Loden, Jumeau.

Zeben (seller): Shopkeeper, Kramer, Grocer, Chandler, Botiguer.

Keter: Corona, Krone, Couronne, Crown (possible variant, Crownwell).

Kinor (violin): Viola, Violin, Violon.

Kuzari, Kozeri, Ben Kozeri (This Hebrew surname is related to those who were
a Bulgarian people from Central Asia. His name appears to be linked to a
Turkish verb meaning “wanderer” [“gezer” in modern Turkish]. Also known by
the spelling Khazares or Kazares. In Spanish it is Jázaros or Jazares. It is
possible that the Khazarian nation had been composed of tribes of different
ethnic components, since the peoples of the steppe traditionally absorbed the
conquered. Furthermore, the Khazarian language appears to have been of
Hunnic origin, similar to that spoken by the first Bulgarians. The tribal
structure [of tribes] of the Khazars consisted of white-black differentiation
and was a social division into Eurasian nomadic tribes that associated the
"white" group with the nobility, the warrior elite and the ruling classes, while
the "white" group "black" would refer to commoners, bourgeois). From here
arise linguistic derivatives, such as Hazar (Arabic), Gazari (a form of ancient
Turkish), Gezer (a form of modern Turkish), Casares, Casaro, Cases, Casez,
Cazalez, Cazares, Kasez, Kassar, Alcazar , Alcasar. Probably Casaravilla.
Likewise, knowing that the Khazars were a wandering people, since this is
linked to Jewish surnames, such as, Corredor, Laufer, Wanderer, Renner,
Walk, Walker, Way, Run, Runner, as well as Camino, Camí, Caminer,
Caminero, Vía, Viaplana, Viader, Weg, Fach. It is interesting to note that
Italian surnames include Erranti or Errante and from here graphic variants are
born or emerge, such as Ferrando or Ferrande and even Herrando, which is an
archaic form of Ferrando. At the same time, it is interesting to observe how
linguistic derivatives of Ferrando appear in Spanish, such as: Fernando /
Hernando, Fernán / Hernán, Ferrán / Herrán. Also in the Iberian Peninsula, the
emergence of more derivatives can be seen, such as the case of Ernandes and
Ernandez, but this spelling is older, more primitive, and later they adopted the
better-known spelling of Hernandez and Hernandes (they are patronymics, the
meaning being the Son of Hernán or Hernando), as well as the similar
patronymics, Fernandez and Fernandez (the Son of Fernán or Fernando). In the
Basque Country (Euskal Herría), the Errandonea variant is found, which comes
from Hernando or Fernando.

Lev or Leb (heart): Corazón, Corason, Coeur, Herz, Heart, Cuore.

Levi or Levy (Cohen's assistant), Escola, Escolar, Escolano, Sacristán, Sagrista,

Kuster or Kuester, Alavi, Alevi, Halevy, Halewi, Levin, Levinas, Levine,
Levinger, Leviski, Levinson, Levinstein, Levinthal, Levisohn, Levit , Levitan,
Levitian, Levitiyan, Lewi, Lewicki, Lewicz, Lewie, Lewig, Lewin, Lewinas,
Lewinger, Lewingier, Lewinski, Lewinky, Lewinson, Lewit, Lewita, Lewite,
Lewiter, Lewito, Lewiton, Lewityn.

Noled (born): Nadal, Nadales, Nacimiento, Nascimento, Natalio, Nascita,

Natale, Geburt, Birth.

Gerera (carriage): Carro, Corrillo, Kreis, Huddle Crocchio, Capanello, Rotlla,

Rollat (Rotllat), Rotlland, Rullan, Rogla.

Merekiz (marquis): Marques, Marquez, Marchese, Marquis, Markgraf. Other

variations: Marc, March, Marco, Mark, Markus.
Mesever (nail): Clavero, Claver, Clauer, Schlussel, Key, Caja, Tauler.

Melocha (salty), Melach (salt): Salina, Salinas, Salado, Salgado, Salgueiro,

Salat, Salino, Salzig, Saline, Salato.

Melech (king): Rey, Rei, Del Rey, König, Leroy, and some derivatives: Real,
Reynés, Reyes, Reinoso (relating to royalty), Del Rey, Reynador, Reina, De La
Reina, De los Reyes, Kronmann , King, Kingston (variants: Kingstone,
Kyngstone), O'Kinga (Irish origin, and its variants; O'Cionga, O'Cingeadh,
meaning "Son of the King"), Reinaldos, Renaud, Raginwald (Germanic origin,
person who governs), Coronat, Coronado, Cortès or Cortez, Cortada (all of
them were under royal protection). Another case is the surname Malka which
could presumably mean Queen in Spanish, but it does NOT. Malka is a surname
of Aramaic origin and in this language it is masculine, giving rise to the
surname Rey, examples of this: Benmalka, Ben Malka, Ben Melek, Benmalki,
Benmeleh, Benmelek, Melki, Melka, Malek, Malec, Maleh, Malki, Malkah, Malih,
Malik, Malchi, Malkhi, Malque, Malqui, Malquishuba, Malca, Malcao, Molco or
Molko, Moljo. Other variants: Sultan, Sultani, Soultani. Other linguistic
variants. Sold, Soldan, Soldani (means, sultan).

Malcha (variant: Malka, Hebrew origin, female name, means queen): Reina, De
La Reina, Reyna, Males, Malewicz, Malin, Malis, Malk, Malke, Malezon,
Malkenson, Malkenzon, Malkes, Malkewich, Malkies, Malkiman, Malkin,
Malkind, Malkis, Malkov, Malkowich, Malkovskij, Malkowicz, Malkowski, Malkus,
Maltsin, Maltsis, Matlsyn, Melkenson, Queen (English, queen, and its
derivatives: Quene, Quenet, Quenel, Queneau), Regina, Regini, Reini , Reine
(French).

Merotz or Keriara (race): Carrera, Carreras, Carreres, Lauf, Tour, Corsa.

Mekel (rod, stick), Shabet (rod, stick): Ruty or Ruthy, Rute, Rut, Pallo, Palou
(Majorcan), Palet (Majorcan).

Negen (payer): Payer, Zahler, Payer, Paymaster, Pays.

Migdal (tower): Torre, Torres, Tower, Turm, Torrer, Torrero, Turmer, De La

Torre, Torrela or Torrella, Torrelli (Italian), Torrella, Torellas, Torrellon,
Torrijos, Torroella, Latorre.

Armon (castle), Ben Armon: Castell (Mallorca), Castella (Mallorca),

Castelldasens (Catalan), Castello (Catalan), Castelloni (Catalan), Castellon
(Catalan), Castellvi (Valencian), Castelobranco (Sevillian), Casteyo
( Majorcan), De Castilla (Castilian), Castillo (from Plasencia, Spain), Castillon
(from Zarogoza, Spain), Castel or Kastel, Castelan (Italian origin, means “who
lives in a castle”). Castelao or Castellao (Portuguese origin), De Castella,
Castelletti, Castelete, Castelette, Castelli, Castellini, Catelnuovo or
Castelnovo, Castelo, Castilho, Del Castillo, Castellari, Castellaro, Castellazzi,
Castelin, Castelotti, Castellucci, Casteluuccio, Caateluzzo, Catellaneta,
Casteltrione, Castelvetere, Castiello, Castigliego, Chatel, Châtelain (variants:
Chatellain, Chatelin, Chatellin, Chatteleyn), Chatelard, Chatelet or Châtelet,
Châtelier or Châtellier, Chatelier, Chatelin or Châtelin, Burg (Germanic origin,
means castle, burg, relative to the population of a fief, and its derived forms
Ajdelsburg, Bergier, Bergierman, Birger, Birgier, Birgierfrajnd, Birgierman,
Borgierman, Borgmajster, Buerger, Burger, Burgierman, Burgin, Burgman,
Burgmeister, Burgo [in the Middle Ages, fortress; built by the feudal nobles to
monitor the territories under their jurisdiction, where groups of merchants,
artisans, etc. settled], Busmeister, Edenbrug). Other similar linguistic roots;
Castro (fortified town in Roman Iberia, and its graphic variants, De Castro,
Castri, De Castri, Castrillo, Castrillon, Castrini, Castrino, Castrone, Castroni,
Castrenho).

Neal (shoe): Sabata, Zapata, Zapato, Schuh, Shoe, Scarpa.

Aboda or Abodet (work): Labor, Labour, Arbeit, Work, Lavoro, Trabal (old
spelling of Treball), Work.

Nas (miracle): Milagros, Miracles, Miracle, Maravillas, Maravella or Meravella,

Wunder, Marvel, Wonder.

Ofa (baker): Forner, Paner, Panero, Panadero, Panier, Homero, Bäcker, Baker,
Becker, Becquer, Boulanger.

Ohel (shop): Tienda, Tenda, Tente, Tent, Zelt, Laden, Grocery, Bottega,
Botiga, Botigue

Otsar (treasure), Matmom (treasure): Tesoro, Schatz, Tresor, Hoard, Treasure.

Or (leather), Ben Or, Bar Or: Peletero, Pelleter, Pelliser (Pellicer), Kürschner,
Furrier, Pelletier, Pellicciaio, Blanquer, Curtidor, Bastero, Basteiro, Basto,
Trinquetaire, Gerber, Tanner, Tanneur, Conciatore, Fell, Felle, Feler, Feller,
Fellmacher, Felman, Fellman, Fellner, Felmacher, Escofet (comes from the
French Escoffier which is an Old French name meaning a tanner, a leather
merchant [escohier]. It is mainly found in the Loire region, Haute Loire and
Vaucluse. Variations: Escofier, Escofié, Escoufier, Escouffier. Diminutives:
Escoffet, Escouffet. It is related to the trade of Furrier, who works with skins
or leather).

Bocker (cowboy): Boquer, Bauer, Boyero, Vaquero or Baquero, Vaquer,

Bacqué, Bover or Bové, Rinderhirt, Kuhmann, Pàges, Paysan, Labrador,
Llaurador, Farmer, Fermier.

Ked, Kead or Chead (vessel): Vessel, Tangí, Basin, Casserole, Casserole, Jar,
Catino, Schaff, Bowl.

Reafim (roof): Teja, Tejada, Tejado, Tejera, Teula, Teulada, Dach, Ziegel,
Tile, Roof.

Rabbi (teacher, this surname is also an acronym, according to the opinion of

scholars or those versed in Judaism, and, we have R = Rosh [head, leader,
champion], B = Benei, I = Israel, therefore, the inference is The head or leader
[leader] of the Children of Israel): Maestro, Mestre, Mestres, Lehrer, Teacher,
Maitre, Maestri, Maestri, Mestre, Meister, Master. Other variants: Rabbih,
Rabbeno, Rabeno, Rabinovitch (variants: Rabinovich, Rabinowicz), Rabih,
Rabeeh, Rabee, Rave. Other variants: Rabdin (Hebrew acronym, initials of Rab
Din, Rabbi Legalist or Rabbi Judge), Rabe (Hebrew acronym, initials of Rabbi
Abraham Ben Ezra, and the variant Rabee which means the same), Mac
(Hebrew origin, acronym: initials of More Tzedek [righteous teacher] and its
derivative: Mackin [Yiddish origin, patronymic, means Of The Family of Mac]),
Rabin (variants: Rabinek, Rabinow, Rabinson), Rabon, Rebbi, Rebi. The
linguistic form Behar / Beja / Bejar is an acronym for Ben Kvod HaRa = son of
the honorable Rabbi, it also means firstborn or Bohor. There is the Hebrew
acronym that is Rambam and the initials RMBM, then the vowel A, Rambam, R
= Rabbi, Rab, Rabbi, M = Moshe, B = Ben (son of), M = Maimon ( Rabbi Moshe
Ben Maimon, better known as Maimonides) and another similar Hebrew
acronym is Ramban and are the initials RMBN, R = Rabbi, Rab, Rabbi, B = Ben
(son of), N = Nachman (Rabbi Moshe Ben Nachman, better known like
Nachmanides). There are other variants: Maimoun, Maymon, Maimo, Maimona,
Maimonel. There are also other close forms: Benmaimon, Benmamon,
Benmaman, Barmaimon, Barmaymoun, Barmaimon, Barbanyon, in the case
that they begin with Ben or Bar they mean Son of, Descendant of, Of the
Family of...then, we can assert who is Son of Maimon. Other linguistic sources:
Maiman, Maiman, Maimoni, Maimony, Majman, Majmin, Majmun, Mamin. A
similar, similar fact: Rashi is the Hebrew acronym for ‫( המלש יבר יקחצי‬Rabbi
Shlomo Yitzchaki, see the surname Yitzchak).

Roe (shepherd): Pastor, Pasztor, Pastorino, Hirte, Sheperd or Shepherd,

Berger.

Hegora (strap): Corretger, Correa, Correro, Riemen, Belt, Strap.

Mdrih (phonetically it sounds or is pronounced Madrij, guide): Guia, Guide,

Mentor, Fuhrer.

Recob (street, vagabond): Pedlar, Pedlar, Hausierer, Ragman.

Rosh (head, probably relating to a leader): Damrosh, Roshak, Rosz, Cabeça,

Cabea, Cabeçon, Cabeçao, Cabesson, Cabeçudo, Cabessa, Cabeza
(Compounds: Cabeça Dase, Cabeça de Baca or Cabeza de Vaca), Testa, Testi ,
Testina, Testini, Testino, Testoni, Kop (Germanic origin, means head).

Saban (soap dish): Soap dish, Savoner, Saboner, Seifensieder, Savonnier.

Sandlar (shoemaker): Sabater, Zapatero, Schuster, Schuhmaher, Shoemaker,

Sand (Germanic origin, shoemaker, and its derivations: Bryzand, Sandaus,
Sandberg, Sandel, Sandhaus, Zamberg, Zandman, Zanberg, Zandman, Sandler
or Sandlor [ Yiddish origin, shoemaker, and its variations; Sendler, Zandler,
Sandlarski [patronymic, Of the Family of Sandlar]).

Sara, Sarit (Hebrew, princess): Sarkin, Sarkis, Seres (in Spanish, Ceres
[Sephardic surname]), Serkes, Serkin, Serkis, Serkisz, Serlin, Sirkes, Sirkin,
Sirkis, Sorasen, Sorason, Sores, Sorin, Sorkes , Sorkin, Sorkis, Soroczkin, Sures,
Suris, Surki, Surkin, Surkis, Syrkin, Zarkin. Other linguistic sources: Da Zara,
Zeri, Zarah.
Dio (ink): Tintorer, Tintorero, Färber, Dyer.

Tzedaka (charity, compassion, mercy, piety): Charity, Socorro, Mercè, Merced,

Valença. Other variants: Sedaka, Sedacca, Sadaka.

Shalem (full): Compliment, Vollendet, Vollender, Full, Parfait.

Keshor (associate, affiliate): Aide-de-camp, Helfer, Adjutant.

Tsemit (servant): Servent, Sirvent, Servant, Lacayo, Lacai, Squire, Mosso,

Waiter, Waiter, Suzarro, Diener, Butler, Waiter.

Shuk (market): Market, Markt, Marché, Bonmarché. Other graphic variants:

Mercader, Kaufmann, Merchand, Mercand, Krämer, Handler.

Tealea or Teala (ditch): Ditch, Ditch, Balats, Fossat, Fossati, Fosse, Trench,
Graben.

Ribua or Riboa (painting [canvas or sheet of painting]): Quadres, Quadro,

Quadros, Cuadro.

Sholehen (table): Mesa, Taula, Tisch, Table, Desk, Tavola.

Sir or Sayer (pot): Olla, Oller, Ollers, Ollero, Olleros, Töpfer, Pot (Potter).

Sira (boat, boat, ship), Ben Sira, Ben Sirea: Barca, Kahn, Boat, Bateau,
Gabarra, Gavarra, Abara, Barco.

Seriga (weaving): Tejedor, Teixidor, Teixeiro, Teixeira, Texeira, Weber,

Weaver, Ravelino (variants: Ravellino, Ravellini). Another linguistic source in
Hebrew: Azerad (manufacturing of knitted fabrics).

Talit (prayer shawl): Taled, Thales, probably Talin.

Tenor (horn): Horno, Forn, Fornell, Fornari, Fornarolli, Hornillo, Herd,

Fornara, Fornari, Fornaro, Fornaroli, Fornaron, Furnari, Furnaro.

Iain (wine): Novell, Vinet, Vinou, Neuwein, Mosto, Most, Must. Another
linguistic source: Alfie (Arabic origin, means large bottle of wine, and its
derivatives; Alfia, Alfiah, Alfoel, Alfiul, Elfassi, Alfasi, El Fhasi, Alfassi, Alfasso,
Alfissi, Alfassa).

Tof (drum): Tambor, Tamborero, Trommel, Trommler, Drum, Drummer,

Tamburo, Tamburello.

Argaman (purple, red, crimson, scarlet): Purple, Purpur, Purple, Pourpre.

Torah (Holy Book of the Jews, instruction): Baltura (versed in Torah, biblical
scholar).

Tik (bag or bag): Costal, Costall, Costello.

Tsevea, Tseba (painting): Pintura, Pintado, Pintat, Pinto (Pintos), Pintor,
Maler, Bunt, Paint, Tintorer, Tintorero, Guazo (gouache painting, and its
derivatives; Guazzo, Guazzi, Guazzini, Guazelli, Guazzone ).

Atsil (noble): Noble, Adel, Nobile, Edel, Edelman, Nobelman, Adlig.

Yorash (heir): Hereu, Heir, Erbe, Heir, Heredia (From the Latin "heres" = heir,
and, this from the Hebrew yorash = heir. It is considered by some genealogist
experts as a surname of gypsy origin, which is why it is Romanian [Jewish
Gypsy]).

stones, gems
Almog (coral): Coral, Corall, Corail, Corallo, Koralle.

Balahx (Persian province that gives its name to the pink ruby and in Hebrew it
is Balash or Bleash [Purple ruby]: Balaix, Balasch, Balaj, Balaje, Balaja, Balas.
Probably Balaguer or De Balaguer.

Shani (scarlet, crimson, red): Corindon, Corindo, Corundum, Korund, Robí,

Rubí, Ruby, Rubinstein, Rubin, Rubins, Robins.

Bareket (agate and other gems of the family; onyx, emerald, sardonyx): Onyx,
Onyx, Onyx, Ágata, Agathe, Achat, Sardonica, Sardonix, Sardoni, Esmeralda,
Maragda, Emerald, Smaragd, Emeraude.

Inbar (amber): Bernstein, Succino, Azabache (black amber), Gaieta, Gayeta,

Gagat, Jais.

Panina (pearl): Perl, Perla, Perle, Perel, Pereles, Perles, Perlis, Perlaman,
Perlmuter, Perlstein, Perlow, Perlowski, Perlach, Margarit, Margalida,
Margarida, Margarita, Margalesh, Margalis, Margulis, Margiel, Margol, Margola ,
Margoles, Margolesh, Margolies, Margolin, Margolinski, Margolis, Margolius,
Margoliyas, Margoshes, Margoszes, Margul, Margules, Margulets, Margulewski,
Margulies, Margulin, Margulits, Morgulius, Morgults.

Nopeh (garnet): Pomegranate, Garnet, Granat, Granatstein, Garnet.

Sapir or Saphir (sapphire): Safir, Sapphire, Zafiro, Saphir, Szafir.

Sala (rock), Eben (rock), Har Eben (rocky mountain): Roca, Rock, Fels or Felz,
Gelbstein (yellow stone), Pedra, Piedra, Piedrabuena, Stone, Stein (variants:
Steinberg, Steinbeck, Steinbarg, Steinbock , Steinbok, Steiner Steinert,
Steingart, Steinhackar, Steinhacker, Steinhart, Steinhaus Steinhausen,
Steinleiger, Steinman, Steinzsnaider), Kuperstein (copper stone), Kamien
(Slavic origin, means stone, and its derivatives; Bialykamien, Dobrykamien,
Kamen, Kamin , Kremien, Krzemien, Modrykamien), Edelstein or Edelsztejn
(fine stone, good stone, gem), Dikstein or Diksztein (Coarse stone), Dimstein
(thin stone), Roque, Roquer, Roques, Roc, Rocand, Rocard (variants: Rochard ,
Rochart), Rocca, Rocco (Italian origin, and its derivatives; Rocchi, Roccio,
Rocci, Ruocco, Rocchio [has derivations or branches: Roccelli, Roccetti,
Rocchetti, Rocchietti, Rocchini, Rocchino]), Roch, Rocha (Galician origin ),
Rochas or Rochais, Roche (French origin, and its derivatives; Rocheblave [blue
rock], Rocheland [probably its meaning is "land of rocks"], Rocher, Rochereau,
Rochette, Rochon, Rochoux), Rocquancourt (variants: Rocquencourt ,
Roquencourt, the meaning of these surnames is probably "the field of Roccon
or rocks"), Rocque, Rocquet, Rocquin.

Yahalom (diamond): Diamante, Diamond, Adamant, Diman, Dimant,

Dimenstein, Diment, Diamand, Diamant (variants: Diament, Diamon,
Diamonstein, Diment).

Olibin (olivine or peridot, geology [Grainy or crystalline mineral, silicate of

magnesia and iron, yellowish green in color, strong shine, slightly less hard
than quartz and usually found among volcanic rocks. Crystals with a more
uniform and transparent color are used in the East as fine stones of little
value]): Olivita, Olivine.

Relationship
Aba, Ben Aba (father, affectionately called dad): Father, Padresanto, Padrón,
Vater, Sire, Adab, Abadi, Abbot, Abbott.

Ach or Ak (brother), Achot (sister): Germà, Germana, Hermano, Hermana,

Brüder, Schwester, Brother, Sister.

Achin, Achyin (nephew): Nephew, Nebot, Nepote, Neffe, Neffen, Nephew.

Bar, Ben (son): Fill, Filio, Fijo (old spelling of Son): Sohn, Bofill, Gutsohn,
Gutson.

Achei, Achyi (first cousin): Primo, Vetter, Cusí, Cousin.

Ima (mother, affectionately called mom): Mother, Mutter, Mother, Mere.

Neched (grandson): Nieto, Enkel, Grandson, Nipote, Bonnet, Bonet.

Mocher (relative, familiar): Parent, Pariente, Parenti, Verwant (Verwandt).

Toponymic or Topographic
Given the enormous number of surnames associated with towns, cities and
provinces, etc., a concise list is presented: Kahal (in Hebrew, congregation,
community [Jewish], neighborhood (from the Hebrew Shekona =
neighborhood), street [from the Hebrew Recob = street ]) and gives rise to the
surnames Cajal, Call, Barrio, Barrios, Barri, Barrionuevo, Calle, Lacalle,
Escarrer, Calleja, Callejas. Shil (Yiddish origin, means synagogue, temple, and
its derivatives; Schilhorn, Schilman, Shilman, Szylman).
Others are toponymic demonyms: such as Alemán or Alemany, Dalemao,
Askenazi, Aschkenazi, Aschknazy, Ashkenazi, Aschkenazi, Askenasi, Askinasi,
Achquenazi, Schinasi, Schinasi, Schenazi, Scheneze, Secnazi, Cuneo (origin
from Cuneo, Piemonte, Italy, and its variants; Cunio, Cunho, Cuño, Kunio,
Kunyo, Cuñeo, Cugno), Alfie (originally from Fez, Morocco, and its variants;
Alfas, Alfasi, Alfis, Alfisz), Africano, Africani, Tedesco or Tudesco, Tudela,
Espanya or Spain, Espanyol, Spagnolo, Spagnoli, Spagnoletto, Spanioli, Spagna,
Spagnol, Spagnulo, Spagnuolo, Espanel, Spagnol, Katalan, Catalan, Catalano,
Catalani, Catalao, Barcelona, Barceloni, Bargeloni, Bargueloni, Barceló, Ha
Barqeloni (Moroccan origin) , Galician, Galego, Gallegos, Gaegos, Cherez or
Sherez (Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia, Spain), French, France, Francez,
Franses, Francis, Franchetti, Sarfate, Sarfati, Sarfatis, Tsarfati, Sarfatti,
Zarfati, Zarfat, Sarfaty , Sarfatim, Serfatty, Serfaty, Serfati, Cerfaty, Iraqi or
Iraqi (origin of Iraq, Iraq), Anglès, London (origin of London, England, United
Kingdom, and its derivatives: Landner, Landon, Landoner, Lendenskij, Londan,
Londen , Londinskij, Londner, Londoner, Londonskij, Londinski, Londynski,
Londynskij, Lyandon), English, Italy, Italian, Rome, Romano, Román, Paris,
Berlin, Lichtenstein (native of Lichtenstein, Bavaria, Germany or native of
Lichtenstein, Saxony, Germany; variant: Lichten: native of Lichtenstein,
Bavaria, Germany or native of Lichtenstein, Saxony, Germany), Portugal,
Portugali, Portogalow, Portugueiz, Portugueis, Portugheis, Portugues,
Portuguez, Portugais, Portughes, Portoghese, Portogez, Moron (Moron de la
Frontera, Andalusia, Spain), Heredia (The village of Heredia in the
municipality of Barrundia, province of Álava, Basque Country, Spain. The
Ensanche Heredia neighborhood, in the city of Málaga, Spain), Zaragoza,
Zaragoza, Sarogosi or Saragusi (native of Zaragoza, Spain), Sarag, Saraga,
Saragas, Saragaz, Saragga, De Saragoça, Saragoza, Saragoza, Saragocim,
Saragossa or Saragossi, Saragoussi, Saragostan, Saragosti, Toledo, Toledano,
Toladano, De Toledano, De Toledo, De Toledos, Sevilla, Valencia, Valenciano,
Mallorcas, Mayorcas, Maarabi (Hebrew origin, means Moroccan or Western,
Western, and its derivatives; Maaravi, Maaravy, Marabi, Maravi), Marsiglio or
Marsiglia (native of Marseille, France), Medina (in Hebrew, country, nation,
and its variants; De Medina, Medini, Madiny), Segoviano, Segovia, Cegovia,
Stolowicz (native from Tollow Island, Germany, and its derivatives:
Stolowiczer, Stolowoski), Savelski (native of Szawly, Poland. Variants: Szawly,
Sawelski, Szwael, Szaweler, Szaweslki, Szawle, Szawel, Szawler, Sawler,
Shawle, Szawler), Solsona (Catalan origin, being the "Zone of the Rising Sun",
or "Zone of the Sun"). Solsona, after all, was coined from the Spanish phrase,
Zona del Sol. An interesting fact, Sol is a common Hebrew surname in Israelite
families which is Shemesh [=sun], thus it is also a Hebrew proper name.
Shemesh, was translated or transcribed into other languages. A final fact; Bet
Shemesh [Hebrew: ‫ ] שמש תיב‬is a city in the Jerusalem District, Israel.
According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics [CBS], at the end of 2004 the
city had a population of 61,900. The ancient city of Bet Shemesh ["City of the
Sun"] was so called by the Canaanites, because of the Sun-god, who was
worshiped there in ancient times. The ruins of the ancient biblical city can still
be seen in Bet Shemesh, located near the modern city), Torà (Province of
Lleida - Catalonia, Spain), Jizfan (It is a Yemenite surname or teimanim that
can be decomposed and we have Ji = Ie, which is a diminutive of Iehudi
[Jewish, or, related to Hebrew]. While Z alludes to the Hebrew Har Tzyion
[Mount Zion], Z connects with T Z ion. It is a clear association with
Yerushalayim, the capital of Yisrael. On the other hand, Fan is a diminutive of
Fano, a town located in Asturias, Spain. By way of conclusion, the result is
Jizfan = Jew [Israelite, native or native of Yerushalayim] originally from Fano,
Asturias, therefore, the name was adapted to the Arabic language [became
Arabized] leaving Jizfan. It should be added that what was Arabized was
fundamentally the toponymic [Jewish (Israelite) surname of] Fano, and its
variants: Da Fano, Fanno, Dafano). Below are surnames that are related to
Jerusalem (they mean, native of Jerusalem, Israel), here is the list:
Yerushalmi, Yerusalmi, Yerouchalmi, Yeruchalmy, Jerusalmi, Jerusalmy,
Jerushalmy, Irosalmi, YrouchalmiI, Ierosolimski, Ierushalmi, Ieruszalmi,
Ierusalimski, Jerozolimski. Also some surnames related to the Jewish people:
Ieshurun, Ieshurin, Ieszurin, Yeshorun, Ysuron, Jessurum, Jessurun,
Jessouroum, Jessouroun, Iessouroum, Yessurun, Yesurun, Yeshurun,
Yesouroum, Yesouroun, Yechouroum, and a very long etcetera.
A topic that has caused controversy: Perea is a surname that has caused
controversy and that genealogy scholars have not agreed on its possible
Jewishness, its Jewish ancestry. Now it will be explained why it is a Jewish
surname. Perea as land means "on the other side of the Jordan", or, "beyond
the Jordan River", furthermore, if we consider the word or the Hebrew word
"ivri" which means "on the other side of the river (the Jordan)", It is already
giving a fairly clear indication of where you want to go to obtain an
appropriate conclusion. Likewise, Perea was a name adopted by the Jews who
were in the diaspora, in the galut, as a name for an area east of the Jordan
and extended from the Arnon River in the south to some point between Jabbok
and Yarmuc in the North.
In 1 CE (Common Era) it was occupied by the Jews and ruled by Herod Antipa.
The Jews also considered that it had equality with Judah (Yehuda) and Galilee.
As it bordered both through the Jordan, it became possible to cross it, in the
sense of its length, and follow an entirely Jewish route or path from Galilee to
Judah, counteracting (avoiding) passing through Samaria, the territory of the
Samaritans, a people very frowned upon by the Israelites as a result of their
idolatry and paganism.
Perea was mainly inhabited by non-Jewish people, however the Maccabees
gradually (slowly) Judaized it. Its capital was Gadara.

Patronymics
Patronymics in Spanish are derived from the father's name through the suffixes
ez, oz, iz and even az, which mean "son of." The origin of this termination is
not clear. It is usually attributed to the Gothic language, since it is in
Visigothic names where we can find this patronymic ending most frequently.
However, we do not find it in the other Germanic languages.
In Portuguese this ending takes the form -es, and in Catalan, the form - is.
Thus, “son of Peter” receives, respectively, the forms Piris, Pires; or from
Fernando we have Fernández, Fernandes and Ferrandis. Other frequent
surnames in Catalan with this same origin are Llopis, Gomis, Eiximenis and
Sanxís (equivalents: López, Gómez, Jiménez and Sanchez).
On the other hand, depending on the predorsal (*) or apicoalveolar
pronunciation, the genitive was transcribed with z or with s. In this way, for
example, Martín's son became Martínez or Martínes, Gonzalo's son became
Gonzalez or Gonzales, Álvaro's son became Alvarez or Alvares, Benito's son
became Benítez or Benites, Rodrigo's son became Rodriguez or Rodriguez
(there are also variants of Rodriguez / Rodrigues such as Roiz, Rois, Ruis, Ruiz
whose meaning is the Son of Rui [abbreviation of Rodrigo]), the son of Ramiro
in Ramirez or Ramires, the son of Fernando in Fernandez or Fernandes, the son
of Hernan or Hernando in Hernandez or Hernandes, the son of Domingo in
Dominguez or Domingues, and a very long etcetera.
(*) Predorsal: Phonetics: Said of a consonant: That is articulated with the main
intervention of the anterior part of the back of the tongue; for example, the
ch.
There are cases (issues, issues, themes) of patronymic surnames that derive
from Hebrew or Aramaic words. Some examples:
Ata (Hebrew, you/you), Antin (Aramaic, you/you): Antunes, Antunez (also
Anton, D'Anton, Antonio, Antonia, Anta, Antunies, Antunyes , Antoine,
D'Antonin [Diminutive of Antoine], Antonius [from Latin], Antolini, Antolin,
Antouly, Antolí [Catalan], Antolotti, Antone, Antoni, Antonelli, Antonetti,
Antonietti, Antonini, Antonioli, Antoniolli, Antonioni, Antoniotti, Antoniucci,
Antonuccio, Antonucci).

Gaya, Amak (Hebrew, valley): Valdes, Valdez.

Gomel (Hebrew, benefactor): Gomes, Gomez

Merekiz (Hebrew, marquis): Marques, Marquez.

Givat (Hebrew, hill): Muñoz, Monyos, Munhoz (Son of Muño or Muno [hill,
elevation]).

Kadosh (Hebrew, holy, sacred, sacred): Sanches, Sanchez (comes from Sancho,
means sanctified).

Dag (Hebrew, fish), Nun (Aramaic, fish): Nunes/Nuñes, Nuñez.

Perets or Peretz (Hebrew, divided, separated): Peres, Perez (also Peris, Pires,
Piris, Piriz).

Eben (Hebrew, stone): Tabares, Tabarez.

Yaakov (Hebrew, he who impersonates or holds the heel): Dias, Diaz (also
Diez, Dieguez).

Zeev (Hebrew, wolf): Lopes, Lopez (Like, Lope, Lopis, Lopiz Lupiz, probably
Lupi or Luppi [Italian] and other similar Italian spellings are Lupini, Lupo,
Lupu. Other variations are Llop or Llops [Catalan], Lupiel [Wolf of G-d]).

Zoaretz (comes from the Hebrew Suu Haaretz or Zu Haarets, this is the land):
Suares, Suarez, Juares, Juarez, Soares, Soarez, Xoares, Xoarez, Xuarez.

Animals
Anafa or Anefa (heron): Garza, Garcia, Garzon, Garzes, Garci, Garcías, Garzia,
Gartzia, Garsea, Garzea, Gartzea, Gaztea, Garcés, Gartzes, Garceller,
Garcías, Gárcez, Garcea, Gassía, Gacía, Gacías, Garsés , Gaciot, Gació,
Gassías, Gasía, Reiher, Heron. In the Italian language we find some variants:
Garzo, Garzelli, Garzi, Garzilla, Garzilli, Garzillo, Garzini, Garzino, Garzari,
Garzaro, Garziera, Garzieri, Garziero, Garzione, Garzone, Garzoni, Garzisi.

Ahanorof or Ahenorob (rabbit): Conill, Conillera, Conilleres, Coelho, Coello,

Lapin, Vivar, Warren, Conejo, Cuni, Cunillera, Cunilleres, Conejero.
Ari (lion), Ariel (lion of G-d): Labi, Arias, Aria, Arian, Arianson, Arianzon,
Arienson, Arienzon, Arieson, Ariewicz, Ariovich, Ariowicz, Arivich, Arowicz,
Benari, Gurarie, Aries, Leon, De León or Deleón, Lleo, Leo, Leone, Leoni,
Leonis, Lion, Loewe, Low, Lowe, Loeve, Loevinger, Loevinson, Liow, Loeb,
Loewen, Lowenberg, Loewenfeld, Loewenfisch, Loewenfish, Loewengart,
Loewenherz, Loewenstan, Loewenstamm , Loewenstein, Loewnthal, Lovinger,
Lowenberg, Lowenfeld, Lowenstamm, Lowenstein, Lowenthal, Lowi, Lowinger,
Lowinsohn, Maharal, Maral, Lione, Lioni; Leib (Yiddish origin, referring to
zoology, means lion): Laib, Laibman, Lebel, Leibell, Leibenson, Leibman,
Leibovich, Leivovici, Leivovics, Leibowicz, Leibowski, Leibson, Lejb, Leuwy,
Lev, Levenberg, Levenstein, Levental, Leventhal, probably Leyva, Leiva.

Tzvi (deer): Corza, Cierva, Gama, Daina, Daine, Cabirol, Isard, Sarrio, Sarrion,
Rebeco, Gemse, Gemser, Chamois, Ricke, Hindin, Reh, Deer, Doe, Biche,
Cervato, Cerval, Cervi, Ciervo , Faon, Fawn, Hirsch, Girsch, Girsz, Hercz,
Hersch, Hersh, Hersz, Heschil, Hirschel, Hirshfang, Hirschl, Hirschman, Hirsh,
Hirshaut, Hirsz, Hirszbein, Hirsczhoit, Hirszman.

Bachar, Cow (in reference to Astarte: in Phoenician Ashtart is the Phoenician

assimilation of a Mesopotamian goddess that the Sumerians knew as Inanna,
the Akkadians as Ishtar and the Israelites Ashtarot [Asera or Ashêrâh].
Likewise, it was called ‫( תרתשע‬transliterated Ashtóreth). Ashtoreth is the
Hebrew pejorative name corresponding to the Canaanite goddess who came to
be worshiped by the Jews. In Samuel 7:3 he then said to the entire house of
Israel: "If you turn to the Lord with all your heart, leave aside to the strange
gods and the Astartes that are among you; direct your hearts towards the Lord
and serve him alone. Thus the Lord will deliver them from the power of the
Philistines. In the Hebrew Bible she is often presented as the feminine
complement of the god El [Baales] [Judges 2:13; 10:6; 1 Samuel 7:3, 4; 12.10]
and is also known by the name of Asherah or Ashêrâh [Judges 6: 25; 1 Kings
18:19]. As their cult was based on prostitution [both male and female], it is
believed that the name Ashtoreth is a Hebrew form of the Semitic name
Astarte modified by the Hebrews with the vowels of the word bōshet

["abomination"]). His name is usually found in the Tanakh in the plural form
Ashtaroth). In Hebrew Para or Parat (cow): Kuh, Jato, Cow, Vacca, Cows.

Chafane (hare): Llebra (Yebra), Lebra, Hase, Hare, Hares.

Dag (Hebrew, fish), Nun (Aramaic, fish): Pez, Peix, Fisco, Fish (English), Poison
or Poisson, Pesce or Pesci. There are also surnames related to fishing and the
profession of fisherman: Alujas comes from the French Aloujes, which is a
name used almost exclusively in Collioure (France), for many generations.
Written Alujes or Alujas in southern Catalonia (Spain), the name is considered
by genealogy expert De B. Moll as a personal name, which could come from
Latin (Aluia) or Germanic (Haluig). The only problem is that Catalan almost
never clarifies whether it is added to people's names. That's why I would lean
towards a nickname formed in Alutja, Aluja (= squid). In a city like Collioure
(France), it goes down very well. But honestly, I don't think much. Alujas may
come from the Italian Camalaro or Calamari, which are perfectly related to
the job of “fisherman.” Likewise, it must be taken into account that many
surnames have been adapted or translated into the host or host language of
other regions or countries, in this case, the Catalan language, producing a
“Catalanization” of Calamaro or Calamari to the Alujas spelling. This is the
first probability and the second is that Alujas comes from the Germanic
Fischer or Ficher (fisherman). Other variants: Fisch or Fish (Germanic origin,
means fish), and its derivatives: Fischzon, Aisenfisz, Ajlfiszer, Ajzenfisz,
Augenfish, Augenfisz, Augienfisz, Beberfisz, Berberfisz, Eilfiszer, Eisenfisch,
Eisenfish, Ficher, Fisben, Fischer, Fisher, Fishman, Fisz, Fiszbein, Fiszbin,
Fiszel, Fiszer, Fiszke, Fiszko, Fiszman, Goldfisz, Klepfisz, Loewenfisch,
Loewenfish, Valfisch, Valfish, Walfisch, Walfish, Walfisz. Other linguistic
sources: in Italian: Pesceta, Pescetti, Pescetto, Perciarelli, Pescini, Pescio,
Pesciolini, Pescione, Pesciotti, Peschiera, Pesciarolli. In French: Poisbeau,
Poisot (variants: Poisbelaud, Poisblaud, Poisbleau, Poisbleaud, Poiblaud,
Poibleaud), Poissant (variants: Poisant Puissant, Pesant), Poissemeux,
Poissonnier (variants: Poissonnié, Poissonnière). Finally, there is the Hebrew
form Dage (fisherman) and it is a trade and fits or adjusts perfectly to the
surnames usually used by Jews who are within the category (classification,
ordering) of occupational surnames (according to historical documents There
are objective foundations that said surnames reflected the profession of the
person who adopted it or of a direct relative). Therefore, Alujas or Alujes and
the other linguistic variants are the idiomatic translation/transcription of the
Hebrew Dage.

Debora (bird): Bee, Abella, Abell, Abeille, Melisa, Melita, Bienen, Bee.

Dov (bear): Ors, Oso, Ours, Baer, Bear, Ber, Bera, Berend (bear claw).

Adr (phonetically pronounced or sounds Ader, flock, sheepfold, grey): Rebaño,

Rabera, Folch, Grey, Flock, Herd, Herde, Troupeau.

Agel (calf, heifer): Becerro, Becerra, Vedell (Vadell), Calf, Kalb.

Tsifor (bird): Fogel (Germanic origin, means bird, bird) and its derivatives;
Feige, Feigel, Feigl, Feigue, Feiguel, Fogelbaum, Folgelman, Fogelson, Fogler,
Goigel, Spilfogel, Vogel, Volgelfanger, Wogel, Wogelfanger. Other linguistic
sources: Kanarek (Slavic origin, means canary, and its derivatives; Canary [has
a second meaning, since it comes from the Hebrew Kinor [violin] and a variant
is Kineret, which is a Hebrew name for a woman and also a Hebrew surname] ,
Canario), Ozzello or Ucello (both of Italian origin, bird, bird).

Hetol (cat): Gato, Abengato, Cat, Chat, Gatto, Gatti, Moix (in Catalan, it was
used as an alias for Moisés, Moix, Moixe).

Tala (lamb): Cordero, Cordeiro, Borrego, Lamb, Lamm.

Kelevelyib or Kolovelob (puppy): Cachorro, Cadell, Boet, Pup (carriage,

possibly from here the Latin surnames Puppo, Pupi, Pupia, Pupio, Puppi,
Puppio, Puppis), Welp, Welpe, Chiot, Cucciolo, O' Connor derive (Irish origin:
the name translates from Irish to Spanish as "The offspring of the desired
puppy" or a “puppy”, a “puppy”, and its graphic variants; Conor, Connor,
Connors, Connar, Conner [Connery, Connelly , maybe]).
Hegela (partridge or perdigón): Perdigón, Partritge, Rebhuhn.

Nashar or Ait or Ahit (eagle): Águila, and its variants, Aguiló, Aguilon,
Aguilona, Aguilar, Aguilera, Aguylar, Aguinay, Eagle (variants: Egle, Eagles,
Eagell, Eglese), Adler (variants: Abler, Adeler, Adlerfliegel, Adlerman,
Adlerstein, Adlerstejn, Adlersztain, Aidler, Ajdler, Eideler, Eidler, Udler).

Oreb (crow, crow, rook): Raven, Rabe, Raben, Crow.

Herek (bug as a synonym for flea [parasite]): Pugo, Pulgon, Puce, Floh, Flea.

Hemor (ass, mule, donkey): Mula, Mulato, Mulet, Mulero, Muleer, Muletier.

Prush (finch): The finch, a small songbird often kept as a pet, was a symbol of
carefreeness and joy. The term may also have been used as a given name, and
is recorded as such in a Latinized form in 1121, as "Pinchonis" and "Pincun".
The second possible origin for the modern surname, found as Pinson, Pinshon,
Pinch(e)on, Pinchin(g), Pinchen and Pinsent, is from the Old French "pinson",
pincers, used as a professional metonymic name for someone who took
advantage of tongs or forceps (pliers in Portuguese) with his work. The
introduction of Norman (French) to England, as well as the official court
languages of Latin and French, had also had pronounced influences on the
spelling of surnames. Since medieval scribes and church officials recorded
names as they sounded, rather than adhering to any specific spelling rules, it
was common to find the same individual recorded with different spellings. The
name has been spelled Pinson, Pincon, Pinsent, Pensent, Pensons, Pinsons,
Pinser, Pincer, Poinson, Poincon, Pynson, MontPinson, Montpinson,
Mountpinzo, Mompesson, Pinsun, Montepinson, Montepesson, Montepinsun.
Furthermore, Pinzón in German is Fink, and its derivatives: Finkel, Finkelberg,
Finkelstein, Funk, Funkenstein, Karfunkel, Karfunkl. (*) Metonymy of
Metonymy: Metonymy (from Greek: µετ-ονοµαζειν, “to receive a new name”)
is a Rhetorical Figure related to Metaphor that consists of designating one
thing or idea with the name of another based on the relationship of proximity
existing between the real object and the represented object. The most
frequent cases of metonymy are cause-effect relationships and whole-by-part
relationships.

Rachel (sheep, figure of purity) and its derivatives: Raijel, Rashke, Raski,
Raskin, Reches, Reichel, Reijel, Reile, Rejes, Relis, Rochl, Rochlin, Rochman,
Rojel, Rojke, Rojl, Ruchelman, Ruchelson, Rujelman, Rujelsman, Rujelso,
Raichel (Yiddish origin, from Rachel, means sheep, symbol of purity), Raguel.

Falcon (falcon): Falco, Halcon, Gavilan, Falke, Hawk, Sperber.

Shachaf (seagull): Seagull, Gavina, Gabbiano, Mouette, Moewe, Gull, Mew.

Shor (in allusion to Baal, bull and also the Hebrew Par or Far [bull], in Spanish
the P and F agree with the letters Pe and Fe of the Hebrew respectively, in the
Hebrew alphabet [alefbet] Pe and Fe phonetically sound in the same way):
Bou, Bull, Bullock, Buey, Ochse, Ox, Rind, Toro, Del Toro, Stier, Bufaino,
Bufali, Bufalini, Bufalino, Bufalo, Bufaloni.
Shual (fox), Falks (fox): Zorro, Raposo, Guineu, Guillot, Fuchs, Fox, Renard, Lis
(Slavic origin, means fox, and its variant: Lysy).

Terenegol (rooster): Gallo, Gall, Coq, Galli, Cock, Hahn.

Az / Oz (goat), Ben Oz: Cabra, Cabral, Cabrer, Cabrero, Cabrera, Abencabra,

Cabreda, Cabrit, Ziege, Ziegenhirt, Ziegenfeld, Zigfield.

Yona (pigeon): Jonas, Jona, Colom, Colon, Kolon, Coloma, Palomo, Palombo,
Palomino, Picho, Pichon, Colombo, Colomba, Colombai, Colombi, Columbo,
Colombini, Colombino, Dove, Pigeon, Taube, Vogel, so on as its derivatives,
Colomer, Colomar, Palomar, Palomares, Taubenhaus. Other variants:
Ianasovich, Ianasowicz, Ionasowicz, Ionish, Iunin, Janasowicz, Junin, Junes,
Jounes, Youna. Nearby forms: Palomar, Palomares, Colomer or Colomè,
Colombier, Taubenhaus, Dovecote,

Zeev (wolf): Lobo, Llop, Llops, Lupo, Wolf or Wolff, Wolfson or Wolfsohn, Volf,
Volfe, Volfes, Volff, Volffe, Volfsthal, Voolf, Vulf, Vulff, Wolfe, Wolfes,
Wolffe, Wolfowicz, Wolfowski, Woolf , Wulf, Wulff, Lobaton, Lobato, Llobet,
Lobin, Llobera, Lobera, Basior (Slavic origin, means wolf). Other similar forms:
Lupeau (variant: Lupau), Lupin, Lupinacci, Lupino, Lupini, diminutives of the
medieval name Lupo (from the Latin lupus = Wolf), Luppo, Luppi, Lupino,
Lupinelli.

Zamir (nightingale): Rossinyol, Nightingale, Nachtigall, Nightingall, Rossignol.

Orographic and hydrographic accidents, elements (meteorological

phenomena), metals
1) Mountain:
Pesejet or Pesaga (summit, top): Cima, Cumbre, Cim, Cimadal, Cime, Gipfel,
Spitze, Summit.

Har (mountain, mountain): Rejes, Rehes, Montaña, Monte, Del Monte,

Damonte, Montejo, Montero, Montesa, Montesinos, Montijo, Montano,
Montagna, Montana, Montanez, Montaner, Muntaner, Montañes, Belmonte,
Delmonte, Berge, Bergmann, Bergson, Bergler, Montoro, Montfort, Montgay,
Montias, Montiel, Montilla, Montillas, Montizon, Montoya, Montpeller,
Montreal, Montreales, Mondavara, Montagut, Montalto, Montoto, Hohenberg,
Montalban, Montalvo or Montalbo, Albanberg, Kuperberg, Montblanc,
Montblanch, Weissenger, Montarago, Schwarzenberg, Silverberg (variants:
Zylberberg, Zilberberg), Zuckerberg (variants: Zukerberg, Zukerber),
Montenegro, Muntanya, Puig, Puigmitjá, Puig-Moixó, Puigdorfila, Puigverd,
Grunberg or Grinberg, Monteverde, Monteverdi, Puigpelat, Kahlenberg, Serra,
Sierra, Serrà, Serrán, Serrano, Serrat, Coll, Collado, Collato, Cerro or Cherro,
Del Cerro. There are also other grammatical sources of the Italian language;
Garavagli, Garavaglia, Garavaglio, Garibaldi, Garibaldo, Gariboldi, Gariboldo,
Garibotti, Garibotto and a Castilianized form that is Garabal (The origin of all
these surnames derives from the medieval name Garibaldo which in turn
comes from Garivaldus, that is, the Italianization from the Germanic name
Haribald. Note that Haribald has the peculiarity that it can be decomposed or
divided into Hari, on the one hand, and Bald, on the other, the result is that it
is a combination of the Hebrew Hari (my mountain) with the Germanic Bald
(forest), so the most plausible meaning is "my wooded mountain" or "wooded
mountain"). Other examples in Hebrew: Har Paz (golden mountain) and gives
rise to these surnames: Goldberg, Goldenberg, Goldberger. Other linguistic
sources in Hebrew: Ben Har (son of the mountain), Har Tzion (Mount Zion).

Givat (hill): Colina, Collado, Loma, Pujal, Pujol (Puyol), Puhol, Pujada,
Pujades, Otero, Outeiriño, Hill, Hoich (Germanic origin, means high or
elevated, and its derivatives: Hochberg, Hochlerner, Hochman, Hojbaum,
Hojberg, Hojchberg, Hojlerner, Hojman, Ochman, Ojbaum, Ojman).

Chof (coast): Costa, Costas, Acosta, Da Costa, Dacosta, Lacoste, Costal,

Costall, Costello.

Rama or Ramat (plateau, plain, plain): Meseta, Plateau, Platte or Platt,

Tableland, Altopiano, Altollano, Altiplano, Llano, Llanos, Llanura, Pla, Plana,
Planes, Pianura, Glatt, Flach, Ebene, Level, Smoth , Flatness, Plain.

2) Valley and plain

Zerem (stream): Umbria, Umbroso, Obach, Ubach, Bac or Bach, Arroyo,

Arrojo, Arroja, Arroyal.

Agen (basin): Cuenca, Cuencas, Coenca, Conca, Canals, Canales, Basin,

Bacino, Bowl, Becken.

Tealea or Teala (ditch): Trench, Moat, Balats, Fossat, Fossati, Fosse, Trench,
Graben, Hoya, De la Hoya, Hoz, Grube, Hollow, Fossa.

Dasha (meadow): Pradera, Prado, Del Prado, Do Prado, De Prado, Elizabelar

(Basque origin, church meadow, surname of a convert), Prat, Prats, Prater,
Cespedes, Cespedez, Wies (Slavic origin, means meadow , field, and its
derivations; Vies, Viese, Viesel, Viesenberg, Viesel, Wisenberg, Wiesel, Wiese,
Wiesel, Wizel, Wizelman), Au or Aue (German, meadow, meadow), Vega
(meadow), De La Vega, Prairie (French), Prade, Prades, Prada, Pradas, Prache,
Pradeau (variants: Pradel, Pradal [small meadow], Pradeaud, Pradeaux,
Pradaud, Pradaut, Pradaux), Pradel (variants: Pradell Pradels, Pradeilhe,
Pradeille, Pradeilles , Pradelle, Pradelles), Pradere (variants: Pradera,
Praderes), Pradier (close variants: Pradié, Pradiers, Pradiès, Pradiez), Pradin,
Pradines, Pradon, Praet (variants: Praets, Praats), Prats, Prat, Pratx, Prax,
Preat, Préat, Préa (variants: Préaux, Préal, Préau, Préaud, Préault), Prata,
Prati, Prato (grass), Pratti, Meadows, Meddowes, Medewes.

Gaya (valley), Amak (valley): Bica, Vall, Valls, Valle, Ovalle, Del Valle, Do
Valle, Dovale, Dovalle, Vallejo, Valera, Vallera, Valleriola, Vallmoll, Vallon,
Tahl, Vallée, Vallseca, Grunthal, Valdajos, Valseco or Balseco, Valdaura or
Baldaura, Vallmanya or Balmanya, Valdes or Valdez, Valdivia, Valverde,
Gruntal, Grunenthal, Weisenthal, Valley.

Hoareta (garden, orchard): Bustan, Huerta, Huertas, Horta, Huerto, Hortelano,

Hortala, Flur, Baumgarten, Bauer, Orchard, Orto, Vergel, Vergeles, Verger,
Verges (Vergers).

Zyra or Zyira (sand), Ziret: Arena, Arenal, Arenales, Arenas, Arenós, Areny,
Sorra, Saulo, Arenile, Sand, Sandig, Grift.

Sade (field): Campo, Ocampo, Campos, Del Campo, Camps, Feld, Field,
Campiña, Campagna, Champ, Champs, Quintana, Quinta, Quintana, Quintela,
Quintero, Quinteros, Coromina, Coromines, Pacheco or Pachequo (person
nearby of a country house, and its Italian graphic or descriptive variant
Paceco).

Teloi (slope): Cuesta, Cuestas, Slope, Rise, Anhoe, Barranco, Ravine, Schlucht,
Gully.

3) Sea, river, lake and water site.

Agam (lagoon, lake): Laguna, Llach, Lago, Lagos, Teich, Lucke, Luke, Sumpf.

Bor (well): Pou, Pous, Pozo, Alberca, Brunnen, Grueb, Well.

Rivera (stream: stream, small flow of continuous water that runs through the
land): Riba, Ribas or Rivas, Ribes, Ribera, Ribalta, Ribasaltas or Ribesaltes,
Ribadeneira or Rivadeneira, Rivero or Ribero, Ribeiro.

Gal (wave, curve), Ben Gal, Bar Gal: Onda, Ona, Vague, Welle, Wave, Surge.

Govel (limit, border): Limite, Frontera, Grenze, Border, Boundary.

Hega (variants: Hegue, Hege, Higui, Hagai, Hagay, rudder): Quidon, Timon,
Timoner, Timonero, Steuer, Steuermann, Rudder, Wheel, Ruder, Rudermann.
Other variants: Hagalili, Hagege, Hadjadj, Hadjedj, Haggiag, Hagiage.

Iam or Yam (sea), Bar Yam, Iami (marine): Mar, Marí, Marin, Marino, Marina,
Maris, Sailor, Mariner (Mariné), Segler, Schiffer.

Megesh (fountain [of water]): De La Fuente, Fuentes (in Spanish, both),

Fonseca (which comes from the Catalan word "font seca" = dry fountain), Da
Fonseca (in Portuguese), Font, Fonte, Fontes , De Fontes (possibly
Portuguese), and there are more to name: Fontaina, Fontaine, LaFontaine,
Fontaine, Fontal, Fontan, Fontana, Fontananoba, Fontanarosa, Fontanarrosa,
Fontanat, Fontani, Fontanilla, Fontanini, Fontanot, Fontans, Fontao, Fontela,
Fontelos, Fontenla, Fontenlos, Fonterosa, Fonticelli, Fonticella, Fontieciella
Fonticoba, Fontinovo, Fontoura, Fontovino, Fontanella, Fontenelle, Fons,
Fontalva, Fontanel, Fontanell, Fontaneil, Fontanges, Fontanié, Fontanille,
Fontanillas, Fontany (Catalan), Fontbonne, Fontcouberte, Fontelun, Fontenas,
Fonteneau (similar forms; Fontenau, Fontenaud, Fontenault, Fonteneaud),
Fontenel, Fonteny, Fontesse, Fontibus, Fontvielle (similar forms; Fontvieille,
Fonvieille, Fonvielhe, Fonvielle), Affonseca, Affonsequa.

Miriam (Hebrew origin, referring to the name [in Spanish] María, means bitter
sea or lady of the seas): Mariamchik, Marianchik, Mariasz, Mariasze, Mariaszyn,
Merkin, Mirel, Mireles, Mirelis, Mirelkind, Mirelman, Mirels, Mirlas, Mirles,
Mirimov, Mirkin.

Mifratz (bay): Badia, Bahia, Bahiel, Baia, Baie, Baiell, Bahi, Bucht, Bayo.

Near (river), Neaher (river): Río, Ríos, Del Río, De Los Ríos, Riu, Riutort, Rius,
Rioseco, Arroyo, Arroyal, Riera, Bach, Ribó, Ribot, Rivoire, Fluss, Strom,
Stromberg¸ Xambó (French, means “meandering river”, and its variants;
Camba, Cambados, Cambeiro, Cambeses, Cambò, Cambón, Chambon, Xambeu,
Chambeu, Chambau, Chambeau, Chambal), Rego (groove [furrow or channel]
through which the water), Bayo (river or bay): Derivations: Bay (Dimunutive of
Bayard or Bayart), Baya (Surname that appears in the Ariège and Catalonia
[Bayà]), Bayard (variant: Bayart), Bayau, Baychelier (variant of Bachelier .
Similar form Bachelet), Baye, Bayet, Bayon, Bayonade, Bayona or Baiona
(toponymic, native of Bayone or Bayonne, France). A strong possibility that
exists is that Bayo comes from the Hebrew form Bat Ioh (D os), or, Ya/Yah (G-
d), then we get the spelling Batya which is both a surname and a woman's
name meaning The Daughter of G-d. Nearby forms: Rambla, Cauce,
Torrentera, Klamm, Torrente, Torrent, Torrents (Torrens), Schluchte,
Giessbach.

Onia (ship): Boat, Barca, Barquí, Barquillo, Barquín, Barcón.

Safa (shore, edge, limit), Gada (shore, edge, limit): Vera and its variants,
Veira, Veiras, Viera, Vieira. Other derivatives: Side, Orilla, Edge, Verge,
Border, Rand, Saum, Seite.

Eben (stone): Pedrós or Padrós, Pedroso, Pedregal, Pedreny, Tur, Tuba, Toba,
Tobal, Tobali, Teubal, Tobelem, Tobeli, Toba, Tobares (and from here the
variant Tabarez or Tabares arises), Tobar (Tovar ), Steinig, Rock, Rocky.

4) Elements, climate, orientation.

Anan (cloud): Nube, Nigul, Celaje, Nuage, Wolke, Cloud, Basseta, Bassetes,
Nuvol.

Barad (hail, predisco): Saraiva, Saravia, Sarabia, Sarabbia, Sarabi, Sarabai,

Charabi, Hagel, Hegel, Hegell, Higel.

Sheleg (snow): Nieve, Neu, Schnee, Snow, Neige.

Noga or Naga (lucero, star): Ester, Estrella, Lucero, Estel, Etoile, Stern, Star,
Starr, Stella, Stela, Estela, Stele, Kielwasser, Sog, Trail, Trash, Rosée, Reif,
Frost.

Tseheryim (noon), Drom (south): South, Sud, Midi, Migdia, Suden, Sueden,
South, Midi.

5) Metals.
Bronza (bronze): Bronzo, Mena, Erz, Ore, Laton.

Barzel (iron): Iron, Steel, Ferro, Eisen, Eisenstein, Stahl, Iron.

Kesef (silver): Plata, Platas, Platero, Ibn Plat (Son of Plat or Of the Family of
Plat), Silver or Zylber, Argentier, Argenty, Argenteri, Argentero, Argentieri,
Argentiero, Argenti, Argentina, Argentini, Argentino, Argento , Argenton,
Argentone, Argentoni, Silberstein (variants: Silverstein, Zylberstein,
Zylbersztein). Similar form: Har Kesef (silver mountain): Silverberg,
Zylberberg, Zilberberg.

Paz (pure gold): Da Paz, De Paz, Pas, Pau, Pax, Pace, Pache, Paci, Paix,
Peace, Mir (Russian origin, means peace, and its derivative. Mirski), Fried or
Friede, Goldstein, Golsztein. Silimar form: Har Paz (golden mountain):
Goldberg, Goldenberg, Goldberger.

Physical appearance, character, color, disposition (appearance,

representation of some mood on the face or personal disposition)
Mecholel (cursed, cursed. It refers to a royal request granted against the will
of the king, who described it as "evil." They say that somehow with respect to
the appearance of a woman who "was expendable" due to her ugliness [that
means "maldonada", who receives the bad gift, or has been maldonado –
cursed, cursed]), Maldonat, Maldonado, Malferit, Malmercat, Malmerca or
Malmierca, Malric or Malrich.

Sameach (happy): Felix, Feliz, Selig, Freudig, Lucky, Blest, Alegre, Allegro,
Froelich, Froh, Munter, Lustig, Heiter, Gai, Gay, Gaio, Gayo, Astruc,
Bonastruc, Estrugo, Alegría, Freud, Ventura , Cluck, Cluksmann, Froindlinj
(variants: Flroydl, Flroidlin, Yiddish origin, means cheerful, joy or cheerful
person).

Adam (man): Male, Baron, Male, Mann, Adama, Adami, Adamic, Adamich,
Adamini, Adamo, Adamoli, Adamolli, Adamu, Adamucci, Adamuccio, Addamo,
De Adamich, Adamczyk, Adamek, Adamovich, Adamovici, Adamovicius,
Adamovski, Adamowicz, Adamowski, Adams, Adamsbaum, Adamski, Adamson,
Adamstein, Adamzon, Adan, Adashek, Adashka, Adaszek, Adaszka, Adszko. One
fact: Adam etymologically means “arable land”, which would also be
translated as Campo, Camps, Feld, and its derivatives and compounds – See,
Orographic and hydrographic accidents, elements [meteorological
phenomena], metals).

Ageripes or Agripes (supportive, charitable, kind, in Spanish it is the name

Agrippa): Orpi, Urpí (Catalan).

Emet (truth), Nahon (correct): Vera, Sincere, Certainty, Real, Candid,

Frankness, Ehrlich or Erlich, Heartfelt.

Naaman (faithful): Faithful, Fidel, Fidelio, Fidele, Treu, Faithful, Leal, Loyal,
Stanch, Treu.

Tzava (color): Grey, Grau, Verd, Verde, Green, Cendrós, Socarrat, Sucarrat,
Tostado.

Mahir (swift), Zariz (swift): Veloz, Viu, Swift, Schnell.

Barack (lightning): Flash, Lightning, Flash, Esclat, Blitz, Flash, Eclair.

Bina (understanding, knowledge): Sapiencia, Wisdom, Weisheit, Wisdom,

Sagesse, Sapienza.

Baruch (blessed): Benito, Benet, Beneito, Beneyto, Beni, Benit, Blessed,

Gesegnet, Benedetto, Benedetti, Benedikt or Benedikte, Batista, Bautista,
Baptista, Beato, Banet (blessed), Beneida, Benita, Benedicta, Benie. Other
variants: Baroukh, Barouk, Barouh, Barouck, Barouch, Barou, Baroh,
Barrouche, Barruk, Baroukel, Barouchel, Borej or Borek (blessed).

Boger (mature): Maduro, Reif, Ripe, Mur, Madur, Maturo.

Bonin (good, good, relating to goodness and justice): Bonnín, Boninfant,

Bonini, Bonino, Gutkind, Goodkid, Nin, Niño, Nan, Bonafé, Bonhome, Gutman
or Gutmann, Goodman, Bonometti, Bonometto, Bonomi, Bonomini , Bonomo,
Buonomini, Buonomo, Buonuomo, Bueno, Boeno, Boino, Boim, Bien, Bonowicz,
Bona, Bonfil, Bonfili, Bonomini, Bom, Pio, Benigno, Benigni, Devot, Devoto,
Devout, Fromm, Beato, Beati.

Shabbat (rest), Ben Shabbat: Rest, Repos, Pause, Ruhe, Rest.

Katan (variant: Catan, Hebrew, small or short [of stature]): Mali, Maly, Malis,
Klein (it is of Germanic or Germanic origin), and its derivatives; Kleiner,
Cleiner, Kleinerman, Kleiman (graphic variant: Klieman), Kleinbard, Kleinburd,
Kleinman, Kleinstein, Fada (Italo-French origin, short [of stature], and its
derivatives; Fadat, Fadet, Fadeau, Fadda, Fadin, Fadini , Fadino). Other
variants: Chico, Chikitou, Chiquito, Cattan, Kattan, Qatam.

Kerech (bald): Calvo, Calbo, Calvet, Calbet, Calvete, Kahlkopf, Bald, Pelado,
Tusell, Tuell (Tosell), Lise (Slavic origin, bald, pelado, and their derivatives;
Lisek, Lisak, Lisi, Lisica, Lisie , Lisij, Lisina, Lysak, Lysy), Calvetta, Calvetti,
Calvetto, Calvi, Calvelli, Calvello, Calvia, Calvise, Calvisi, Calvosa, Calvino,
Calvin.

Shalev or Sheket (quiet): Tranquil, Calm, Serene, Ruhig, Still, Gelassen;

Schlomo, Ben Schlomo, Shlomo: Salomon, Ben Momon (Arabic origin,
hypocoristic of Salomon, Son of Salomon), Badash, Badasz, Baras, Barshak,
Shloime (Yiddish origin, Solomon, means peaceful, and its derivatives:
Schlamovitz, Shelmenson, Shlimovitz, Schloimowitz, Szlamowicz, Szlemenson,
Szlimovicz, Szloimowicz), Slamotivz, Zalman, Zalmen, Salomao, Salomone,
Salamoni, Salamon, Salomons, Salmon, Salmone, Salmoni, Salomone,
Salomoni.

Yofa (cute, beautiful): Bella, Belle, Bonica, Bello, Bell, Belloso, Formosa,
Lindo, Polit, Pulido. Other linguistic forms: Aparicio comes from the Latin
Apparitio (= appearance), a name that in the Middle Ages was given to the
feast of the Epiphany (Feast celebrated by the Church annually on January 6).
This name was given to children born on the day of said festival (January 6).
The graphic variants of Aparicio in Catalan are Aparici, Aparisi, Parici, Parisi (a
surname of Spanish Judeo-convert origin corresponding to those that are of
Christian inspiration). Other variants: Apparu (French), Shein (Germanic origin,
means cute, beautiful, beautiful, and its derivatives: Schein, Scheinberg,
Scheinblum, Scheine, Scheineer, Scheiner, Scheinerman, Scheiman, Scheintuj,
Sheindel, Sheindl, Sheine, Szain, Szein, Szeinberg, Szeinblum, Szeiner,
Szeinerman, Szeintuch, Szebwald. The Jews used to choose names related to
physical characteristics, physical appearance to adopt (acquire) them as
surnames. Other linguistic roots: Naah (beautiful), Ben Naah, Nae (beautiful),
Bar Nae: Bonich, Bonilla, Curro, Gallardo, Hermoso, Garrido, Pretty, Schön,
Schoen. Similar forms: Miró (variants: Mir, Mire, Miret, Mireta, and its similar
forms: Miranda, Miranda, Amiranda, Morando, Miralla, mean "admirable" or
"charming", but in the context of a town it translates as " the admired place"),

Shita (method): Metodo, Norma, Methode, Method, Way, Lehre.

Mochelem (perfect), Ben Mochelem: Perfecto, Perfet, Perfect, Parfait,

Perfekt, Vollender, Cabal, Cumplido.

Zog (even, similar): Dome, Similar, Couple, Even, Parell, Gleich, Alike.

Eden (paradise, delight): Delicia, Delight, Genuss, Délice.

Edom (redhead): Bermejo, Roig, Rojo, Rot, Roth, Roit, Roa or Roan (refers to
complexion or hair, or some notable event in relation to a warrior's prowess,
but is either a nickname descriptive of the pre-medieval era), Roux, Leroux,
Rosso, Rousso, Rossi, Rousseau, Roussel, Russell, Russet, Granate, Maroon,
Rossy, Rossou, Rosilio, Rosillo, Roselho, Roselio, Rozelio.

Zahir (prudent): Prudent, Prudente, Sensat, Klug, Clever.

Gershom (foreigner, v ive there [he is a foreigner there]. Son of Moshe) :

Estrany, Alie, Ajeno, Altri, Fremd, Anders, Andersson or Anderson, Etranger,
Foreign, Foreigner, Altrui, Alieno, Forastero, Foraster, Stranger.

Simcha (joy): Alegria, Joia, Goig, Allegria, Freud, Freude, Joie, Joy, Gioia.

Chaim (life, life): Vidal, Vital, Vitale, Vilates, Vilati, Vitalis, Dalla Vida,
Vidales, De Vidas, Da Vita.

Shaman (fat), Shoman (fatness): Gordo, Gras, Grassa, Fett, Fat. Dechmann,
(obese, fat), Dick (Germanic origin, fat, obese, and its derivatives; Diker,
Dikerman, Dikman). In Lombardy, Italy, it is Bracco (short and plump).

Amitz (bravo): Ardit, Bravo, Gallard, Gallardo, Galán, Galante, Valiente,

Valor, Kühn, Tapfer, Mutig.

Hallel or Hillel (praise): Alabanza, Lloa, Eulogio, Elogio, Praise, Louange, Lob,
Preis, Lode.

Meatsebi (vain, frivolous): Barreno, Vano, Eitel, Vain, Fatuo, Frivol, Frivolo,
Flimsy, Shallow.
Charash or Choresh (deaf): Deaf, Taub, Dull, Sourd.

Melach (salt): Salty, Salty, Salty, Salat, Garbo, Drollig, Cute.

Lavan (Jacob's father-in-law, Yaakov, means white): White, Blanch, Alb, Alba,
Alva, Albo, Alvo, Alvin (Albin), Alvim, Weiss (Weisman), White. Other variants:
Blank or Blanc (Germanic origin and this one from Latin, it means white,
shining), and its derivatives: Blankensztajn, Blanket, Blankfalj, Blankfort,
Blankicki, Blanklenberg, Blankental, Blankler, Blankleder, Blanklejder,
Blankman, Blanksztajn, Blanksztejn.

Zariz (light): Ligero, Lleu, Lleuger, Léger, Leicht, Light, Leggero.

Mazal, Mazal Tov (happiness, congratulation): Ventura, Bonaventura,

Buenaventura, Gluck, Gluckmann.

Maier (variant: Meir, means “wise man who illuminates”, “illustrious”):

Lumbroso, Luciente, Lumbreras, Far, Faro, Alfaro, Alfar, Leucht, Bright.

Chometz (vinegar): Agre, Sauer, Sharp, Vinagre, Essig, Vinegar, Amargo,

Amargos, Amer, Amaro, Bitter.

Chelof (twisted, bent) Leaque, Leake, Galindo, Tort, Torcido, Doblado,

Comdo, Krumm, Schief, Twist.

Myomenot (skill): Adret, Manyós, Mañoso, Schlau, Skill, Diestro, Destre,

Ronsal, Kniff, Handy, Caamaño.

Mordechai (Airs (*1) of Liberty. Who rebels [Protagonist with Esther, of the
miracle of Purim (*)] and its variants: Mordechai, Mordecai, Mordehay,
Mordehai, Mordekhai, Morodojay): Revuelta, Revolta, Jarana, Revoltos,
Revolte, Truber, Trubel, Trubler, Rummel , Krach, Radau, Naughty, Rivolta,
Roister. (*1) Aires: Primour, grace and verve in the way of doing something.
(*2) The festival of Purim (Hebrew: ‫ םירופ‬, Pûrîm = lots) is a Jewish holiday
that is celebrated annually on the 14th of the Jewish month of Adar (or 15th of
Adar in the walled cities) in commemoration of the miracle recounted in the
Book of Esther in which the Jews were saved from being annihilated under the
Persian king Ahasuerus, identified by some historians as Xerxes I (1), around
450 BCE (before the common era).

Morenu (in Hebrew it means “our teacher” and in Aramaic it is Maran), Moreno
or Morena (color), Morenas, Morenes, Brunet, Bru, Lebrun (this is probably
where the variants Brun, De Brun come from), Pardo, Pardiñas, Tostado ,
Braun, Brown, Browning, Tunkel (dark-skinned, dark-skinned, and its
derivative; Tunkelman), Dunkel (dark-skinned, dark-skinned, and its
derivatives: Dunkeler, Dunkelman, Dunkelmann, Dunkiel), Morenos, Moreinis.
Other linguistic sources: Del Moro, Moro, Mori, Moris (they are of Italian origin,
means Moor, Arabic). Also similar forms in Italian: Moresco, Moreschi, Morisco,
Morischi (means with Arabic features). More derivations: Morante has a very
close, precise relationship with Moranta and with its graphic variant Morante
who, along with Moranti, are both Italian. Other derivations: Morancé (close,
close forms: Morançay, Morançais, Morencey), Morancez, Morancé Morance,
(variant of Maurence: gives rise to Maurenard, other variations: Maurance,
Morance, Mauronce), Maurentius (Latin), Morand (variant Morant. Diminutives:
Morandas, Morandat, Morandeau, Morandet, Morandon), Maurandus. Italian-
French forms: Morandy, Morandière, Morandini (diminutive of Italian Morando),
Morandi (variant Morandín, diminutive: Moranduzzo). The meaning of Morante
comes from the Latin form

Maurus (Mauro), dark, tan or dark-skinned like a Moor (Arab). Other linguistic
source: Baron (Hebrew origin, brown, chestnut, brown): Baro, Baron, Barons,
Bascompte (Vescomte), Braun (Germanic origin, means brown, chestnut,
brown, and its derivations; Braum, Braumfeld, Braunblat, Braunbort , Brauner,
Braunfeld, Braunrot, Braunstein, Braunsztajn, Braunsztejn, Brauntuch).

Tseir (young man), Bachur (young man), Alam (young man), Abrach (variants:
Avrech, Avrej, Avrehk, young man or young man): Joven, Jove, Jung, Young,
Younger, Noi, Nin, Doncel, Donzell, Galán , Gardo, Mancebo, Zagal, Kind,
Child, Chico, Novaes, Petit, Nan, De Jonghe (the young man).

Chacham (wise): Wise, Savi, Sensat, Eminent, Prudent, Prudent, Wise, Weise,
Clever, Klug.

Nahama (consolation, consolation): Consolation, Consuelo, Consol,

Consolation, Trost. Other variants: Menajen (Hebrew origin, referring to the
name, means “that consoles”) and its derivatives; Menachem, Menachimowicz,
Menachowicz, Menachowski, Menahem, Menajimowski, Menajovich,
Menajovski.

Yatziv (stopped, stopped): Parat, Parado, Mussig, Standing, Mou, Sosa, Souza,
De Souza, De Sousa, Soso, Fade, Boring, Tuero, Totxo.

Noach (variants: Noah, Noaj [name of the prophet Noah, means calm,
comfortable]): Dolç, Dols or Dolz, Dolcet, Dulcia, Dolcina, Melosa, Melsia,
Manso, Suau, Suave, Sereno, Suss, Susskind, Sweet, Gentle, Weich, Lind,
Heiter, Hayter, Meek, Still.

Ahava or Ahavat (love): Amor, Ben Ammor, Amores, Amoros, Amoroso,

Amador, Amante, Galan, Liebhaber, Lover.

Heozen (ear): Oreja, Orella, Orellana, Orellano, Ohr, Oreille, Orecchio, Ear,
Lug.

Panim (face, face, countenance): Cara, Carabella, Carabellido, Faz, Fazbuena,

Rostro, Gesicht, Face, Antlitz, Volto.

Shetoch or Shetok (flat, flat, smooth): Camus, Chato, Xato, Stumpf, Platt,
Breit, Stump, Stub.

Teri or Teari (fresh), Kerir (fresh): Fresco, Frescal, Frias, Gelid, Gelida, Frisch,
Kuhl, Frais.
Rachmani (clement): Clemente, Clements, Climent, Gutig, Mild, Clemente,
Clement (Clements), Climent, Benigno, Benigni, Ablass, Clemency. Another
linguistic source: Tamimi (Mizrahi origin, from the Hebrew tamim meaning
clement, pious, and its derivations: Tamim, Temim, Temime, Temimi, Temam,
Temim, Tamim, Timimi).

Ram (tall, slender, lanky, large), Alto, Alt (Altman), Gran, Grande,
Hervorragrend, Hoch, Tall, Lofty, Breed; Ramon: Alto, Alt, Gran, Grande,
Hoch, High; Romem: Alto, Alt, Gran, Grande, Hoch, High. Other linguistic
source: Aruh, Aruj, Ha Arouk, Arouh, Arouch, Arouc (Hebrew origin, means big
or tall).

Regel (leg): Leg, Pata, Paton, Pota, Cama, Pfote, Paw, Leg, Bein, Keule,
Patte, Camacho (bowed or bent legs, estevado: having bowed legs similar to
the steva, in such a way that, with the feet together, the knees are separated,
and in America it is usually called "chueco").

Tzadick (just, upright, honest, honest, upright): Just, Just, Gerecht, Fair,
Loyal, Honored, Honorat.

Sahor, Shachor, Zachor (black, jet, dark): Negre, Negrin, Negrita, Negro,
Negroponte, Nero, Neri, Schwartz, Black, Swarty, Prieto, Preto, Pretto, Rojas
(Sajor backwards, converso's last name), Roxas, Roxo, Roxel. Other linguistic
derivations: Negrao, Negrim, Negron, Negrini, Negrine.

Shalom (variants: Chalom [peace, peaceful, and its variations; Chalon,

Chaloum]): Salom, Salon, Paz, Da Paz, De Paz, Pas, Pau, Pax, Pace, Pache,
Paci, Paix, Peace, Mir ( Russian origin, means peace), Fried or Friede, Salhon
(French), Szolem, Szulem.

Zikaron (souvenir, memory): Remembrance, Record, Recort, Souvenir,

Memory, Wach.

Kraus (curly, frizzy hair): Cresp, Crespí, Crespin, Crespo, Rebull, Borrell,
Borràs, Cabelmalet, Curly, Tangled.

Tikva (hope): Esperanza, Esper, Espérance, Esperança,Esperan, Hoffnung,

Hope, Espoir, Sprintze.

Raze (thin): Delgado, Cenceño, Prim, Schlank, Rank, Slender, Slim, Mince.

Zehov (yellow): Yellow, Yellow, Cetrino, Gelb (Gelberg), Yellow, Jaune.

Chazak (strong): Fort, Fuerte, Fuertes, Crudo, Duro, Hart (Hartmann), Harter,
Fortet, Stark, Power, Strength, Kraft, Rudo, Roh, Seco, Rauh, Rau, Raue,
Recio, Ferm, Starr, Strong, Hard, Valentí (strong, healthy), Forteza or Fortesa.

Zaken (old, old man), Ben Zaken: Viejo,

Zehov (golden): Dorado, Dourado, Dourada, Daurat, Dorada, Dorat, Dorato,

Doré, Dorée, Gold, Golden, Gilt: Golde (Yiddish origin, referring to the name),
De oro, dorado, áurea (adjective, of gold ): Goldenheim, Goldes, Goldesheim,
Goldheim, Goldheimer, Goldin, Golding, Goldman, Goldmann, Goldovski,

Holdes, Slaktin or Zlatkin (Belarusian origin: Yiddish woman's matronymic [*],

personal name Zlatke, a mimosa form of Zlate [from Slavic Zlata “golden or
golden”], with the East Slavic possessive suffix "in", [*] Matronymic: [Sociology]
[a name] derives from the name of the mother of its bearer or another female
ancestor. So the result is “From the Zlatke Family”).

Artificial Surnames
Irech (Moon), Shemesh (Sun). They are considered fantasy surnames, that is,
artificial surnames: the adoption of artificial surnames means or means to a
large extent a millennia-long interruption of referring to the father's name and
it is possible that their acceptance has arisen from the lack of importance that
attributed to the surname and the natural residence to the impositions of
authorities other than the community authorities. However, some authors have
highlighted that under apparently whimsical, metaphorical or creative names,
references to the family tradition of names are hidden or covered up.
In the Jewish tradition maintained for millennia, it was to use a name
(biblical, with very few exceptions) and then indicate Ben - Bar, Son of, and
the name of the father. Thus we can start from King David (David HaMelech),
David Ben Ishaí (Jesse), in the year 1000 BCE (before the common era), to
Moshe Ben Maimon (Maimonides), in 1100 CE (common era), 2000 years later,
and it was still the most frequent, common form of identification in Jewish
cemeteries until the 20th century (20). This patronymic tradition was not
hereditary, so that each generation renewed its "surname", however it has a
very strong influence on the current configuration of Jewish surnames. This
system, suitable for life in small communities, actually had difficulties for
legal and rabbinic administration.
Particularly for commercial transactions and divorce trials, some addition to
the classic system was necessary to facilitate identification in complex,
complicated cases or issues. In this sense, there is a profuse, abundant
rabbinic literature on denominations, reviewed by experts in Jewish
genealogy, which provide us with significant contributions to the
interpretation of current surnames.
A common finding in these documents is the addition or addition of nicknames
or characteristics for different reasons that will facilitate identification, in
many cases rooted in the biblical text, using equivalents for common names.
Irech and its translations or adaptations to the diasporic language.
In Spanish and French: De Luna, Lunarejo (lunar: small spot on the face or
other part of the body, produced by an accumulation of pigment in the skin,
but it comes from the term Luna because it was attributed to the influence of
this star, or because had its shape), Lunel, Lunell, Lunella, Monday (weekday
in the Gregorian calendar, referred to the Moon), Louniel.
In German: Mond (moon), and its derivatives; Mondy, Mondszain.
In Italian: Lunadei, Lunalbi, Lunardelli, Lunardello, Lunardi, Lunardini,
Lunardino, Lunardo, Lunati.
Shemesh and its translations or adaptations to the diasporic language.
In Spanish and throughout Spain: Sol, De Sola, Da Sola, Solas, Solis, De Solis,
Da Solis, Solsona (name of a town in Catalonia, Spain, "Zona del Sol
Naciente", or "Zone of the Sun"), Solano (wind that blows from where the Sun
is born), Solana (variants: Solanas, Solane, Solanes, Soulana, Soulane,
Soulanes), Sola, Soula, Solal, Solar, Solà (Catalan), Solaz, Soulas, Solaç
(Catalan).
In German: Sun (sun), and its derivatives; Sonenschein, Sonentag, Sonnentag,
Sonntag, Sontag, Zonenschein, Zonszain.
In Italian: Sole, Soli, Solari.
In French: Soler or Soller, Solé, Soulié, Soulier, Solère, Solera, Soulère.

CLARIFICATION: THIS LIST OF SURNAMES HAS BEEN REVISED AND

INCREASED, RESPECTING THE ORIGINAL WORK OF MR. PERE BONNÍN
AGUILÓ, JEWISH BLOOD 2.

Compilation made by Alex Santi Pereiro (Aleksandr Hanniel Kadosh Agasi).

Genealogist (specialized in the origins and meanings of Jewish surnames).
Link: http://cryptojew.org
File name: JEWISH SURNAMES IN THE GALUT (EXILE), IN THE TEFUTSOT
(DIASPORAS)
Directory: C:\Documents and
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Aguiló
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Qualification: Origin of Jewish surnames
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Creation date: 26/04/2012 15:35:00
Change number: 80
Saved on: 09/07/2012 5:28:00
Saved by: Administrator
Editing time: 745 minutes
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Word count: 22,473 (approx.)
Number of characters: 123,606 (approx.)