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MathintheModernWorld - Logic

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7 views

MathintheModernWorld - Logic

Uploaded by

Airra Guitones
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROPOSITION

Logic

JEREMIAH A. DELA CRUZ


OBJECTIVES

Illustrate and symbolize proposition through authentic


examples.

Distinguish between simple and compound proposition.

 Perform Logical operators of proposition

Illustrate a truth table


Definition
 Proposition is a declarative sentence that is
either true or false, but not both.
 If a proposition is true, then its truth value is

true which is denoted by T; otherwise , its truth


value is false and is denoted by F.
Example:
p: Everyone should study logic.
*It is a declarative sentence and its truth value could either be true of false.
Definition
 Take note: Since a proposition is strictly a
declarative sentence, then we can say that
all propositions are sentences.

 But: Not all sentences are proposition.


Remember we have more types of sentences aside from declarative
Recall: Types of Sentences
 Declarative – states a fact.

 Interrogative – asks questions.

 Imperative – requests or commands.

 Exclamatory – expresses strong feeling.

Interrogative, imperative and exclamatory sentences cannot be


considered as a proposition
Practice
Determine whether each of the following statements is a
proposition or not. Answer first before you click next 

IfMy
you
Findare
a
Mindanao a Grade
number
seatmate is an 11
whichstudent,
island
3
will +
get2a=divides
in
5 the
perfectthen you
your are
age.
Philippines.
score in thea
What is the domain
Welcome I to
amthe of function?
Philippines!
lying.
Filipino.
exam.
Because it is not a declarative sentence, it
isisananinterrogative sentence.
imperative sentence.
exclamatory sentence.

YES! NO!
Compound and Simple Proposition
 A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simpler
propositions using logical connectors or some combination of
logical connectors. Some logical connectors involving
proposition p and/or q maybe as follows:
not p
p and q
p or q
if p then q
 A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken down any further
into other component propositions.
Compound and Simple Proposition

Assignment: 20pts
The groups will make a convincing argument for or
against the statement. Provide at least five
supporting statements for your argument.

p: Everyone should study logic.


Truth table is a tool used to display all the possible
truth value combinations of two or more propositions.

Example: A
Given of
The number 2 rows of the truth table = 2n where
proposition
propositions ppwould
and q,of propositions given
n is the number
havetruth
the the following
table is,
truth table
 Negation
 Conjunction
 Disjunction
 Conditional
 Biconditional
The negation of a proposition p is denoted by,
~p: (read as ‘not’ p)
and is defined by the truth table:
Example: State the negation of the following
propositions.

Everyone
P(x) = x-1 in
is Visayas
a Not
P(x)everyone in a
= x-1 is not
2 is an odd number. 2 is an even
Visayas speaksnumber.
speaks
polynomial
Cebuano.
function polynomial function
Cebuano.
The conjunction operator allows us to state an
expression for two propositions to be true. It is denoted
by :

and is defined by the truth table:


The Conjunction of two
proposition will only be true if
both of the propositions are true,
otherwise, it is false.
Angels exist and π > 3
Angels exist and π is not greater than 3.
~p ^ ~q
~p ^ q
A disjunction allows us to express alternatives and is
denoted by,

and is defined by the truth table:


The Disjunction of
two proposition will
only be false if both
of the propositions
are false, otherwise, it
is true.
Example: Given the following propositions:
p: Victor has a date with Liza.
q: John is Sleeping
r: Eric is eating.
1.p v q
2.q v (~r)
3.p v (q v r)
4.Either Victor has a date with Liza or John is
sleeping, or Eric is eating.
5.Either Victor has a date with Liza and John is
sleeping, or Victor has a date with Liza and Eric is
eating.
The Conditional Propositions p and q is denoted by:

and is defined by the truth table:


Example: Suppose that Maria is a Grade 11 student.
Consider the following conditionals and analyze the
truth values of these conditionals.
1.If Maria is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high
school student.
2.If Maria is in Grade 11, then she is working as a
lawyer.
3.If Maria has a degree in Computer Science, then she
believes in true love.
The Biconditional of propositions p and q is denoted by:

and is defined by the truth table:


Example: Suppose that Alex is a Grade 11 student.
Consider the following biconditionals and analyze the
truth values of these conditionals.

1.Alex is in Grade 11 if and only if she is a senior high


school student.
2.Alex is in Grade 11 if and only if she is working as a
lawyer.
3.Alex has a degree in Computer Science if and only if
she believes in true love.
THANK YOU.
If you have questions, just message me 

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