Chapter 1: Introduction to IOT

 The word Internet of Things comprises of 2 words- Internet & Things.

 Internet is the network of computers connected together through world wide range for the purpose of
information sharing & data transmission. The ‘things’ here refer to the physical object that are present in
the network that has its own unique IP address with the ability to send and receive data over the network
like cameras, chips etc.
 IOT is the network of physical devices connected to each other for exchange of data & info through
sensors & actuators.
 In simple terms-“IOT means letting the devices to connect to the internet to make our life comfortable.”
 The term IOT was coined by Kevin Ashton in the year 1999.

IoT (Internet of things) ;g ,d ,slk platform gS] tgk¡ regular devices internet ls tqM+h gksrh gSa] vkSj
os ,d&nwljs ds lkFk communicate djrh gSaA IOT ,d network gS tks fcuk fdlh ekuo gLr{ksi ds internet ij data
dks store rFkk exchange dj ldrk gSA ftlesa eq[; #i ls electricity, electronic components , internet connectivity,
software rFkk hardware dh t#jr gksrh gSA

Before the invention of IOT, there were only two types of communication- human-human or human- device, but
the invention of IOT made it possible to establish communication among Machines-to-Machines (M2M)
without any human interference.

 M2H (Machine-to-Human) – Examples: Wearable’s, home automation etc.

 M2M (Machine-to-Machine)- Examples: smart home meters, ATM etc.
 IOt- It includes M2M & M2H interfaces
 WoT( Web of Things)- Describes a future where everyday objects are fully integrated with the web.

Advantages of IOT Applications:

 Access information
 Communication
 Cost effective, efficient & automation ( By automating day-to-day working of human life)
 Minimize human effort & Saves time
 Useful in Monitoring
Disadvantages of IOT Applications
Security, Complexity, Unemployment, Dependability

Characteristics of IoT
Internet of Things (IOT) dk vFkZ ,slh Devices ls gksrh gS tks Internet ls tqM+h gksrh gSA IOT ds vUnj ,slh
Devices vkrh gSa ftuds }kjk Wireless Network esa Data dks Send rFkk Receive fd;k tkrk gSA
IOT dh Characteristics fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1. Connectivity-It refers to establish a proper connection between all the things of IOt to IOT platform, it may
be server or cloud. IOT Devices vkSj muds Components tSls& Sensors, Compute Engine, Data Hubs
vkfn ,d&nwljs ls Connect jgrs gSaA IOT Devices ,d&nwljs ls Radio Waves, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Li-Fi vkfn ds }kjk
Connect gks ldrh gSaA
2. Intelligence- IOT esa cgqr lkjh ,slh Algorithms gksrh gSa ftuds }kjk ;g Intelligent cu tkrk gSA blesa Big Data
Analytics vkSj Machine Learning dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlls fd csgrj Decision fy;k tk ldsA
3. Sensing- fcuk Sensors ds IOT laHko gh ugh gSA Sensors ds ek/;e ls gh Environment esa gksus okys Changes
dks Detect vkSj Measure fd;k tkrk gSA
4. Dynamic Nature- IOT dh ,d fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd bldk Nature Dynamic gksrk gSA IOT esa Data dks bl izdkj
Collect vkSj Convert fd;k tkrk gS ftlls fd Business Decisions dks fy;k tk ldsA
Example- IOT Sensors dks vxj fdlh txg dk Temperature ekiuk gS rks mls Location vkSj Weather Conditions ds
vk/kkj ij Change gksuk iM+sxkA tSls& Delhi esa vyx Temperature gksxk vkSj Mumbai esa vyx Temperature
gksxkA
5. Communication- Devices ,d&nqljs ls Communication djus ds fy, Connect gksrs gSaA Communication cM+h
nwjh vkSj NksVk nwjh dk gks ldrk gS tSls& Wi-Fi vkSj LPWA (Lower Power Wide Area) Network vkfnA
6. Scalability- IOT Infrastructure esa izfrfnu phtsa (Things) c<+rh gh tk jgh gSaA blfy, IOT dk Setup ,slk gksuk
pkfg, tks fd cM+s Expansion ¼foLrkj½ dks Hkh Handle dj ldsA
7. Interconnectivity: It means anything can be interconnected with the global information & communication
infrastructure.

8. Heterogeneity: Means it support different hardware platforms & networks.

IOT Applications

Smart City: blesa cgqr lkjs {ks= vkrs gSa tgka ij IoT dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&Traffic control, waste
management, water distribution, electricity management, pollution checking etc.

Smart Home: ?kjksa esa Hkh IoT dk cgqr T;knk use gksrk gSA ?kjksa esa iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys T;knkrj midj.k
smart gks x;s gSa] tSls& AC, Smart TV, Fridge, LED Bulb, Fan, Smart Door, Washing Machine etc. ftlls gekjh
ftanxh cgqr gh vkjkenk;d gks x;k gSA

Traffic Monitoring: IoT dk bLrseky traffic dks monitor djus esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA blls xkfM+;ksa dh speed dk
irk yxk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj traffic dks Hkh analyze fd;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj ;fn dks okgu traffic rules dk ikyu ugha
djrk rks mls Computer }kjk identify djds mldk challan dkVk tk ldrk gSA

Components of an IOT System

 Sensors:- It helps to collect live data from the surrounding environment. Sensing is the method of
capturing .information from the environment by some highly functioning hardware & respond to it.
 Connectivity:- All the collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure where devices connect to the cloud
to perform different operations.
 Data Processing:- Once the data is collected it is sent to the cloud, then software performs processing on
that data..
 User Interface:- Information dks End Users ds fy, fdlh rjg Available gksuk pkfg, tks muds Phone ij
Alarm Trigger djds ;k mUgs E-mail ;k Text Message ds ek/;e ls Notification Hkstdj izkIr fd;k tk ldsA

IOT architecture & Levels:

IOT architecture shows the building blocks of an IOT system & how they are connected to collect, store &
process data.

3 Layer & 5 layer Architecture:

The most basic architecture is three layer architecture, namely- Perception Layer, Network & Application
Layer.
Application Layer
Network Layer
Perception Layer

This architecture defines the main idea of IOT, but it is not sufficient for research on IOT because research
often focuses on finer aspects of IOT. That is why, 5 layer architecture have been proposed.

Busin Acts as manager for application & services of IOT.

ess
Layer

Appli
catio
Used fro delivering application specific services to user.
n
Layer

Also known as middleware layer. Processes the data received from network
Proce
ssing layerusing technologies like cloud computing, big data processing etc.
Layer

used to receive & transmit the digital data to Processing layer. Used for connecting
Trans
port to other smart thing, network devices & servers.
Layer

Has sensors for gathering information about environment. It linked & converts the
Perce
ption information gathered by sensors into digital signals.
Layer

IOT Ecosystem: IoT ecosystem different type ds devices dk ,d connection gS] tks data dks analysis djrk gS
vkSj network ij ,d nwljs ds lkFk communicate djrk gSA

Component of IoT ecosystem

 Gateway: gateway IoT devices vkSj connected network ds chp internet traffic dks manage djus ds
fy, ,d important component gSA Gateway protocol vkSj network chp move gksus okys data traffic dks
vklkuh ls mange djus esa l{ke gSA
 Analytics: analytics software IoT devices }kjk generate data dks analysis djrk gS] vkSj result dks cloud
database esa store djrk gSA
 Cloud: IoT cloud ecosystem dh en~n ls company devices vkSj application ls bulk data collect djus esa
l{ke gSA
 User Interface: ;g ,d visible vkSj physical fgLlk provide djrk gS] ftls user }kjk vklkuh ls access fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
 Dashboard: dashboard user ds fy, IoT ecosystem ds ckjs esa information display djrk gSA
 Database:
 Development:

Types of Network
 BAN (Body Area Network): ,d O;fDr ds ‘kjhj esa igus ;k fQj body esa dgha ij implanted fd, x, dbZ
computing devices dk interconnection gSA
 PAN (Personal Area Network):
 LAN (Local Area Network): Local Area Network ,d Computer Network gSA ftldk Use nks ;k nks ls vf/kd
Computers dks tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 WAN (Wide Area Network):
 VPN (Virtual Private Network): VPN ,d Virtual Communication Network gS] tks Computer Network dh
cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa dk bLrseky Computer System dks Logical :i ls djrk gSA
 GAN (Global Area Network):
 CAN( Campus Area Network)

Technologies used in IOT:

1) Bluetooth: It is Wireless Personal Area Network designed by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).
Secure & Perfect for short range, low-power, low-cost & wireless transmission.
 Frequency: 2.45 GHz
 Maximum data transfer rate: 2.1 Mb/ps
 Introduced: 7 May 1998
2) BLE (Bluetooth low energy): BLE dks vkerkSj ij 4.0 ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSAData transfer rate 1Mb/ps. Offers
low power consumption, thus battery life is very large.
3) WiFi (Wireless Fidelity): It is a wireless technology that allows electronic device to exchange data
wirelessly over a computer network. WiFi IEEE 802.11 standard ds family ij based gS vkSj eq[; :i ls ,d LAN
technology gSA Data transfer rate 300Mb/ps. Frequency ranges are referred to as 2.4ghz & 5 ghz. Wifi in
the room has range upto 45m & upto 450m outside.
4) Low Power Wifi(WiFi-HaLow)- consumes lower powerthan traditional WiFi device.
5) LiFi (Light Fidelity): LiFi ,d mHkjrh gqbZ technology gS tks data transmit djus ds fy, radio waves ds ctk;
Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology dk iz;kx djrh gSA bldh speed WiFi ls 100 xquk rst gSA
6) Cellular Network: cellular technology, mobile phone dk vk/kkj gSA ;s network different generation esa
ekStwn gSa tSls & 2G, 3G, 4G (LTE).LTE stands for Long Term Evolution.
7) Z-Wave: Z-wave ,d wireless communication technology gS that consumes very low power & widely used for
connecting smart devices in IOT. bldh data rate yxHkx 30 Meters dh range esa 100 Kbps rd gSA
8) RFID: (Radio Frequency Identification) It refers to small electronic devices that consist of a small chip &
an antenna. bldk bLrseky fdlh object dks identify ;k fQj Track djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds nks component
gksrs gSa] Tag vkSj Reader. ge ftl object dks track djuk pkgrs gSa ml ij RFID Tag yxk fn;k tkrk gS] fdlh oLrq
ij yxk;s x, RFID Tag dks gh Receiver }kjk detect fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls ml oLrq dh igpku gksrh gSA bldh range
yxHkx 1 miter rd gksrh gSA RFID Tag nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa Active RFID Tag, Passive RFID Tag.
Active RFID Tag dks viuk data transmit djus ds fy, [kqn dk Power (Electric Supply) gksrk gS] ;kfu ;g self-
Dependent gksrk gSA
Passive RFID Tag ds ikl [kqn dk Power Source ugha jgrk gS cfYd ;g Receiver ls vkusokyh Radio Wave Signal ls
electromagnetic induction ds fl)kar ij Power cukrk gS] ;kfu ;g Power ds fy, Receiver ij Depend jgrk gS

9) X-10- mainly used for home automation sector. Data rate of signal transmission is very less, in the order of
20 bits/s.
10) Sigfox:- A cellular style system that enables remote devices to connect using ultra- narrow band to
provide low power low data rate, & low cost communications for remote connected devices. It supports one
way communication without acknowledgement.

11) ZigBee: ;g ,d wireless technology gS] vkSj eq[; #i ls 802.15.4 ij based gSA ;g low-cost, low-power dk
leFkZu djrk gSA Range is very small(10-100 meters) & data transfer rate 250 Kbps rd gksrh gSA
12) LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network): ;g ,d new wireless technology gSA ;g low-cost, low-power
dk leFkZu djrk gS] vkSj bldh range cgqr T;knk gksrh gS yxHkx 10 ls 15 kilomiter ysfdu data transmit
speed cgqr /kheh gksrh gS (300bps to 37.5 Kbps)A
13) 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks): ;g ,d wireless sensor network gS]
ftldk bLrseky home-automation, agricultural vkSj industrial monitoring ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g IPv6
protocol dk bLrseky djrk gSA
It is used with IEEE 802.15,.4 in the 2.4 GHz band,
Outdoor range: ~200 m (maximum)
Data rate: 200kbps (maximum)
Maximum number of nodes: ~100

14) 5G- It is a medium range communication that offers many improvement over 4G, such as increased speed
& better coverage.
15) LPWAN- It defines Low Power Wide Area Network standard to enable IOT & can transmit data over
long distances while having low power consumption. It offers range from 5km to 30 km.
16) Thread- IP based Ipv6 networking protocol aimed at the home automation environment is thread. It
guarantees no single point of failure system.
17) NFC (Near-field communication): ;g ,d wireless technology gSA ;g technology RFID ls izkIr dh xbZ gSA
bl technology esa Hkh NFC Tag vkSj NFC Receiver gksrs gSaA bldh maximum range 10cm rd gh gksrh gS]
vkSj data rate 106, 212, 424 Kbps rd gksrh gSA
18) GSM (Global System for Mobile communication): GSM ,d open and digital cellular technology gS] ftldk
bLrseky voice and data dks transmate djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA GSM technology dks communication
purpose ds fy, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique dk mi;ksx djds ,d digital system ds #i esa
develop fd;k x;k FkkA
19) GPRS (General Packet Radio Services): It is first high-speed digital data service provided by cellular
carriers that used GSM technology.
GPRS ,d wireless vkSj cellular network communication services ds fy, lcls vPNk packet-switching protocol gSA
20) LTE (Long-Term Evolution): ;g 4G wireless standard gS] tks fd 3G technology dh rqyuk esa dkQh T;knk
Fast gS] ftldh average download speeds of 15 Mbps to 20 Mbps and average upload speeds of 10 Mbps to
15 Mbps.

LTE-A(Advanced)- upgrade to LTE by increasing not only its coverage, but also reducing its latency & raising
its throughput.

21) WSN-wireless sensor network is a network that is wireless in nature which comprises of distributed
devices with sensors which are used to sense or monitor the environment & physical conditions.

Communication Protocols
Application Layer Protocols:

CoAP( Constrained Application Protocol)- The CoAP is an application layer and web-based protocol
designed for constrained devices like sensors.
 It makes use of UDP & reduces space usage.
 Uses request-response model, cline server architecture.
 Reduces power requirements.
 Unreliable due to use of UDP.
 Mainly used in automation, mobile & microcontrollers.

MQTT-(Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight open & easy to implement messaging
protocol. Based on publish subscribe model.

XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol): XMPP is the Extensible Messaging and Presence
Protocol, a set of open technologies for real time communication originally designed for chats, instant
messaging applications. Makes use of publish subscribe mechanism of data sharing.

DDS (Data Distribution Service): It is an IoT protocol developed for real time, scalable & high performance
M2M (Machine to Machine) Communication by OMG (Object Management Group). It enables data exchange
via publish-subscribe methodology. DDS makes use of brokerless architecture unlike MQTT and CoAP
protocols.

AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): AMQP a more advanced protocol than MQTT, more reliable
and have better support for security.
 It is open source published standard for asynchronous messaging by wire.
 The protocol is used in client/server messaging and in IoT device management.
 It also uses Publish subscribe mechanism of data sharing.
 It is wire level protocol.

WebSocket: WebSocket is a computer communications protocol, providing bi-directional, full-duplex

communication channels over a single TCP connection.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): HTTP is common application layer protocol to transfer we content
over internet.
 It is the foundation for client server model.
 Based on TCP/IP.
 Stateless protocol.

Transport Layer Protocol

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Transmission Control Protocol a communications standard that
enables application programs and computing devices to exchange messages over a network.

 TCP is a connection-oriented Protocol.

 Based on client server communication.
 Reliable transmission.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol):- Connection less protocol. It transport datagrams but does not acknowledge
their receipt.

TCP UDP
Connection oriented protocol Connection less protocol
Speed is slower Faster than TCP
Has acknowledgement segments Does not have acknowledgement segment
Heavy weight Light weight
Network Layer Protocol:

 IPv4: Main networking protocol. 32 bit address. Binary representation in decimals

 IPv6- Provides broadcast messaging. 128 bit address. Binary representation in hexadecimal.
 6LoWpan- IPv6 over Low Power wireless Personal Area Network.

Link Layer Protocols:

 802.3 Ethernet-Widely used to build LAN

 802.22-WiFi- Communication range in the order of 20m(indoor) to 100m(outdoor).
 802.16- WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). Data rates from 1.5Mb/s to
1Gb/s.
 802.15.4-LR(Low Rate)WPAN
 2G/3G/4G/5G-Mobile communication

IOT Enabling Technologies: It includes sensors, Cloud Computing, Big Data Analytics, Communication
Protocols, Embedded systems.

1) Sensors: Used to sense a physical condition or event. It converts a non-electrical input into an electrical
signal that can be sent to electronic input.
2) Cloud Computing:- It is known as on-demand computing. It is internet based computing service which
involves the use of the network of remote servers rather than local server or personal computer. In cloud
computing, Cloud is a large group of interconnected computers, which may be personal or public.

Service Model: Service-oriented architecture advocates “every-thing as a service”. There are 3 generally
accepted modes:-
 IaaS- (infrastructure as a service)
 PaaS (Platform as a Service)
 SaaS (Software as a service)- Also known as Web Service.
3) Big data Analytics: Big Data is a collection of data sets whose volume, velocity, or variety is so large that it
is difficult to store, manage, process & analyze the data using traditional databases & data processing tools.
Big data analytics refers to the method of analyzing huge volumes of big data. It is the process of collecting,
organizing & analyzing a large amount of data to uncover hidden patterns, correlations, market trends &
other meaningful information.
4) Communication Protocol: These are format descriptions of digital message formats & rules.
5) Embedded Systems:- It is a system that has computer hardware & software embedded to perform specific
task. Example: digital watches, digital cameras etc. These are small computers that are implemented as a part
of a larger system or product & designed to execute a specific function or application.
6) Fog Computing:- Data is processed on fog node or IOT gateway. It links cloud computing to IOT.
Edge Computing:- Data is processed at device or sensor itself. It occurs directly on the device to which
sensors are attached.

Building Blocks of IoT pkj phtsa IoT System ds building blocks dks cukrh gSa& Sensors, Processor, Gateway,
Application. ,d mi;ksxh IoT system cukus ds fy, buesa ls izR;sd node dh viuh ,d fo’ks”krk gksrh gSA
1) Sensors & Actuators : Sensors IoT device ds front end gksrs gSaA ftudk eq[; dk;Z surroundings ;kfu vkl&ikl
ls vko’;d data receive djuk vkSj bls vkxs database ;k processing system rd igaqpkuk gksrk gSA sensors real
time esa data dks collect djrs gSa vkSj fQj vkxs ml data dks process ds fy, Hkst nsrs gSaA sensor dbZ izdkj
ds gksrs ftudk dke vyx&vyx gksrk gSA Example- gas sensor, water quality sensor, motion sensor, moisture
sensor, image sensor etc.
Sensors are devices which converts physical parameters like temperature, motion etc. into electrical signals.
Actuators are devices which is a contrast to sensor. It transforms electrical signals to physical movements.
2) Processor: Processor dk eq[; dk;Z sensor }kjk collect row-data dks process djuk vkSj mls lkFkZd tkudkjh
vkSj Kku esa cny nsukA
3) Gateway: bldk eq[; dk;Z process fd;s x;s data dks route djuk vkSj mfpr mi;ksx ds fy, mfpr database ;k
network storage esa transfer djuk gSA
4) Application: application collect fd;s x, lHkh data dk mfpr mi;ksx djrk gS vkSj users dks ml data ds lkFk
interact djus ds fy, interface iznku djrk gSA

The Physical Design/Logical Design of IoT

A physical design of an IoT system refers to the individual node devices and their protocols that are utilised to
create a functional IoT ecosystem. A logical design is a conceptual, abstract design. You do not deal with the
physical implementation details yet; you deal only with defining the types of information that you need.

IoT Functional Blocks :- एक IoT system में बहुत सारें functional blocks होते है that are used for identification,
sensing, actuation, communication और management.
IoT design methodology :- IoT design methodology IoT ecosystem esa ,d rjg ls Algorithm dk dke djrh gSA
Design methodology refers to the development of a system or method for a unique situation.
Communication Models:
There are 4 communication models used in IOT. These are:-
1. Request Response Model
2. Publish Subscribe Model
3. Push Pull Model
4. Exclusive Pair Model
Request Response Model – Request-Response Model एक कम्युजनके शन मॉडल होता है जिसमें एक
client (क्लाइंट), server को एक request send करता है और server इस request को respond करता है.
इस model को client-server model भी कहते हैं. It is stateless communication model. HTTP works as
request response protocol between client & server.
इसमें जब भी server कसी request को receive करता है तो वह request के आधार पर data को fetch और
retrieve करता है तथा उसके बाद response को client को send कर देता है.

Publish Subscribe Model –

यह एक प्रकार का कम्युजनके शन मॉडल होता है जिसमें publisher, broker और consumer सम्मिजलत
रहते हैं. इसमें publishers डाटा को collect करते हैं और इस data को publish करते हैं. Publishers are
source of data. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
Push Pull Model –इस communication model में, data producer’s के द्वारा data को एक queue में
push है. उसके बाद data collector’s इस data को queue में से collect करते हैं.
Queue एक buffer की तरह काम करता है .

Exclusive Pair Model – Exclusive pair एक bi-directional और fully duplex कम्युजनके शन मॉडल होता है
that uses persistent connection between client & server
यह एक fully duplex मॉडल होता है that means client और server दोनों एक दूसरे को message भेज
सकते हैं.

Development Tools used in IoT.

Arduino: Open source prototyping & is easy & simple to use IOT platform.
Tessel 2:- Used to build basic IOT prototypes & applications. Using it, a developer can avail Ethernet
connectivity, Wi-Fi connectivity etc.

Raspberry Pi :- The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor
or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a capable little device that enables people of all ages to
explore computing, and to learn how to program in languages like Scratch and Python.

SDN(Software Defined Network)- new networking paradigm to make the current wireless & mobile networks
more intelligent, efficient, secure & scalable in order to handle large amount of data produced in IOt.

NFV(Network Function Virtualization)- It separates physical network equipment’s from the functions that
run on them.