1.

1 – GEOMETRY (Year 11 Specialist)

KEY PARTS OF A PROOF

• Prove only if asked to prove (Prove, clearly show etc.)
• CLEARLY DEFINE ANY VARIABLES YOU ARE USING (use ∈ ℤ etc.)
• SHOW ALL STEPS
• CLEARLY VALIDATE ANYTHING REQUIRED (i.e. 𝑎2 ≥ 0 or 𝑎2 will always be positive)
• FINAL PROOF STATEMENT – Make sure you make statements at the end to finish proof (i.e. The
contrapositive is true, this implies that the original statement is true)

KEY SYMBOLS
SYMBOL ⇒ ⟺ ⇎ ∀ ′ ∃
EQUIVALENCE
What It IMPLICATION Both imply each Don’t imply each There
For all Not
means This implies other other exists
If and only if
Square ⇒ All Square ⟺ All sides Rectangle square’ = any Triangle
Example sides equal equal in length and ⇎ All sides equal ∀ rectangles, shape except ∃ all angles
length all equal angles in length angles are 90˚ square 60˚

PROVING SOMETHING IS FALSE

It is a lot easier to prove something is false as you need to just show examples or use maths to prove incorrect.
• find any COUNTER EXAMPLE which is any situation where the statement is not correct. For example, if someone said
all prime numbers are odd, this is false since 2 is a prime number (this is a counter example).
• PROOF BY CONTRADICTION, Assume the statement is true, then find out that it doesn’t work.

CONTRAPOSITIVE. CONVERSE, INVERSE AND NEGATION

If we start with a TRUE statement like:
• If it is raining, there are clouds (which can also be written rain ⇒ clouds)
• If 𝑥 = 3, then 𝑥 2 = 9 (which can also be written as 𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 9

Type What it is Symbol Rain example 𝒙 = 𝟑 example Is it True

YES, if the
Opposite things in 𝑃⇒𝑄 If there are no clouds, it is If 𝑥 2 ≠ 9,
CONTRAPOSITIVE original was
opposite order 𝑄′ ⇒ 𝑃′ not raining then 𝑥 ≠ 3
true
Possibly Not,
𝑃⇒𝑄 If there are clouds, it is If 𝑥 2 = 9, In these cases
CONVERSE Swapping the order
𝑄⇒𝑃 raining then 𝑥 = 3
No ⇎
Possibly Not,
Opposite things, 𝑃⇒𝑄 If it is not raining, there If 𝑥 ≠ 3,
INVERSE In these cases
same order 𝑃′ ⇒ 𝑄′ are no clouds then 𝑥 2 ≠ 9
No
Change for all to For all wet days, there are
∀𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄 (∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ) 2𝑛 ≥ 𝑛 + 1 If original was
NEGATION there exists and clouds. There exists some (∃𝑛 ∈ ℕ) 2𝑛 < 𝑛 + 1
opposite things
∃𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄′ wet days with no clouds
true, then No

Complete the following and state whether each is true or false (including original statements)

Statement Contrapositive Statement Converse Statement Inverse Statement

If a quadrilateral has
four right angles, then
it is a square

If two rectangles are

not congruent then
they do not have
same area

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CIRCLE GEOMETRY

WHICH RULE TO USE TO SOLVE ANGLES

• CHORD – Rules 1, 3
• CYCLIC QUADRAILATERAL – Rule 2
• DIAMETER – Rule 7
• TANGENT – Rule 5
• CHORD AND TANGENT – Rule 8
THE 10 MAJOR RULES OF CIRCLES (If referring to them use phrase in GREEN)

Angles on Same Arc / Segment Theorem

Chords of equal length subtend equal angles on circumference

Cyclic Quadrilateral Theorem

Angle at Centre Theorem

Chord Bisector Theorem

USEFUL WEBSITES
https://www.geogebra.org/m/aRREmZBg (Demonstration of some theorems)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kW_WbfYuF3E (Proof of some theorems)

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 Tangent and Radius Perpendicular Theorem

Tangent from same external point Theorem

Angle in Semi Circle Theorem

Alternate Segment Theorem

HARDEST TO VISUALISE

Rule 9 Intersecting Chords Theorem Proof

If AD and BC are two chords of a circle which cut at a point P
Then PA x PD = PB x PC
A
D

C
Triangles ABP and CDP are similar (AAA), therefore ratio of sides is equal.
B 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
= so 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐵 × 𝑃𝐶
𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐷
Rule 10 Secant – Tangent Theorem
Rule 11 Intersecting Secants Theorem
Prove Yourself
by drawing
Chords between
A and C and
then B and D.
Then use Circle
Theorems to find
similar triangles

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OTHER RULES
• If two of the sides of a triangle formed in a circle are the radius, this makes them equal and the triangle isosceles,
which makes the two angles not between the radiuses equal.
• Angles in a triangle add up to 180˚ (Angle Sum in Triangle)
• Angles on a straight line together add to 180˚ (Supplementary angles)
• Angles on a revolution together add to 360˚
• Angles in a quadrilateral add up to 360˚ (Angle Sum in Quadrilateral)

SOLVING FOR UNKNOWN ANGLES

Find Angle ABC Find Angle ABC

Find Angle EDA Find angle AED

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The diagram below (not to scale) showing a circle with centre at 𝑂 and diameter 𝐻𝐹. Point 𝐼 lies on the circumference. 𝐴𝐵 and
𝐶𝐷 are tangents to the circle at Points 𝐹 and 𝐺 respectively. Point 𝐸 is the intersection of 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷. Given ∠𝐼𝐻𝐹 = 31° and
∠𝐷𝐸𝐵 = 78°, determine the size of each angle in the table, giving reason(s).

Size Reason(s) Size Reason(s)

∠𝐻𝐼𝐹 ∠𝐹𝑂𝐺

∠𝐴𝐹𝐼 ∠𝑂𝐸𝐹

Points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 lie in order on the circumference of the circle with centre 𝑂 so that 𝐴𝐵 = 24.0 cm, 𝐵𝐶 = 16.1 cm, and 𝐴𝐶
and 𝐵𝐷 are diameters. Determine, with brief reasons and to the nearest degree, the sizes of ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵, ∠𝐴𝐷𝐵, ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 and ∠𝐴𝐵𝐷.

Points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 lie on an arc of a circle with centre 𝑂 as shown below. Chord 𝐴𝐶 intersects 𝑂𝐵 at point 𝐷. The diagram is not
drawn to scale. When ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 132° and ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 22°, determine the size of ∠𝐴𝐷𝑂 .

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SOLVING FOR UNKNOWN LENGTHS
• If only one chord is mentioned, draw a second one, that passes through O (centre) and P

The Arch of a Bridge is to be in the form of a circle. The Span of the bridge is to be 40 𝑚 and the height in the middle is 5 𝑚.
Find the radius of the circle.

Two chords 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 intersect at a point 𝑃 within a circle. Given that 𝐴𝑃 = 5 𝑐𝑚, 𝑃𝐵 = 6 𝑐𝑚, 𝐶𝑃 = 3 𝑐𝑚, find 𝑃𝐷.

If 𝐴𝐵 is a chord of a circle with centre 𝑂 and 𝑃 is a point on 𝐴𝐵 such that 𝐵𝑃 = 4𝑃𝐴, 𝑂𝑃 = 6 𝑐𝑚 and the radius of the circle
is 9 𝑐𝑚, find 𝐴𝐵.

If 𝐴𝐵 is a chord and 𝑃 is a point on 𝐴𝐵 such that 𝐴𝑃 = 6 𝑐𝑚, 𝑃𝐵 = 4 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑃 is 3 𝑐𝑚 from the centre of the circle, find the
radius.

In the diagram (not to scale), 𝐸𝐴 is a tangent to the circle at 𝐴. Secant 𝐵𝐸 cuts chord 𝐴𝐶 at 𝐹, and the circle at 𝐷. 𝐷𝐸 = 5 cm,
𝐷𝐵 = 40 cm, 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐹𝐸,and 𝐶𝐹 is 1 𝑐𝑚 longer than 𝐴𝐸. Determine the length of 𝐴𝐹.

The vertices of a kite lie on the circumference of a circle. Each longer side of the kite is twice the length of the adjacent shorter
side. If the area of the kite is 18 𝑐𝑚2 , determine the radius of the circle

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GEOMETRIC PROOFS
• Draw a clear diagram with the information.
• Look to use one of the 10 rules

𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 are points on a circle. The diagonals of quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 meet at 𝑋. Prove that triangles 𝐴𝐷𝑋 and 𝐵𝐶𝑋 are
similar.

The tangents to a circle at 𝐹 and 𝐺 meet at 𝐻. A chord 𝐹𝐾 is drawn parallel to 𝐻𝐺. Prove that triangle 𝐹𝐺𝐾 is isosceles.

Let 𝐴 be any point inside a circle with radius 𝑟 and centre 𝑂. Show that if 𝐶𝐷 is a chord through 𝐴, then 𝐶𝐴. 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑟 2 – 𝑂𝐴2

A circle with centre 𝑂 is shown below (not drawn to scale). Given its radius is 𝑟 and chord 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 with 𝐴𝐵 ⊥ 𝐶𝐷, and centre 𝑂
is on 𝐶𝐷

(a) prove that 𝐶𝐷 bisects 𝐴𝐵 [Hint: Use congruent triangles]

2𝑟+√4𝑟 2 −𝑥 2
(b) show that 𝐶𝐷 = 2

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A secant cuts a circle with centre 𝑂 at points 𝑃 and 𝑄. Secant 𝑃𝑄 is extended beyond 𝑄 to point 𝑅, where it meets a line that is
1
a tangent to the circle at point 𝑆. Prove that ∠𝑄𝑅𝑆 = 2 (∠𝑃𝑂𝑆 − ∠𝑄𝑂𝑆)

Points 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 lie on the circumference of a circle of radius 11.7 𝑐𝑚, so that 𝑃𝑅 = 10.3 cm and 𝑄𝑅 = 20.8 cm. Prove by
contradiction that the midpoint of chord 𝑃𝑄 is not the centre of the circle.

In ∆𝑋𝑃𝑄(diagram is not drawn to scale), 𝑅 and 𝑆 are points on 𝑋𝑃 and 𝑋𝑄, respectively. 𝑃𝑆 and 𝑄𝑅 intersects at 𝑀. Given
that ∠𝑃𝑀𝑅 = 100°, ∠𝑋𝑃𝑆 = 20° and ∠𝑃𝑆𝑄 = 60°, Prove that 𝑋𝑃 ∙ 𝑋𝑅 = 𝑋𝑄 ∙ 𝑋𝑆.

The previous implies that 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑆 and 𝑅 lie on a circle where point 𝑂 is the centre of the circle. Given that 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑄𝑆, prove that
𝑃𝑄 ∥ 𝑅𝑆.

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