Strain Energy
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ScribdTranslationsStrain Energy
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ScribdTranslationsstrain energy
Strain energy is the increase in internal energy accumulated inside a deformable
solid as a result of the work done by the forces that cause the deformation.
Reversible and irreversible strain energy
When a solid deforms, its internal energy increases; this increase in energy can
cause reversible thermodynamic changes and/or irreversible thermodynamic
changes. Therefore the strain energy admits the following decomposition:
Where the first addend is the energy invested in causing only reversible
transformations, commonly called elastic potential energy . The second addend
represents the energy invested in various irreversible processes such as:
plasticizing, cracking or breaking, etc. the solid.
In the general case of an elastic isotropic solid, during a reversible deformation
process at constant temperature, the increases in elastic potential energy w ,
internal energy u and Helmholtz free energy f = u + Ts per unit volume are equal:
In fact, the Helmholtz free energy f per unit volume is related to the components ε ij
of the strain tensor through the following relationship:
And the connection between stresses and strains is given by thermodynamic
relations, specifically, if we derive the Helmholtz free energy with respect to the
strain components, we arrive at the Hooke-Lamé equations based on the Lamé
coefficients :
elastic potential energy
The strain energy E def or elastic potential energy for a deformable solid is given by
the product of the components of the tension tensor and strain tensor . If the
deformation also occurs within the elastic limit, the deformation energy is given by:
Where:
, are the components of the tension
tensor.
, are respectively the longitudinal and transverse moduli of elasticity .
[ edit ] Elastic energy decomposition
The strain energy can be further decomposed into a volumetric strain energy or
work invested in compressing or expanding a certain portion of the solid and
distortion energy or work invested in changing the shape of the body (without
altering the volume):
Where each of the addends is given by:
Where we have included the compressibility modulus K , which is the elastic
constant that accounts for the changes in the volume of a body under uniform
pressure. And we have reexpressed the distortion energy in terms of the three
principal stresses .
Elastic strain energy in beams and columns
When a mechanical prism such as a beam or a pillar is subjected to a normal,
torsional , or bending stress , stresses and deformations related to Hooke's law
occur. There are methods for calculating structures, in which when a deformation
occurs, work is done (similar to a spring ), so it is possible to calculate
deformations, based on the work done by the deformation. This method is known
as the energy method.
If a coordinate system is used in which the barycentric axis of the bar coincides
with the or pillar) subjected to extension, torsion, flexion and shear, is given by:
Where They are the energies due solely to extension, impure
flexion and twisting taken in isolation. The term It appears only in
asymmetric pieces where the center of shear does not coincide with the center of
gravity . The expressions for these strain energy terms when bending and torsion
exist simultaneously are:
Where:
is the vector of displacements of the points on the part's axis.
θ x ,θ y ,θ z ;φ are the rotations of the axis points of the part, around the three axes
and the warping rotation.
are the geometric characteristics of the section: the cross-
sectional area , the moment of inertia in Y, the moment of inertia in Z, the torque
moment and the warping moment , in addition It is a
dimensionless parameter related to the previous ones (see mechanical prism ).
, are the coordinates of the shear center.
As can be seen for parts with two planes of symmetry the bending-torsion coupling
term cancels out and the strain energy is simply the sum of the strain energies
associated with extension, bending and torsion. Below we develop the particular
cases of this formula by substituting the derivatives of the displacements as a
function of the internal forces .
[ edit ] Strain energy under axial stress
If a bar or mechanical prism of length L , cross-sectional area A and composed of a
material with Young's modulus E , is subject to an axial load being the normal or
axial stress N and the relationships between normal stress σ = N / A you get:
If the element has a constant cross-sectional area and axial load:
[ edit ] Strain energy under shear stress
In a similar way, the shear strain energy is obtained:
[ edit ] Strain energy under pure bending
If the element is under a bending moment , the normal stress is given by:
Taking the volume differential element as and taking into account that
, then the energy is given by the expression:
To evaluate it, it is first necessary to calculate the bending moment along the axis
of the piece . When two moments act instead of one in perpendicular directions, a
situation called esvida flexion, we have analogously:
elastic potential energy
Main article: Strain energy
This catapult makes use of elastic potential energy.
Elastic energy or deformation energy is the increase in internal energy
accumulated inside a deformable solid as a result of the work done by the forces
that cause deformation.
Harmonic potential (one-dimensional case), given a particle in a force field that
responds to Hooke's law ( F = -k| r |) with k being the constant of said field, its
potential energy will be V = 1/2 K | r |².
Strain energy (general linear case), in this case the scalar function that gives the
stress field is the Helmholtz free energy per unit volume f , which represents the
strain energy . For a linear and isotropic elastic solid, the elastic potential energy as
a function of the deformations ε ij and the temperature, the free energy of a
deformed body is given by:
(1)
Where They are elastic constants called Lamé coefficients, which can
depend on temperature, and are related to Young's modulus and Poisson's
coefficient through algebraic relations:
From this expression ( 1 ) of the thermodynamic free energy potential , the
tensions can be obtained from the following thermodynamic relations:
These latter equations are called Lamé-Hooke equations and written more
explicitly in matrix form have the form:
Where
Strain energy (general non-linear case), in the case of non-linear elastic materials
the strain energy can be defined only in the case of hyperelastic materials. And in
that case the elastic energy is closely related to the hyperplastic potential from
which the constitutive equation is deduced.
