Stakeholder analysis to increase community participation in strengthening rural

government (Case Study: Usto Village, Mare Subdistrict, Bone Regency)

Hendra Gunawan 1, * and Muhammad Yusuf 2
1 Department of Human Resource Management, College of Economics, AMKOP Makassar, St. Meranti No.1, Panakkukang,
Makassar, South Sulawesi 90231 Indonesia.
2 Department of Agrobusiness, Fisheries Faculty, Cokroaminoto University Makassar, St. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 11,

Tamalanrea, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245 Indonesia.

Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2021, 02(01), 063–070

Publication history: Received on 27 September 2021; revised on 07 November 2021; accepted on 09 November 2021

Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.53022/oarjms.2021.2.1.0055

Abstract
The rural government spearheads development in villages and remote areas, where the area is very difficult to reach.
In order for rural development to be realized and achieve the goal, the level of community participation becomes an
important and inseparable part. This community participation determines a plan or programs in the village. In order
for community participation related to rural development, the position and role of various stakeholders are well
understood. The purpose of this research is to analyze the position and role of stakeholders in the development of Usto
Village, Mare Subdistrict of Bone Regency. The research method used is quantitative method. The type of data used in
the study is primary data sourced from respondents' answers with the number of respondents is as many as 5 people
who are expert respondents. The data collection method used by this research data is a survey method with structured
interview techniques. Data analysis method is carried out with ISM analysis (Interpretive Structural Modeling) with the
help of PROFESSIONAL ISM software 2.0. Research results obtained; 1) Stakeholders in the development of Usto Village
include; Village Head, Village Apparatus, BPD, Fishermen's Group, Pond Cultivator Group, Seaweed Cultivation Group,
Farmers Group, Breeder Group, Karang Taruna and Ta'lim Assembly (DKM). 2) Stakeholders in the development of Usto
village are spread in 3 quadrants, namely; Quadrant IV (A1: Village Chief), Quadrant III (A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A9, and
A10), and Quadrant II (A8: Breeders Group). 3) A key stakeholder in increasing community participation for the
development of Usto Village is the Village Head (A1).

Keywords: Stakeholders; ISM; Usto Village; Experts; Participation

1. Introduction
The village government is a government agency tasked with managing the village level area. The village government is
spearheading development in villages and remote areas, where the area is very difficult to reach. The presence of village
government in the area will have a good influence / impact on the community, especially in the management of
correspondence / administration at the village level. According to [1] that village government is the government at the
lowest level serves to provide administrative services directly to the community and carry out development at the
village level. Government affairs that are the authority of the village include existing government affairs based on the
right of village origin, government affairs that are the authority of districts / cities that are submitted to the village,
assistance duties from the government and local government, other government affairs that are by legislation submitted
to the village. While according to [2] the village government is a leading government unit that directly deals with the
community and becomes the main milestone of the success of the development of an area in particular and the nation
in general. Strengthening the village is an effort to accelerate the realization of community welfare. In an effort to

*Corresponding author: Hendra Gunawan

Department of Human Resource Management, College of Economics, AMKOP Makassar, St. Meranti No.1, Panakkukang, Makassar,
South Sulawesi 90231 Indonesia
Copyright © 2021 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0.
 Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2021, 02(01), 063–070

increase the capacity of service to the community, in addition to occupying the village according to government affairs
that are the authority of the village, the certainty of the availability of funding to organize government and community
empowerment and the availability of human resources that are able to provide services to the community. Jam that the
existence of various stakeholders in supporting the village program will greatly determine the success of a village
government.

The implementation of village government is carried out by the village government and the Village Consultative Agency
(BPD), the village government is a village organization consisting of: (1) elements of the leadership, namely the village
head, the assistant element of the village head, which consists of; Village Secretary, namely the element of staff or service
known by the Village Secretary, (2) elements of technical implementation, namely elements of village head assistants
who carry out field technical affairs such as irrigation, religion, etc., (3) territorial elements, namely village head
assistants in their work areas such as the head of the hamlet or the head of the environment. Basically, rural
development aims and is delivered to realize a just and prosperous society materially and spiritually based on Pancasila
in the container of the Independent, United and Sovereign Republic of Indonesia in a safe, peaceful and dynamic
atmosphere of the nation's life [3]. In order for village development to be realized and achieve the goal, the level of
community participation becomes an important and inseparable part. This community participation determines a plan
or programs in the village, the success of a program without community participation will not work well, following
community participation will be needed in planning or programs, so that the program runs well and as it should [4].
The planned program is certainly related to community development. For this reason, the community is required to
participate in development, in order for development to run as expected, it is necessary to participate from the
community in carrying out development activities [5]. Community participation in the implementation of development
programs requires public awareness of the interests and interests that the strategies applied are awareness strategies.
The role of society in development today is not only as an object, but also as the subject of such development. [6]. The
principle of people-centered development asserts that society must be the main actor in development.

In order for community participation related to village development, the position and role of various stakeholders are
well understood. Research results [7] It was obtained that there are 6 stakeholders involved in village development
planning, where the Banyusoco Village Government and the Village Community Empowerment Institute (LPMD) It plays
an important role in the village development planning process, because it has very high interests, influence and roles.
PS groups that are part of the community element are not involved in the village development planning process so that
the interests, influence and role of ps groups are low.

Usto village is one of the villages that have potential resources, such as; fishery resources (pond cultivation, fishing
catch, and seaweed cultivation). In addition, it also has agricultural potential, namely rice fields, especially rain-dreded
rice fields, and has the potential of livestock, especially cattle. All of these potentials will greatly help the wheels of the
village economy and village development in general. There are various stakeholders in the midst of the usto village
community, among others; Government / Village Apparatus, BPD, Fishermen's Group, Pond Cultivation Group, Seaweed
Cultivation Group, Farmers Group, Breeder Group, Youth Group and Ta'lim Assembly (DKM). In order for development
in Usto Village to run in accordance with the objectives, the active role of all stakeholders becomes very important.
Therefore, stakeholder analysis to find out the role and influence of each stakeholder becomes very important to
increase the active participation of all stakeholders in village development.

2. Material and methods

2.1. Data types and sources

The type of data used in research is primary data sourced from respondents' answers to a number of questions related
to the purpose and methods of research used. Primary data is defined as data obtained directly from the respondent
and first collected. According to [8] that primary data is obtained and collected directly from the research subject either
in the form of data or information using established guidelines.

2.2. Data Collection Methods

The data collection method used by this research data is a survey method with structured interview techniques.
Structured interviews are intended to obtain answers to a number of questions that are comparative in pairs with a
number of stakeholders who are educated in the construction of Usto Village. According to [9] that survey is a research
method conducted by asking several questions to people (respondents) about the opinion of the question asked. While
according to [10] that a structured interview is an interview conducted on a number of questions or statements that
have been arranged with a number of answers available.

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2.3. Metode analysis data

The data analysis method used in this study is the ISM (Intrepretive Structural Modeling) analysis method with the help
of Professional ISM Software 2.0. According to [11] ISM is an expert-based strategic policy analysis tool, and is an
effective methodology for dealing with complex problems. According to [12] ISM is used to identify and summarize
relationships between specific variables, which define problems or problems and this is an interactive learning process.
ISM is a computer-based technique that can help groups identify the relationship between ideas and structures on a
complex issue, where the form of the process method is the focus learning process. The use of the ISM method has also
been widely used, primarily to analyze structural elements based on their contextual relationships. [13, 14, 15].

According to [16] that the ism methodology or technique is divided into two parts, namely; a) the arrangement of
hierarchies, and b) the classification of sub-elements. According to [11] that the ISM stage consists of 3 (three) stages,
namely; 1) system identification stage, 2) analysis stage (software run), and 3) output interperation stage.

The first stage is the system identification stage, including; a) formulation of objectives, b) identification of elements
and sub-elements (variables/attributes), c) determination of the level of contextual relationships between elements /
sub-elements, and d) determination of expert respondents (experts).

 Formulating a goal, namely something that is the focus (ultimate goal) of the study (case), in this case is the
analysis of actors / stakeholders of Usto Village.
 Identify elements &sub-elements through library studies, brainstorming and/or by expert surveys. The
elements studied in this study are the elements of actors / stakeholders, which include; a) Village head, b)
Village Apparatus, c) BPD, d) Fishing Group, e) Pond Cultivator Group, f) Seaweed Cultivation Group, g)
Farmer's Group, h) Breeders Group, i) Coral Cadets and j) Ta'lim Assembly (DKM).
 Structure contextual relationships, based on VAXO (V= Element -i affects the Elements-j, A= Element -j affects
the Elements -i, X= Both elements (i-j) Equally influential/ mutually affecting, O= Both elements (i-j) Both have
no effect. Contextual relationships are arranged in the form of a list of questions (questionnaires) with a pattern
of paired comparisons.
 Determine expert respondents (experts). Respondents are those who meet the criteria as experts or have
expertise related to the case studied. The number of expert respondents can refer to [17] That the number of
experts who have high precision is 3-7 persons.

The second stage is the level of analysis that includes; 1) tabulating data, 2) data input, 3) composing Structural Self-
Interaction Matrix (SSIM), 4) Conversion SSIM become Reachibility Matrix (RM), 5) Matrix correction (rule of
transitivity) until obtained Reachibility Matrix Final, 6) Determining Driven Power and Dependence, 7) formulation of
the position of elements in the ISM quadrant.

 Tabulation of data, done in Microsoft Excel format with extention *CSV (Comma Dilimeted).
 Input data, into ISM Profesionel 2.0 software.
 Run ISM Profesional 2.0 software.

The third stage is the interpretation of the results. Interpretation of the results is done by looking at the resulting output
consist of; 1) THE ISM quadrant which is a picture of the position and relationship between variables/elements, and 2)
level/hierarchy which is an overview of key elements. The ISM quadrant will be obtained as in the following image.

 Quadrant I: Weak Driver-Weak Dependent Variables (Autonomous), Quadrants that show elements that have
low influence and dependence and generally have little to do with the system and are not even related to the
system..
 Quadrant II: Weak Driver-Strongly Dependent Variables (Dependent), is quadrants that show elements that
have low influence with high dependency, this element is an element that is bound to the system (not free).
 Quadrant III: Strong Driver-Strongly Dependent Variables (Linkage) which is a quadrant that shows
elements that have high influence and dependence, this element is relatively less stable, so it must be carefully
studied.
 Quadrant IV: Strong Driver-Weak Dependent Variables (Independent) which is a quadrant that shows
elements that have high influence and low dependency, this element has a great influence on the system and
is independent, so this element is a key element.

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Figure 1 ISM Quadrant

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Stakeholder Identification

Village stakeholders or commonly also referred to as stakeholders at the village level are parties who have interests
related to village development generally and village community development in particular. In general, stakehoders
consist of main stakeholders and supporting or supporting stakeholders. The main stakeholders are stakeholders
directly related to decision making, policies, programs and projects in the village. Those who are the main determinants
in village decision-making in this regard consist of; Village Chief, Village Officer and BPD. While the stakeholders
supporting the village are those who have an indirect influence on policy making in village development, such as;
community leaders, religious leaders and community groups. Based on the results of observations and interviews
conducted, stakeholders were obtained in the development of Usto Village, namely;

Table 1 Stakeholders in the Development of Usto Village

No Stakeholders Description
1 Village head The highest leader at the village level is directly elected by the community through the
selection of the village head. The Village Head determines the overall direction of village
development and coordinates directly with the regional government (head of district
and head of regency).
2 Village Apparatus is an apparatus or village staff that can consist of civil servants (civil servants) or village
contract workers who are employed to assist the village in providing administrative
services and village development..
3 BPD The Village Consultative Agency which is further abbreviated as BPD or what is called by
another name is an institution that carries out government functions whose members
are representatives of the villagers based on regional representation and are
democratically established.
4 Fishing Group Community group which is a fishing community in Usto Village. Fishing groups in the
construction of the Fisheries and Marine Service to increase their productivity.
5 Pond Cultivator The Pond Cultivator Group is a community group that is a community of pond cultivators
Group in Usto Village. Tambak cultivation is one of the potential villages that are quite potential.
6 Seaweed Seaweed farming group is a community group that is a seaweed farming community.
Cultivation Group Seaweed is one of the potential commodities in Usto Village.
7 Farmer's Group The Farmer Group is a community of rice paddy farmers in Usto Village and in the
construction of the Agriculture Office. Generally the construction or assistance provided
is agricultural extension and seed assistance or Alsintan.
8 Breeders Group The breeder group is a community group that is a community of breeders whose
members are communities that have livestock, both cattle, goats, buffaloes and poultry.

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No Stakeholders Description
9 Youth Group Youth group is a community group of young people who generally do art and sports as a
unifying medium.
10 Ta'lim Assembly Majelis Ta'lim is a community group that is specifically gathered in religious activities,
(DKM) especially in mosque administrators or commonly called DKM (Mosque Prosperity
Council).

3.2. Stakeholder Position Analysis

Stakeholder position analysis is analysis using the ISM quadrant. This analysis is intended to analyze the level of
influence and the level of dependence of each element studied on other elements. Expert respondents' answer data is
further tabulated in Microsoft Excel format with extensions*.CSV (Comma Delimeted). Each element is coded to
facilitate its analysis, as follows::

Table 2 Coding elements stakeholders Usto Village

No Stakeholders Code
1 Village Head A1
2 Village Apparatus A2
3 BPD A3
4 Fishing Group A4
5 Pond Cultivator Group A5
6 Seaweed Cultivation Group A6
7 Farmer's Group A7
8 Breeders Group A8
9 Youth Group A9
10 Ta'lim Assembly (DKM) A10

Furthermore, the data from expert respondent assessments based on coding and values obtained is added into the ISM
Professional 2.0 software to be further run. The data analysis output is obtained by the ISM quadrant as follows:

The results of the analysis as in figure 2 above show that the stakeholders of village development in Usto Village, spread
into 3 quadrants, namely; 1) Quadrant IV (A1: Village head), 2) Quadrant III (A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A9, and A10), and
3) Quadrant II (A8: Breeders Group). Based on this position it appears that quadrant III is the most dominant quadrant
that shows the position of stakeholders in the development of Usto Village. According to [18] That quadrant III is the
one that indicates the position of elements with high influence and dependence. According to [13] That quadrant III is
a quadrant that shows elements that have high influence and dependence, this element is relatively less stable, so it
must be studied carefully. The same is said [15] that quadrant III is called the lingkage quadrant which is the quadrant
which is the position of the connecting element.

While quadrant IV is an independent quadrant that shows elements that have high influence and low dependence. This
element has a great influence on the system and is independent, so it is a key element [11]. It is further stated that the
key elements are those that have a high influence and a relatively low level of dependency. While the element contained
in quadrant II is element A8 (breeder group). This element shows the opposite of the element in quadrant IV, which is
an element that has a relatively low influence and relatively high dependency. So that elements contained dslam
quadrant II is generally referred to as dependent elements or elements that are bound or have a relatively high
dependence on the system.

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Figure 2 ISM quadrant for Stakeholders of Usto Village

3.3. Key Stakeholder Analysis

The analysis of key stakeholders is an attempt to find one or more key elements in the system, in this case it is a system
related to increasing stakeholder participation in the development of Usto Village. One of the outputs of ISM analysis
with the help of Professional ISM software 2.0 is a hierarchy / level that shows the position of elements in a level /
hierarchy. Hierarchy/level stakeholder elements are presented as follows:

Figure 3 Hierarchy / Level of stakeholders elements of Usto Village development

The results of the analysis of ISM Professional 2.0 software obtained that the key stakeholders in increasing community
participation for the development of Usto Village are village heads (A1). The next important element is BPD (A2), Village
Apparatus (A3) and Seaweed Cultivator Group ut (A6). The Village Head is domiciled as the Head of the Village
Government who leads the implementation of the Village Government, which has the task of organizing the Village
Government, carrying out development, community development, and community empowerment. On the other hand,
the authority of the Village Head is also quite high with the Village Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning villages. In the law it
is mentioned that the Village Chief is the Village Government or what is called by another name assisted by village
devices as an element of village government organizers. In addition, in the village law it is also mentioned that the village
head is directly elected by the community for a service period of 6 years per period and a maximum of 3 periods. In
addition, it also has the right and authority over village funds both sourced from the State Budget (APBN) and from the
APBD. This great flexibility becomes one of the basis why the Village Chief becomes the main actor or stakeholder in
village development. The Village Chief is the top management leader at the village level. Top management that has good
capacity and capability will have an influence on organizational performance [19]. While according to [20] that a leader
who has high abilities, it will have an influence on the performance of the organization including the performance of
subordinates (staff).

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4. Conclusion
Research results obtained; 1) Stakeholders in the development of Usto Village include; Village Head, Village Apparatus,
BPD, Fishermen's Group, Pond Cultivator Group, Seaweed Cultivation Group, Farmers Group, Breeder Group, Youth
Group and Ta'lim Assembly (DKM). 2) Stakeholders in the development of Usto village spread across 3 quadrants
namely; Quadrant IV (A1: Village head), Quadrant III (A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A9, and A10), and Quadrant II (A8: Breeders
Group), 3) A key stakeholder in increasing community participation for the development of Usto Village is the Village
Head (A1).

Compliance with ethical standards

Acknowledgments
Thank you for the collaboration between the two universities, namely; College of Economics, AMKOP Makassar and
Cokroaminoto University Makassar. Thank you to the Head of Usto Village and staff for cooperation during the research
took place.

Disclosure of conflict of interest

In principle we do not have a conflict of interest, considering our role and field of study which is different.

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