Understanding the road map of 5G, and 6G networks

Atamert Eroğlu(22014608)

I.Abstract:
The evolution of telecommunications from 3G II.Introduction:
to 4G marked significant strides in
connectivity, but the advent of 5G has sparked Wireless communication networks represent
unparalleled excitement. This introduction one of the most dynamic fields in technology,
explores the roadmap of 5G networks, facilitating connections across various network
highlighting their distinctions from types without the need for cables [1]. This
predecessors and the catalysts for heightened research delves into the technical standards of
3G, 4G, and 5G mobile technologies,
anticipation. It delves into the technical
encompassing technologies such as Code
challenges faced by 5G, probing innovations Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000),
that address issues like latency and bandwidth. Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), Long-Term
As 5G unfolds, attention turns towards the Evolution (LTE), and World-Wide
horizon of 6G, exploring anticipated paradigm Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi-
shifts. Understanding this trajectory is pivotal Max). These mobile communication systems
in navigating the dynamic landscape of exhibit diverse features, including data rates,
telecommunications, where each generation radio access, switching methodologies, and
brings transformative advancements, reshaping bandwidth.
how we connect and communicate in an ever-
evolving digital era. The 3G system boasts a capacity of 2 Mbps,
while 4G offers data rates ranging from 2
Mbps to 1 Gbps. 5G stands out for its
capability to support various web applications
through wireless communication systems.
Envisaging a future with 50 billion wireless
devices connected to the global IP network, 5G
is poised to meet advanced requirements,
enhancing key elements such as high
throughput, high reliability, low latency,
increased scalability, and energy efficiency [2].
III. THIRD GENERATION (3G): Global Positioning System (GPS): Providing
precise location and timely information in
Introduced in Japan in October 2001 by NTT geographical areas through a satellite
DoCoMo, 3G revolutionized the mobile navigation system, GPS can be accessed by
experience by offering high-speed connections anyone with a GPS receiver and 3G broadband
compared to its predecessors [3]. The access. The GPS program serves as the
fundamental objective of 3G technology was to backbone for the air traffic system, offering
amalgamate wireless principles such as Time essential capabilities to military, civil, and
Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global commercial users worldwide.
System for Mobile Communication (GSM),
and CDMA. Three interface modes—W- Location-Based Services (LBS) are
CDMA, CDMA2000, and Wi-Max—were considered part of a general category of
designed to seamlessly integrate with previous computer program-level services within the
network standards. The 3G infrastructure context of the 2017 Second International
comprises a core network and a Radio Access Conference on Recent Trends and Challenges
Network (RAN), where General Packet Radio in Computational Models [1]. LBS finds
Service (GPRS) and voice call switching application in various aspects of life, including
constitute core network functionalities. The 3G personal, professional, health, and
RAN differs from core functionality, providing entertainment domains, enabling the
independent access for mobiles and network identification of object locations, locating the
terminals. Radio Network Controllers serve as nearest bank machine, providing vehicle
base station controllers in the 3G mobile tracking services, facilitating parcel tracking,
network. and connecting friends or employees through
the network.

Mobile TV (MTV) involves the viewing of

television content on mobile and handheld
devices at 3G speeds. The 3G mobile networks
play a crucial role in delivering high-speed
broadband access, offering a clear vision of
mobile TV services. Global television stations
provide and deliver TV services with
additional features like downloading and
saving TV programs from the internet.

Video conferencing (VC) in the 3G era

enables instant communication in multiple
locations. Distinguished from videophone
calls, video conferencing is designed for
Applications of 3G conference purposes, allowing groups of
people to connect seamlessly at any location,
3G has empowered smartphone users with leveraging the speed of 3G technology [1].
real-time application services at high speeds.

Some notable applications include [4]:

Video on Demand (VOD): Offering a more

scalable service to 3G subscribers than 2G,
VOD delivers services based on network
availability. It utilizes satellite networks over
vast geographic areas, allocating network
resources to supply data to a large number of
users continuously demanding services.
IV. FOURTH GENERATION (4G) V. FIFTH GENERATION (5G)

Launched in 2010 by Telia Sonera from The evolution and growth of mobile
Finland, 4G presents a superior solution networking generations are determined by
compared to 2G and 3G. The Third Generation wireless user devices, Quality of Experience
Project Partnership (3GPP) standardized it as (QOE), and data usage. In 2020, it is
LTE-Advanced. The key distinctions between anticipated that over 50 billion devices will be
3G and 4G lie in access methodology, data connected, utilizing mobile network sources
transfer rate, transmission terminology, and [8]. As 4G wireless becomes insufficient to
security. With 4G, mobile users can securely support future needs due to the explosion in
access multimedia data such as videos and mobile data traffic, the development is
voice calls "anytime, anywhere" [5]. Utilizing expected to persist in the upcoming years. The
High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), users can 5G wireless system has the potential to provide
access the Internet, send emails, and even over 1000 times the capability offered by
replace fixed Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) today's mobile world.
modems with HSPA modems for notebooks.
5G cellular networks focus on and address
4G IMT-advanced wireless systems encompass three categories:
LTE-Advanced, 3GPP, and mobile Wi-Max.
LTE-A and IEEE family standards not only i. Centralized user connectivity ensures 24x7
increase data rates but also enhance system device connectivity, a smooth user experience,
spectral efficiency, ensuring compatibility with and uninterrupted services.
their respective earlier releases.
ii. Centralized service providers deliver
Applications of 4G intelligent transport systems, critical
monitoring services, sensors, and vehicular
4G achieves greater integrity through roadside services.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) with Wi-Max, delivering speeds of iii. Centralized network operators provide
up to 70 Mbps wirelessly, with indoor users scalability, energy efficiency, and secure
reaching up to 1 Gbps. 4G facilitates data infrastructure communication.
transfers such as audio, video, and pictures
during voice calls. It adapts time and other Wireless networks can accommodate pre-
settings based on environmental factors. existing technologies and applications such as
Mobile phones, acting as guides for owners, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) in applications
benefit from 4G's network interoperability, requiring quality of service (QOS) and higher
providing personalized multimedia spectral efficiency.
communication tools and services. Telecom
vendors have established a strong presence in Key Features of 5G
the market [5].
5G offers high resolutions for smartphones
with high-quality services for end-users using
Mobile Broadband Technologies (MBB).
These networks allow users to access vast
repositories of data and services, providing
flexibility to access data and services from
various external requests. For example, a
mobile user can receive alerts for various
discount offers while shopping in a mall.
Network heterogeneity involves accessing
different types of networks such as Wi-Max
and UMTS, while terminal heterogeneity refers
to terminal size, display, and power reduction
factors.
5G is expected to offer over 1 Gbps in Local Virtualized Homes: C-RAN architecture
Area Networks (LAN) and 500 Mbps in Wide allows users to access mobile TV with low-
Area Networks (WAN). End user mobility cost equipment by adopting all upper-layer
spans different types of networks, allowing application services.
users to subscribe to different service providers
using the same device. 5G supports virtual Smart Cities: Connecting virtualized home
private networks, providing subscriber and business areas, including stores and
supervision tools for fast performance, along offices, integrates digital equipment like
with monitoring and diagnosing mobility printers, LCDs, conditioners, and temperature
services using remote access management maintenance for a seamless user experience.
tools.
Industrial Support: 5G supports industrial
5G networks will support new methodologies robots, drones, sensors, and mobile devices
and techniques such as Network Function with high-speed accessibility, managing and
Virtualization (NFV), Software Defined operating industrial application services.
Network (SDN), Massive Multiple Input
Multiple Output (mMIMO), Device-to-Device Education: 5G enables people to study online
(D2D) communication, Visual Light courses from anywhere in the world through
Communication (VLC), Fast caching, and internet access.
Multiple Radio Access Technologies.

Applications of 5G Networks

The salient features of 5G networks include

high-speed data transfer and reliable
connectivity with zero percent latency,
enabling significant applications:

Virtual Vision and Navigation: 5G provides

user services at all times, offering virtual
navigation through high-speed data
transmission to access a street view database
even off-site.

Personal Access: 5G networks sustain a broad

range of user equipment, supporting various
devices and addressing data demands for voice
communication, web access, and multimedia
data.

Tele-Geo-Processing: Geographical
Information Systems and Global Positioning
Systems allow users to obtain locations upon
request.

Crisis Management: 5G can restore and solve

communication system breakdowns caused by
natural disasters within hours, unlike earlier
generations that took days or weeks.

Healthcare Assistance: 5G supports remote

healthcare management systems, enabling
patients to consult with doctors through video
conference assistance anytime and anywhere.
VI. SIXTH GENERATION (6G)

6G, the upcoming generation of

telecommunication succeeding 5G, is already
in the research phase despite 5G's ongoing
deployment. This advanced network relies on
technologies like Artificial Intelligence,
Extended Reality, Automation, and Robotics.
To meet its ambitious goals, revolutionary
technical innovations are imperative. 6G
demands substantial performance
enhancements compared to 5G, aiming for data
rates up to 1000 Gbps and utilizing frequencies
up to 3 THz, significantly reducing latency.
While no specific 6G standard exists, potential
technologies include Terahertz Frequency
utilization, improved Antenna Technology,
evolved Duplex Technology, changes in VI. Conclusion:
Network Topology, Spectrum Sharing,
Comprehensive AI, Split Computing, and High In conclusion, delving into the roadmap of 5G
Precision Network. and the emerging landscape of 6G networks
offers a glimpse into the dynamic evolution of
These technologies aim to overcome wireless communication. The transition from
challenges, such as the limitations posed by 3G to the current 5G networks signifies a
Terahertz frequency, in achieving 6G's remarkable journey, unlocking unprecedented
ambitious goals. The development of 6G is still speeds, connectivity, and transformative
in its early stages, and as research progresses, applications. The great excitement around 5G
new technologies may emerge, altering stems from its ability to revolutionize various
targeted performance parameters. The path to sectors, from healthcare to smart cities, and its
6G involves navigating various hurdles, such potential to connect over 50 billion devices
as path loss, atmospheric absorption, globally. Despite the advancements, 5G poses
penetration capability issues associated with technical challenges, driving innovations such
Terahertz frequency, and increased complexity as Network Function Virtualization, Massive
in RF modules. The coming years will witness MIMO, and more. As we anticipate the shift to
further developments, innovations, and 6G, the discussion sheds light on the
solutions to these challenges in the quest for anticipated enhancements—higher data rates,
the next frontier in wireless communication. lower latency, and technological leaps using
Artificial Intelligence, Terahertz frequencies,
and improved network topologies. The path
from 5G to 6G underscores the relentless
pursuit of innovation and technological
prowess, promising a future where wireless
networks continue to redefine the way we
connect and communicate.
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