UE22MA251 LINEAR ALGEBRA AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Unit-2- Four Fundamental Subspaces & Linear Transformations:

Linear Independence, Basis and Dimensions, Row reduced Echelon form, Sum of
subspaces, Direct Sums, The Four Fundamental Subspaces, Rank-Nullity theorem. Linear
Transformations, Algebra of Linear transformations, Invertible maps, Isomorphisms.
Applications.
Self-Learning Component: Examples of Vector Spaces and Subspaces.

Class No. Portions to be covered

18-20 Linear Dependence, Independence, Span, Basis and Dimension

21-22 Echelon Form, Row Reduced Echelon Form, Pivot Variables , Free variables
23 Sum of Subspaces, Direct Sums
24 Matlab Class Number 3 – LU Decomposition
25-27 The Four Fundamental Subspaces-Column Space and Null Space
28-29 Row Space, Left Null Space
30 Uniqueness & Existence of Inverses, Rank-Nullity theorem
31-32 Linear Transformations, Transformations represented by Matrices
33-34 Algebra of Linear transformations, Invertible maps, Isomorphisms
35 Matlab Class Number 4 -Inverse of a Matrix by Gauss Jordan Method
36 Applications

Classwork problems:

1. Examine if the following sets of vectors are linearly independent. If not, find a
relation between the vectors:
(a) {(4,2,-1,3), (6,5,-5,1), (2,-1,3,5)}
(b) {𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑡 2 }
(c) {𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 2, 2𝑡 2 , 3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 2}
1 2 2 -1 3 1
(d) {( ),( ),( )} in 𝑀2𝑥2 (𝑅)
1 0 1 2 2 2
Answer: (a)dependent 2v1=v2+v3. (b) independent (c)independent
(d) dependent, M1+M2=M3.
2. (a)Determine whether these vectors
{(1,2,-2,1), (-3,0,-4,3), (2,1,1,-1), (-3,3,-9,6)} form a basis of ℝ4 . If not, find
the dimension of the subspace S they span. If S is a subspace of ℝ4 , extend
the basis of S to a basis of ℝ4 .
(b) Do these vectors {(2,2,3), (-1,-2, 1), (0,1,0)} span ℝ3 .
Answer: (a)They do not form a basis of R4. They span a subspace
𝑆 = {(1,2,-2,1), (-3,0,-4,3)} of dimension 2. (b)Yes. They span ℝ3 .
3. Reduce the following matrices to Row Reduced Echelon form and determine
0 1 -2 -1
1 3 -2 5
1 2 -1 3
their ranks(2 1 3 2 ), ( ) . Identify the pivot variables and
3 7 -8 3
4 7 -1 12
4 5 -7 0
free variables. Find the special solutions to Ax=0.
Answer: (i) ( -11/5,7/5,1,0 ), (-1/5,-8/5,0,1); (ii) (0,-7/3,-5/3,1 )
4. For the following vectors
(i) 𝑆 = { (0,0,1), (1,0,1), (0,1,1)}. Is u=(1, 1,1) in span of S.
(ii) 𝑆 = {𝑣1 = 2𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 2, v2 = 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡, v3 = 5𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 2, v4 = −𝑡 2 −
3𝑡 − 2}. Does 𝑢 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 2 ∈ span{ 𝑣1 , v2 , v3 , v4 }. Find a basis for the
subspace W which spans S and what is its dimension.
(iii) { (1,2, −1), (2,3,4), (0,0,1)}. Do these vectors span ℝ3 .(Home-work)
Answer: (i) Yes (ii) No, 𝑊 = { 𝑣1 , v2 }; dim 𝑊 = 2 (iii)Yes, they span ℝ3 .
5. Let 𝑈 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)/𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0}, 𝑉 = {(0,0, 𝑐)}. Show that ℝ3 = 𝑈 +
𝑉. Is U+V a direct sum.
Answer: Yes
6. Find a basis and dimension of U+V given;
(i) 𝑈 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{ (1, −1, −1. −2), (1, −2, −2, 0), (1, −1, −2, −2)}.
(ii) 𝑉 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{ (1, −2, −3. 0), (1, −1, −3, 2), (1, −1, −2, 2)}.
What is the dimension of 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉.
7. Find the Column space and Null space for the following matrices:
1 2 -1 3
1 1 -3 -2
3 5 2 0
( 2 9 8 3) ( )
0 1 2 1
1 -1 3 2
-1 0 -2 7
Answer: C(A) is a 3-d plane in ℝ3 and N(A) is a line in ℝ4 .
C(A) is ℝ4 and N(A) is origin in ℝ4 .
8. For which vector (a, b, c) does the following system Ax=b have a solution?
x + 2y - 3z = a; 2x + 3y + 3z = b; 5x + 9y - 6z = c
Answer: c-b-3a=0
9. Find a basis for the set of vectors in ℝ3 in the plane x + y - 3z = 0.
Answer: {(-1,1,0), (3,0,1)}
10. 1 2 -1
𝑥
1 9 -1
For which vector (b1,b2,b3,b4) is this system solvable? ( ) (𝑦) =
-3 8 3
𝑧
-2 3 2
𝑏1
𝑏
( 2 ).(Home-work)
𝑏3
𝑏4
Answer:. 𝑏3 − 2𝑏2 + 5𝑏1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏4 − 𝑏2 + 3𝑏1 = 0 .
11.If the set of vectors {u,v,w} are linearly independent vectors, then show that
the set {𝑢 + 𝑣 − 2𝑤, 𝑢 − 𝑣 − 𝑤, 𝑢 + 𝑤} is linearly independent.
12.Find a basis and dimension of the subspace W of V=M2x2 spanned by
1 2 1 0 0 2 2 4 1 0
{( ),( ),( ),( ),( )}. (Home-work)
1 2 1 1 0 1 2 4 0 1
Answer: Basis of W ={𝑀1 , 𝑀2 , 𝑀5 } Dim=3
13.Find a basis and the dimension of the subspaces of 𝑈 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑)/𝑏 −
2𝑐 + 𝑑 = 0} and 𝑉 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑)/𝑎 = 𝑑, 𝑏 = 2𝑐} in ℝ4 . Find basis and dim
of 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉.
Answer: Dim of U=3;Dim of V=2;Basis of 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 = {(0, 2,1,0)} and Dim =1.
14.If the column space of A is spanned by the vectors (1,2,7,5), (-2,-1,-8,-7),
(-1,3,3,0) find all those vectors that span the null space of A. What are the
bases and dimensions of C(AT) and N(AT).
7 5
Answer: 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁(𝐴) = (− , − , 1),Dim of C(AT)=2, Dim of N(AT)=1.
3 3
15.Obtain the four fundamental subspaces , their basis and dimension given
1 3 1 2 1
1 9 4 5 2
( ) . Also describe the four fundamental subspaces.
4 12 8 8 7
0 0 3 1 4
16.Find left / right inverse (whichever possible) for the following matrices:
3 1
3 -1 1
(i) ( ) (ii) ( 0 0 )(Home-work).
1 1 -1
1 -2
17.Which of these transformations are not linear? Give reasons.
(𝑖)𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧)
(𝑖𝑖)𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 3, 2𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑦) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥𝑦, 𝑥)
Answer: (ii)T(0) is not equal to 0 (iii)T(kv) ≠ KT(v)
18.Find the image of these points after applying the transformation given:
(i)Rotate (-1,3) counter clockwise through 30o line.
(ii)Reflect (2,3) across 90o line and then project on x-axis.
−3−√3 −1+3√3
Answer: (i) ( , ) (ii) (-2,0)
2 2
19.For each of the following linear transformations T, find a basis and the
dimension of the range and kernel of T:
(i) 𝑇: ℝ3 → ℝ2 defined by T(x, y, z)=(2x+z, x+y)
(ii) 𝑇: ℝ3 → ℝ3 defined by T(x, y,z)=(x+2y+3z, -3x-2y-z, -2x+2z)
Answer: (i) {(2,1),(0,1)} 2; {(-1/2,1/2,1)} 1 (ii) {(1,-3,-2),(2,-2,0)} 2; {(1,-2,1)} 1.
20.Find the matrix of the linear transformation T on ℝ3 defined by
T(x,y,z)=(2y+z, x-4y, 3x) with respect to
(i)the standard basis (1,0,0),(0,1,0), ((0,0,1)
(ii)the basis (1,1,1),(1,1,0), ((1,0,0)
0 2 1 3 5 -1
Answer: (𝑖) (1 -4 0 ) (𝑖𝑖) (-6 -6 -2 )
3 0 0 6 3 3
4 3
21.Find a linear mapping 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ whose Kernel is spanned by (-2,1,0,0) and
(1,0,-1,1).
Answer: T(x,y,z,t)=(x+2y+z, z+t, 0)
22.If 𝐹: ℝ3 → ℝ2 , 𝐺: ℝ3 → ℝ2 and 𝐻: ℝ2 → ℝ2 defined by F(x,y,z)=(y, x+z),
G(x,y,z)=(2z, x+z-y), H(x,y)=(y, 2x) find F+G, 3F-2G, HoF, FoH, Ho (F+G) and (HoF+
HoG)
Answer: (F+G) (x,y,z)=(y+2z, 2x-y+z), (3F-2G) (x,y,z)=(3y+4z, x+2y+3z),
(HoF) (x,y,z)=(x+z, 2y), (Ho (F+G)) (x,y,z)= (HoF+ HoG) (x,y,z)= (2x-y+z, 2y+4z),
FoH is not defined.
23. (i) If 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ3 is a linear transformation defined by
T(x,y)=(3x+y,5x+7y, x+3y). Show that T is one-to-one. Is T onto?
(ii) Is T invertible? Find a rule for 𝑇 −1 like the one which defines T
where T(x,y,z)=(3x,x-y, 2x+y+z) is a transformation in ℝ3 .
Answer: (i)No (ii) Yes; T-1(x,y,z)=( x/3, x/3-y, -x+y+z)