APA STANDARDS FOR

ENGINEERING
AP
STANDARDS

Mgtr. Hilda Mendez de Avila

What are they?
◦ Set of rules that allow you to communicate
orderly and technical manner the information on which
we rely to the preparation of work
academic, investigative and of another nature or nature,
coming from other documentary sources or authors.
◦ American Psychological Association (APA) Sixth Edition
 General presentation style
◦ Font Arial 12, when a title is very large you
can use 10

◦ Line 1.5
spacing
SOME APA STANDARDS THAT SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN
THE PREPARATION OF THESES AND GRADUATION REPORTS IN
THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

◦ A citation is the partial expression of ideas or statements

included in a text with precise reference to its origin or
source and the consignment within the structure of the
text.

In APA style, parentheses are used within the text instead

of footnotes or notes at the end of the text, as in other
styles. The quote offers information about
Cont. APA rules
◦ the author and year of publication, which leads the reader to the
bibliographic references that must be included at the end of the
document. Basically, there are two ways to make a citation depending on
what you want to emphasize with it. In the first case, emphasis is placed
on the author when what you want to quote or highlight is someone's
specific thoughts or position on a topic .
On the other hand, in text-based quotes we want to refer to a specific
Cont. APA rules
phrase or theory where the author has a secondary role. In the same
way, the quote can be made verbatim or paraphrased, for which the
number of words cited is relevant to configure the quote, as will be
seen below.
 Textual quotes
◦ A quote is textual when textual fragments or ideas are
extracted from a text. Omitted words or phrases are replaced
with ellipses (...). For this type of citation it is necessary to
include the author's last name, the year of publication and the
page on which the extracted text is located. The format of the
citation will vary depending on where the emphasis is placed (
on the author, or in the text ).
 QUOTES OF LESS THAN 40 WORDS

◦ When the quote is less than 40 words, it is written immersed in

the text and between quotation marks. Period is written after
finishing the appointment and all the data.
 Textual quote example
◦ Textual phrase in quotes
At that moment, if something happens to one electron, it is
immediately transmitted to the other because their wave
functions are connected by an invisible thread. Kaku (2009)
states: “This means that, in a certain sense, what happens to
us affects
Cont. Example
instantly to things in the far reaches of the universe, (...). In a
certain sense there is a skein of

entanglement that connects distant confines of the

universe, including us” (p.90). When

Cont. Example
the particles have this relationship, they are said to be
quantum mechanically entangled, the concept that particles
have a deep connection that links them.

Example of a quote of more than 40

words
◦ Quotes that have more than 40 words are written separately
from the text, indented, with a font size one point smaller and

without quotation marks. At the end of the quote, the period is

placed before the

data (remember that in

Cont. Quote of more than 40 words
◦ quotes with less than 40 words the period is put later).

Likewise, the organization of the data can vary depending on

where the emphasis is placed, as in the previous case.

PARAPHRASE OR NON-LITERAL QUOTE

◦ In the paraphrasing quote, an author's ideas are used, but not

in textual form but rather they are expressed in the writer's own

words. In this citation it is necessary to include the author's

 last name and the year of publication.

Cont. paraphrasing quote

◦ Likewise, it can vary according to the emphasis placed .
 Rules that must be taken into account
when more than two authors are cited

◦ two authors

◦ When there are two authors, their surnames are separated by

“ ◦ &” if they are surnames in English, in Spanish “y” is used.
◦ - Rosenblum & Kuttner (2010) state that it is possible (...).

◦ - (...) it is necessary to make these considerations (Rosembum

◦ & Kuttner, 2010).
Cont. Rules for citing

◦ Three to five authors

◦ When there are three to five authors, the first time
◦ The surnames of all are cited and indicated.
◦ Subsequently, only the first is cited and et al is added.
◦ followed by a period ( et. to the. ).
-Reimers, Mckemmish, McKenzie & Mark (2009)
Cont. Rules for citing

they assure
◦ - This circumstance has been demonstrated in several
experiments (Reimers, Mckemmish, McKenzie & Mark, 2009).
(...) However, no other possible paths are proposed (Reimers
et. al ., 2009).
Cont. Rules for citing
◦ Corporate Author

◦ In the event that it is a corporate author, the name of the

organization is entered instead of the surname:

UN (2010) affirms (...)/ (...) the displaced (UN, 2010)

Cont. Rules for citing

Unnamed or anonymous
When the author is anonymous, instead of the surname, the
word “anonymous” is placed and all the previous rules are
taken into account.
 Cont. Rules for citing

Quote from a quote

◦ A citation is made when accessing secondary sources of information.

That is, when information from an author or entity is accessed
through another author, who has cited it in his or her text. If, for
example, you are reading a book by Stephen Hawking and it quotes
an opinion or statement by Roger Penrose, you quote:
Cont. Rules for citing

◦ Penrose (cited by Hawking, 2010) thinks that mathematics (...)

 References

◦ References are a list of data from each

source consulted for the preparation of a
work and that appear cited in the text. This
listing allows
 Cont. References
identify and locate the sources to verify the information contained
therein or complement it if necessary.
What is the difference between the list of
references and bibliography?
◦ In the list of references, the author chooses and includes only
those sources that he used in his work. In this sense, “a
reference list cites works that specifically support a particular
article. In contrast, a bibliography cites works that served as a
foundation or are useful for further reading, and may include
descriptive notes. (American Psychological Association, 2002,
p. 223). References are used in APA style .
Cont. References

◦ Important!

◦ All authors cited in the body of a text or work must match the reference list at the end, AN
AUTHOR WHO HAS NOT BEEN CITED IN THE TEXT SHOULD NEVER BE REFERENCED AND VICE
VERSA.
◦ The list of references is made with 1.5 line spacing, each one must have a hanging indent and
the list must be organized according to the alphabetical order of the surnames of the authors of
the sources. To reference numbers or volumes of any publication, it is necessary to use Arabic
numerals and not Roman numerals.
 Reference example
◦ Damasio, A. (2000). Feeling what happens: body and emotion in the factory of

consciousness . Santiago de Chile: Andrés Bello Editorial.

◦ Tuszynsky, J., Brown, J., Crawford, E., Carpenter, E., Nip, M., Dicon, J., et al.

(2005). Molecular d ynamics simulations of tubulin structure and calculations of

electrostatic properties of microtubules. Mathematical and Computer Modeling ,

 41 (10), 1055-1070.

Examples of references
◦ Basic shape

◦ Surname, A. TO. (Year). Qualification . Place of publication:

Editorial.
◦ Each book on the first pages has an identification that provides
all the information necessary to make the bibliographic
 reference. The page you will find will be similar to these:

Examples of references
◦ Book with author

◦ Surname, A. TO. (Year). Qualification . City: Publisher.

◦ Crick, F. (1994). The Scientific Search for the Soul . Madrid: Debate.

◦ Book with editor

◦ Surname, A. TO. (Ed.). (Year). Qualification. City: Publisher.
◦ Wilber, K. (Ed.). (1997). The holographic paradigm . Barcelona: Kairós
Editorial
 Cont. References

◦ Book in electronic version ONLINE

◦ Surname, A. TO. (Year). Qualification . Recovered from
http://www. xxx
◦ De Jesús Domínguez, J. (1887). Administrative autonomy in
Puerto Rico . Recovered from

http://memory.loc ,Gov /cgibin/query/r?ammem/lhbpr:@el

d%28DOCID+@%28lhbpr33517%29%29
 Cont. References

◦ DOI (digital object identifier) is the most used indicator to

identify electronic scientific articles, complete journals, parts of
articles, audios, videos, images and even software.
◦ Surname, A. TO. (Year). Qualification . doi: xx.xxxxxxxxx
◦ Montero, M. & Sonn, C. c. (Eds.). (2009). Psychology of
iberation: Theory and applications . doi:10.1007/978-0-387
85784-8
Cont. References
◦ Chapter of a book

◦ A chapter of a book is referenced when the book is with an editor, that is, the book

consists of chapters written by different authors.

◦ Surname, A. TO. & Surnames, B. b. (Year). Chapter or entry title. In A. TO. Last

name. (Ed.), Title of the book (pp. xx-xx). City: Publisher.

Cont. References
◦ Molina, V. (2008). “… the students do not read or write”: The
challenge of reading and writing at the Pontificia Universidad
Javeriana de Cali. In H. Mondragón (Ed.), Leer, com learn,
debate, write.
◦ Writing of scientific articles by university professors
◦ (pp. 53-62). Cali: Javeriano Publishing Label.
Cont. References
Variation according to the authors
. an
author

volume (number), pp-pp.

Language , 82(4),
930-

Surname, A. TO. (Date). Article title. Magazine name ,

Bezuidenhout, A. (2006). Consciousness and Language (review).

934. doi: 10.1353/lan.2006.0184

Fields, D. (2007). Beyond neural theory. Mind and Brain , (24), 12-17.

Printed Article
 Cont. Variation according to the authors
◦ From two to seven authors
◦ All authors are listed separated by commas and “&” is written in
the last one. With surnames in Spanish we use “y”.

◦ Karuppath, N., & Panajikunnath, A. (2010). Quantum Nonlocality,

Einstein–Podolsky
◦ Tuszynski, J., Sataric, M., Portet, S., & Dixon, J. (2005). Physical
interpretation of micro
Cont. Variation according to the
authors
Bezuidenhout, A. (2006). Consciousness and
Language (review). Language , 82(4),
930 934. doi: 10.1353/lan.2006.0184
 Online articles

◦ Online Article
◦ Mota de Cabrera, C. (2006). The role of writing within
the curriculum of teaching and learning English as a
second language (ESL/EFL): A historical
perspective. Pedagogical Action, 15 ¨ (1), 56-63.
Recovered from http://www.saber .
ula.ve/accionpe/
 How to cite thesis

◦ Author, A., & Author, A. (Year). Title of the thesis (undergraduate

master's or doctoral thesis). Name of the institution, Place.

◦ Aponte, L, & Cardona, C. (2009). Environmental education and

evaluation of population density for the conservation of
reintroduced condors in the Los National Natural Park snowy and
its buffer zone . (Master's thesis) University of Caldas, Manizales,
Colombia.
THANK YOU SO
MUCH