Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division Properties
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ScribdTranslationsAddition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division Properties
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ScribdTranslationsADDITION
A sum is the aggregate of things. The term refers to the action and effect of adding
or adding. Although the concept is not always related to mathematics, through
them it can be understood directly and clearly; In this science, addition is
understood as an operation that allows adding one quantity to another or other
homogeneous quantities.
PROPERTIES:
It is commutative (the order of the factors does not alter the result: 4+3=7,
3+4=7),
Dissociative (it is not altered if the various addends are decomposed and
added in different ways. It is considered that this law is reciprocal of the
associative law)
Associative (the product of several numbers does not vary if some of their
factors are replaced by their product)
Distributive (the sum of two numbers multiplied by a third is equal to the
sum of each of these numbers multiplied by the third number).
In addition, it has a neutral element (4+0= 4, 0+8=8) and an opposite
element (for any number there is another opposite whose sum results in
zero).
Examples:
2 + 3 = 3 +2
3 + 5 +6 = (3 +5) +6 = 8 + 6 = 14
3 + 5 +6 = 3 + (5 +6) = 3 + 11 = 14
7+0=7
3 + 6 + 4 = 13
SUBTRACTION
Subtraction, also known as subtraction, is an operation that consists of removing,
cutting, minimizing, reducing or separating something from a whole. Subtraction is
one of the essential operations of mathematics and is considered the simplest
along with addition, which is the inverse process.
PROPERTIES:
Subtraction does not have the properties of addition.
Subtraction is not an internal operation in the set of natural numbers,
because in order for two natural numbers to be subtracted it is necessary
that the minuend number be greater than the subtrahend number. If that
does not happen, this subtraction is not possible in the set of natural
numbers because the result would not be a natural number.
Subtraction does not have the commutative property, that is, we cannot
exchange the position of the minuend with that of the subtrahend.
Subtraction also does not have the associative property.
Examples:
10 – 7 = 3
7 – 10 = -3
(7 – 4) – 2 = 1
7 – (4 – 2) = 5
17 – 13 = 4
MULTIPLICATION
Multiplication is a term originating from the Latin multiplicative that allows us to
name the fact and the consequences of multiplying or multiplying (increasing the
number of things that belong to the same group).
PROPERTIES:
It should be noted that multiplication complies with the commutative property
. This means that the order of the factors does not alter the product: 7 x 2 =
14 is the same as 2 x 7 = 14 (adding 7 times the number 2 generates the
same result as adding 2 times the number 7 ).
With respect to the rest of the most common properties, multiplication does
not present any problem. In the case of the associative property, it is
possible to group the factors in any way without altering the product. With
respect to the distributive property, if we take 2 x (4 + 3 – 5) as an example,
each element enclosed in parentheses must be extracted and multiplied by
2, preserving its sign , as follows: 2 x 4 + 2 x 3 – 2 x 5. The latter can also
be expressed as a series of sums: 2 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 2 x (-5).
Examples:
1. 102 x 5 = (100 + 2) x 5 = 100 x 5 + 2 x 5 = 500 + 10 = 510
2. 225 x 2 = (200 + 25) x 2 = 200 x 2 + 25 x 2 = 400 + 50 = 450
3. (4 x 15) x 2 = 4 x (15 x 2) = 4 x 30 = 120
4. 3 x (5 + A) = 45
3 x 5 + 3 x A = 45
15 + 3 x A = 45
3 x A = 45 – 15
3 x A = 30
A = 10
5.
DIVISION
A peculiarity of multiplication when negative numbers are involved is that when
operating with two of them you obtain a positive one; Even in contexts that have
little to do with mathematics, it is very common to hear the phrase “less for less,
more.” On the other hand, when multiplying a positive number by a negative
number, the result is always negative.
Division, from the Latin divisio, is the action and result of dividing (separate, dose,
distribute, disintegrate). In the field of mathematics, division is an arithmetic
operation where a figure is decomposed.
PROPERTIES:
NON-COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY: if we change the order of the numbers
in a division, the result is altered. For example: 10 ÷ 2 = 5 but 2 ÷ 10 = 0, 2.
NON-ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY: If one or all of the numbers in a division
are decomposed, or grouped in different ways, the quotient or result can
change. For example: 400 ÷ 10 ÷ 5 can give 8 or 200 depending on how it is
associated. If we perform (400 ÷ 10) ÷ 5 = 40 ÷ 5 = 8, but it is different from
400 ÷ (10 ÷ 5) = 400 ÷ 2 = 200.
ZERO DIVIDED BY ANY NUMBER GIVES ZERO.
For example: 0 ÷ 5 = 0.
IT CANNOT BE DIVIDED BY 0: because there is no quotient that multiplied
by 0 is equal to the dividend.
DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY: the distributive property is valid with respect to
division when the dividend is decomposed. For example: 400 ÷ 10 = 200 ÷
10 + 200 ÷ 10.
EXACT DIVISION: In an exact division the dividend is equal to the divisor
times the quotient. For example: 10 ÷ 2 = 2 x 5.
INEXACT OR INTEGER DIVISION: in an integer division the dividend is
equal to the divisor times the quotient plus the remainder. For example: 30 ÷
7 = 4 (remainder 2), therefore, divisor x quotient + remainder = 7 x 4 + 2 =
28 + 2 = 30 = dividend.
NON-INTERNAL PROPERTY: The result of dividing two natural numbers or
integers is not always another natural number or integer. For example: 2 ÷ 6
∄ N.
Example:
30 : 7 = 4 (remainder 2)
We apply the fundamental property of division:
Divisor x Quotient + Remainder = 7 x 4 + 2 = 28 + 2 = 30 = Dividend
Therefore the division is well resolved.
We see below how in a poorly resolved division this property is not met:
30 : 7 = 3 (remainder 4)
Divisor x Quotient + Remainder = 7 x 3 + 4 = 21 + 4 = 25 (not = Dividend)
