Chapter 45 : Musculoskeletal System

Skeleton : framework of
body
·

-Voluntary muscles are attached

·

framework includes joints (articulations)

·
Voluntary Muscle require :

nerve impulses to contract

·
.

blood
supply (circulatory system)
·

continuous

Oxygen (respiratory

Tissues that
·
skeletal
make up system
-

Bone +issue
(primarily)
articular (joint) cartilage
-

cushions a friction
-

joint reduces

fibrous connective tissue

-forms ligaments (connects bone to bond

other structures with in joints

·

Tissues of the musculoskeletal system

Skeletal
-

muscle tissue
-

fibrous connective tissue /

forms tendons
-

that connect muscle to

Doned fascial (strong membranes enclosing individual muscles

The skeleton
· a
protects organs tissues from mechanical

injury
.
-

Brain :
protected by skull

~
heart &
lungs: protected by thoracic Cage
flat , irregular ends of
long bones
·

contain red bone marrow

hematopoietic tissue
(blood-forming tissue
store excess calcium
-

-undergo resorption calcium released blood

- bone broken down with minerals including in

for blood calcium homeostasis

Cat for blood clotting d for
proper function of nerves & muscles
.
-
is needed
·
Although primary function is to

move or stabilize the Skeleton

voluntary muscles
collectively contribute

to to maintain
heat production normal

body temp.
·

Aids in blood return from legs through

Compression
Muscular on the
leg veins

Bone Tissue/Bone Growth

·

Bone tissue
-

-composed of osteocytes (bone cells)

Strong living matrix

-

non
,

made of calcium salts on the protein collagen

Compact Done
-

osteocytes & Matrix are in densely

·

precise ,

structured arrangements called Osteons

Spongy Done
=
-

arrangement of cells & matrix t

irregular sparse

resembles a
sponge
-

Connective tissue
periosteum :
that covers all outer Done surfaces

except on joints (cartilage covers the ends of Done)

repair (producing Osteoblasts
-

provides protection involved ,

blood supply
in bone
growth,
of
a

bone
participates in
-

Osteoblasts : Produces bone matrix during 9rowth & repair

Osteoclasts: resorb Done matrix when more Cat is needed in blood
Or during repair
.
Skeletal Muscle

voluntary
·

Conscious Control initiates

·

nerve

impulses to cause contractions

Nerve impulses originate in the motor

areas of the frontal lobes of the

Cerebral Cortex
Nervous System
Neurons in the CNS act
involuntarily to regulate
muscle tone
*
Healthy muscle fore is important for
posture and Coordination #

Neuromuscular Junction
(synapse)
termination of the motor neuron at the muscle fiber

neuron releases Neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

signaling the muscle to contract
.
Aging & Musculoskeletal System
function of estrogen & testosterone of Done Matrix
: maintenance a
strong
: Done
Post menopause matrix loses more Cat than is replaced
-
Can be offset by weight-bearing exercise

Stimulates bone deposition, I bone density

-

matrix

Diagnostic Tests
ALP : ↑ When bone is damaged

& bone
Metabolic bone diseases Cancer
·

ALP 4 to reflect osteoblast activity

Cat & Phosphorus (phosphate)
-

-
in healthy pts ,
these are

inverted (Cat i , phosphorustL

-

muscle enzymes
when damaged are released
·

, enzymes

-creative Kinase (CKs) ,

aldolase (ALD)
aspartate aminotransferase (AST) .
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
-

myoglobin : protein found in Striated (skeletal Cardiac

,

muscle that causes its red color

-uric acid: waste product in blood excreted in urine

when It got occurs

DiagnosticProcedures
Arthrocentesis-procedure in which
Synovial fluid is aspirated from a joint for
analysis or to relieve pressure

frid buildup bursitis

-

occurs
secondary to an inflammatory process ,
such as

analysis synovial fluid diagnose

-

of can help crystals , hemarthrosis , noninflammatory conditions ,

& Septic arthritis

Arthroscopy : Scoping the joint (invasive procedure