CHAPTER – 7

TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies Given a right-angled triangle ABC, and ∠ACB = θ the
relationships involving lengths and angles of triangles. trigonometric ratios are defined as follows:
Trigonometry literally means the measuring (of angles
and sides) of triangles. A

Measurement of angles:
opposite hypotenuse
The angle between two lines can be measured in various side
systems. We consider two of these systems,
(a) Sexagesimal System and θ
(b) Circular System.
B adjacent side or base C
(a) Sexagesimal System:
A right angle is taken as the unit of measurement. opp AB
1
/90th of a right angle is termed as a degree (1o). sinθ = =
1
/60th of a degree is termed as a minute (1'). hyp AC
1
/60th of a minute is termed as a second (1''). adj BC
cosθ = =
Basic Conversions: hyp AC
60'' = 1'. opp AB
tanθ = =
60' = 1°. adj BC
and 90° = 1 right angle.
adj BC
cotθ = =
(b) Circular System: opp AB
hyp AC
secθ = =
adj BC
O R hyp AC
cosecθ = =
r opp AB
1c
Q From the ratios, we can easily observe the following relations:
P r
(a) Reciprocal Relations:
A radian (1c) is taken as the basic unit of this 1 1
measure. cosecθ = ; sinθ =
sin θ cos ec θ
A radian (1c) is defined as the angle subtended at the
1
centre of a circle by an arc whose length (ℓ) equals secθ = ; cosθ = 1
the radius (r). cos θ sec θ
1
i.e., ℓ = r tanθ = ; cotθ = 1
∴If arc PQ = r, cot θ tan θ
then ∠POQ = 1 radian.
(b) tanθ = sin θ ; cotθ = cos θ .
Note: cos θ sin θ
(i) Radian is a real constant.
(c) sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
(ii) The circular and sexagesimal measures are related
by cosec2θ – cot2θ = 1
πc or π radians = 180°. sec2θ – tan2θ = 1
2π radians = 360°.
(iii) 1 revolution = 2π radians. Signs of Trigonometric Ratios:
Important Conversions: (i) If θ lies in the first quadrant (0 < θ < π/2), all the
trigonometric ratios are positive.
Sexagesimal Circular (ii) If θ lies in the second quadrant (π/2 < θ < π), only sin
Measure Measure θ and cosec θ are positive and the rest of the ratios
30° π/6 are negative.
45° π/4 (iii) In the third quadrant (π < θ < 3π/2), only tan θ and
60° π/3 cot θ are positive and the rest of the ratios are negative.
(iv) In the fourth quadrant (3π/2 < θ < 2π), only cos θ and
90° π/2
sec θ are positive and the rest of the ratios are
270° 3π/2
negative.
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The signs of the trigonometric ratios can be remembered (ii) The absolute value of the ratio is to be arrived at
with the help of the diagram given below. as per the following table:

Y Ratio when n is even when n is odd

sine and cosec (+ve)
All (+ve) sin (nπ / 2 ± θ) sin θ cos θ
Rest, (−ve) cos (nπ / 2 ± θ) cos θ sin θ
Ι Quadrant tan (nπ / 2 ± θ) tan θ cot θ
ΙΙ Quadrant
0° to 90°
90° to 180°
X′
O X Values of Trigonometric functions of some
tan and cot (+ve) cos and sec (+ve) standard angles
Rest, (−ve) Rest, (−ve)
θ 0 π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
ΙΙΙ Quadrant ΙV Quadrant
180° to 270° sin θ 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 0 −1 0
270° to 360°
cos θ 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 −1 0 1
Y′
tan θ 0 1/ 3 1 3 ∞ 0 ∞ 0
In the above graph angles in different quadrants and the
signs of the trigonometric ratios are given. As a Maximum and Minimum values of Trigonometric
mnemonic, this can be remembered as All Silver Tea Ratios:
Cups
(i) The sine and cosine of an angle can never be less
Angles greater than 90°: than −1 and cannot be greater than +1.
(ii) The secant and cosecant of an angle will not have
To get the value of various ratios for angles greater than any value between −1 and +1.
90°, let us look at the absolute value and the sign of the (iii) The tangent and co-tangent of an angle can take any
ratio separately. real value.
(iv) The minimum value of asinx + bcosx + c is
(i) Sign of the ratio:
c − a2 +b2
Depending on which quadrant the angle falls in, the (v) The maximum value of asinx + bcosx + c is
sign of the result of required ratio should be
determined as per the "All Silver Tea Cups" rule c + a2 +b2
above.

Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent functions

sine function: y = sin x
y

1–

–2π
• •
3 π –π
• π• •
0 π• •π •
3π
• 2π x
− −
2 2 2 2
– –1

Range = [–1, 1]

cosine function: y = cos x

–π π
• • π • • π • • • • 5π x
− 0 3 π 2π
2 2 2 2

–1

Range = [–1, 1]

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tangent function: y = tan x
y

x
–π/2 0 π/2 π 3π/2

Range = R or (–∞, ∞)

Some important trigonometric identities to 3. Half - angle formulae:

remember: Replacing θ by θ/2 in the formulae given in (2), we get the
following formulae.
1. (a) sin(−θ) = −sin θ
(b) cos(−θ) = cos θ (i) sin θ = 2sin θ/2 cosθ/2
(c) tan(−θ) = −tan θ 2 tan θ / 2
=
"T-ratios of compound angles" 1+ tan2 θ / 2

Compound Angle: An angle obtained by the sum or (ii) cos θ = cos² θ/2 − sin² θ/2
difference of two or more angles is called a compound angle. = 2 cos² θ/2 − 1
1 − tan 2 θ / 2
= 1 − 2sin² θ/2 =
1. Addition and Subtraction formulae: 1+ tan 2 θ / 2
(i) sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB 2 tan θ / 2
(ii) sin (A − B) = sinA cosB − cosA sinB (iii) tan θ =
1− tan 2 θ / 2
(iii) cos (A + B) = cosA cosB − sinA sinB
(iv) cos (A − B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB cot2 θ / 2 − 1
tanA + tanB (iv) cot θ =
(v) tan (A + B) = 2 cot θ / 2
1 − tanA tan B
tan A − tanB 4. Triple angle formulae:
(vi) tan (A − B) =
1+ tan A tanB (i) sin3θ = 3sinθ − 4sin3 θ
cot A cot B − 1 (ii) cos3θ = 4cos3 θ − 3cosθ
(vii) cot (A + B) =
cot A + cot B 3 tan θ − tan3 θ
(iii) tan3θ =
cot A cot B + 1 1− 3 tan2 θ
(viii) cot (A − B) =
cot B − cot A
cot3 θ − 3 cot θ 3 cot θ − cot3 θ
(ix) sin (A + B) sin (A − B) = sin²A − sin²B (iv) cot3θ = =
3 cot2 θ − 1 1− 3 cot 2 θ
= cos² B − cos²A
(x) cos (A + B) cos (A − B) = cos²A − sin²B 5. Formulae for changing the Product into Sum or
= cos² B − sin²A Difference:
∑ tanA − π tanA
(xi) tan (A + B + C) = 2 sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)
1 − ∑ tanA tanB
2 cosA sinB = sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)
2. Double angle formulae: 2 cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)
2 sinA sinB = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)
2 tan θ
(i) sin2θ = 2sinθ cosθ =
1 + tan2 θ 6. Formulae for changing the Sum or Difference into
Products:
(ii) cos2θ = cos²θ − sin²θ = 2 cos²θ − 1
1− tan2 θ  C + D  cos  C − D 
= 1 − 2sin²θ = sinC + sinD = 2sin    
1+ tan2 θ  2   2 
(iii) From (ii) above,  C + D  sin C − D
sinC − sinD = 2cos    
1+ cos 2θ 1− cos 2θ  2   2 
cos θ = ; sin θ =
2 2
C + D C − D
2 tanθ cosC + cosD = 2cos   cos  
(iv) tan2θ =  2   2 
1− tan2 θ
cot2 θ −1  C + D  sin D − C
(v) cot2θ = cosC – cosD = 2sin    
2 cot θ  2   2 
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Other standard results Examples:
a b c
(i) = = = 2R 7.01. Convert 7π radians into degrees.
sin A sin B sin C 12
(R is the circumradius)
Sol: π radians = 180°
∴ 7 π = 7 π ⋅ 180 ° = 105 °
(ii) A
12 12 π
c b
7.02. If an athlete runs 1800 m around a circular
B C path of circumference 250 m, then find the
a
angle covered by the athlete in radians.
Area of a triangle
ABC, (∆) = (1/2) ab sinC
Sol: The athlete makes 1800 = 7 1 rounds of the
(where C is the angle included between the sides of 250 5
the lengths a and b) circular path.
Alternatively ∆ = 1/2 bc sinA and 1/2 ca sinB also give 1 round = 2π radians
the same result. 1
7 rounds = 7 1 × 2π radians
5 5
(iii) Cosine Rule:
= 36
× 2π radians = 72 π radians.
cosA = b + c − a
2 2 2 5 5
2 bc
7.03. If the angles of a triangle are in arithmetic
cosB = a + c − b
2 2 2
progression with a common difference of 20°
2 ac then express the angles in radian measure.
cosC = a + b − c
2 2 2

2ab Sol: Let A, B, C denote the angles of the triangle.

So, A + B + C = 180°
The angles being in A.P., with a common
(iv)
O is the centre and difference of 20°, A = B − 20°and C = B + 20°
PQ is a chord. ∴ B − 20° + B + B + 20° = 180°
O ⇒ 3B = 180°
r ⇒ B = 60°, A = 40° and C = 80°
A
P Q ∴ Angles in circular measure are 2 π , π , 4 π .
9 3 9
Chord PQ = 2rsin A , r = radius of the circle.
2
7.04. Find the angle covered by a minute hand in
54 minutes.
Heights and Distances
Sol: The angle covered by a minute hand in
O' B 60 minutes = 360°
β
∴ Angle covered in 54 minutes = 360 ° × 54
60
= 324° = 9π radians.
5

α 7.05. If tan2θ − 3 = 0 and θ is in the ΙΙΙ Quadrant,

O A
then find the values of sinθ and secθ.
Let AB be a vertical line drawn from B to A to meet the
horizontal line drawn from O (which is at a lower level than Sol: tan2θ − 3 = 0
B) and let BO' be the horizontal line drawn through B ⇒ tan2θ = 3
(i.e., BO' is parallel to OA) ⇒ tanθ = ± 3
Then ∠AOB is called the angle of elevation of point Since θ lies in the ΙΙΙ quadrant tanθ is positive,
B as seen from point O and ∠O' BO is the angle of whereas, sinθ and secθ are negative.
depression of point O as seen from point B. It can be
readily seen that α = β i.e. Secθ = 1 + tan 2 θ = 4 =−2
Angle of Elevation = Angle of Depression (since AO is ⇒ cosθ = − 1
parallel to BO'). 2
1 3
Using the trigonometric ratios on angles of elevation and Sinθ = 1− cos2 θ = 1− =− .
depression, we can find out heights and distances as seen 4 2
in the examples given in the later part of this chapter.

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7.06. Show that sin θ
+
sin θ
= 2cosecθ. ⇒ y = 200 2 + 3 m( )
1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
Distance AB is x + y= 200 2 − 3 + 2 + 3 [ ]
sin θ sin θ = 800 m.
Sol: +
1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
sinθ[1+ cosθ + 1− cosθ] 7.10. Find sin8θ + cos8θ, when θ = π .
= 3
(1− cos2 θ)
Sol: sin8θ +cos8θ = sin8 π + cos8 π
= 2 sin θ = 2cosecθ 3 3
sin θ
2
8
[Using the identity cos θ + sin θ = 1]
2 2  3   1 8
=   +  = 1 4
    [ 3 + 1]
2
 2 
8
2
7.07. Prove that (cosecθ − cotθ) (cosecθ + cotθ)
− sin2θ + (sinθ + cosθ)2 = 2.
= 82 = 41 .
256 128
Sol: (cosecθ − cotθ) (cosecθ + cotθ) − sin2θ + (sinθ +
cosθ)2 7.11. Find the value of cos ( –1200°).
= (cosec2θ − cot2θ) − sin2θ + sin2θ + cos2θ +
Sol: We know that cos (– θ) = cos θ.
2sinθcosθ = 2.
⇒ cos (–1200°) = cos 1200°
[∵ cosec2 − cot2θ = 1; sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 and 2sinθ = cos (3 × 360° + 120°)
cosθ = sin2θ] = cos 120°
= cos (180° – 60°) = – cos 60° = –1/2
7.08. If 6, 7, 8 represent the lengths of the sides of
a triangle, then find the cosine of the greatest 7.12. Find the value of cos215° –cos 2 75°.
angle in the triangle.
Sol: cos2 15 – cos2 75
Sol: Let a = 6, b = 7 and c = 8 = sin (75° + 15°) sin (75° – 15°) = sin 90°.
The greatest angle of a triangle will be opposite 3
to the greatest side of the triangle. sin 60° = .
Here c is the greatest side 2
∴ ∠C is the greatest angle.
3 1
a2 + b2 − c2 36 + 49 − 64 7.13. Find the value of − .
cos C = = sin20° cos 20°
2ab 2(6) (7)
21 1  3 
= = 2
1
cos 20° − sin 20°
2(6) (7) 4  2
Sol: 3 cos 20° − sin 20°
= 
2 
sin20° cos 20°
7.09. From the top of a tower of height 200 m, the
1
(2 sin20° cos 20°)
2
angles of depression of two points on opposite
sides of the tower are observed to be 15° and = 4(sin 60 ° cos 20 ° − cos 60 ° sin 20 ° )
75°. Find the distance between the two points. sin 40 °

(Hint: tan15° = 2 – 3 and tan 75° = 2 + 3 )  sin40° 

= 4   = 4
 sin40° 
Sol:
D 4
75° 15° 7.14. If α and β are acute angles such that sin α =
5
and cos β = 5 , then find the value of sin α − β .
200m 13 2
75° 15° Sol: Consider cos (α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
A x C y B
= 3 . 5 + 4 . 12 ⇒ cos (α– β) = 63
5 13 5 13 65
Let CD be the height of the tower and A and B be
two points on the ground. From ∆ACD,  α −β
We know that sin  
tan75° = 200  2 
x
63
1−
⇒x=
2+ 3
200
(
⇒ x = 200 2 − 3 m ) =
1− cos(α − β)
2
=
2
65

2 1
200 = =
From ∆BCD, tan15° = 2(65) 65
y
200
⇒y=
2− 3

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 Concept Review Questions
Directions for questions 1 to 30: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given choices.
For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

1. (i) The value of 6π in sexagesimal measure is (C) 1 (D) 3

5 3
_____. 12. If tanα = cotβ = 1 and α, β are both acute angles, then
(A) 144° (B) 216° (C) 240° (D) 120° find the value of 2α + β.
3π π 2π 4π
(ii) The value of 72° in circular measure is _____ . (A) (B) (C) (D)
4 2 3 3
4π
(A) 2π (B) (C) 3π (D) 6π
5 5 5 5 1
13. If the value of cosθ = and θ is not acute, then the
2. (i) sin (270° - A) = ______. 2
(A) cos A (B) sin A (C) –cos A (D) –sin A value of tanθ = _____.
1 −1
(ii) sin 750° = ______. (A) 1 (B) –1 (C) (D)
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 1/2 (D) –1/2 3 3

(iii) sin 25° + cos 115° = _______. 14. sin2 45° + cos 2 45° = .
1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D)
2
15. sin 30° + 3 tan 60° – sec 0° = _____.
3. Given that sinθ is positive and cosθ is negative, then (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 5/2
θ is in _____ quadrant.
(A) 1st (B) 2nd (C) 3rd (D) 4th 16. If x = sinθ and y = cosθ and 0° < θ < 45°, then _____.
(A) x = y (B) x > y
(C) x < y (D) x ≥ y
4. If θ is acute and cosecθ = 17 , then cotθ is _____.
8
8 15 15 17 17. If 3sinθ = 2 and θ is in II quadrant, then tan θ =
(A) (B) (C) (D) ______.
15 17 8 15
−2 2
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) − 2
5. sinθ ⋅ cosecθ = _____. 5 5 5 5
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) tanθ (D) cotθ
18. If cosecθ = – 2 and tanθ = –1, then cosθ = ______.
6. The greatest angle in a triangle is opposite to the
(D) −1
1
_____. (A) 2 (B) (C) − 2
(A) smallest side (B) greatest side 2 2
(C) either (A) or (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)
19. Which of the following statements is true if cosθ <
7. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are 1, 3 and sinθ?
π π π
2, then the angles opposite to these sides are ______ (A) <θ< (B) −π < θ <
respectively. 4 2 2 2
(A) 45°, 60°, 75° (B) 30°, 60°, 90° (C) 0 < θ < π (D) 0 < θ < π
(C) 30°, 45°, 105° (D) None of these 3 4

8. If ‘θ’ is an acute angle, and sin θ = cosθ, then θ = 20. Which of the following can be true?
_______. (A) sinθ = π (B) cosθ = −π
π π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D) (C) secθ = 1 (D) cosecθ = −3
3 6 4 2 2

9. sec4 θ + tan4 θ - 2 sec2 θ tan2 θ = . 21. At how many points does the graph of the function
y = sinx meet the x – axis for –π ≤ x < π?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
10. cosec4 θ + cot4 θ – 2 cosec2 θcot2 θ = .
22. At how many points does the graph of the function
y = cos x meet the x – axis for – π ≤ x ≤ π?
11. sin30° cos60° + cos30°.sin60° = _____.
(A) 1 (B) 1
2 23. sec2 60° – tan 2 60° = _____.
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) –2
nd
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 (C) [–1, 1] (D) [–2, 2]
2 2
24. cosec 120° – cot 120° = . 28. If cot θ + tan θ =2, then cos θ = _____.
25. If θ is acute and sec θ = 13 , then tan θ can be _____. 1
5 (A) ± (B) ± 1
3 2
(A) 12 but not − 12
5 5 1 3
12 12 (C) ± (D) ±
(B) − but not 2 2
5 5
(C) either 12 or − 12
5 5 29. If cot θ = −3 and sin θ = 4 , then θ lies in _____.
12 4 5
(D) neither nor − 12
5 5 (A) Q1 (B) Q2
(C) Q3 (D) Q4
26. If tan θ = 4 , then θ lies in _____.
5 30. sin2 240° + cos 2 240° = .
(A) Q2 (B) Q3
(C) Q1 (D) Q1 or Q3

27. The range of 2 sin θ is _____.

(A) [0, 1] (B) [–2, 1]

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 Exercise – 7(a)
Directions for questions 1 to 30: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given choices.
For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

1. If the sexagesimal measure of an angle is 225°, the n (ii) If cosecθ – cotθ = p, then cosecθ + cotθ = _____.
the angle expressed in the circular measure is _____. 1 1
(A) 3 π (B) 2 π (C) 5 π (D) 17 π
c c c c (A) p (B) –p (C) (D)
4 3 4 8
p2 p

2. The value of cos 28° + cos 65° + cos 115° + cos 208 ° + 13. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are 2, 3 3
cos 240° + cos 300° is . and 7, then the greatest angle (in degrees) of the
triangle is .
3. A clock was set at noon. If the clock stops functioning
ଷగ
after the minute hand has swept an angle of
ଶ x −1 x +1
radians, then the time which the clock shows now is 14. If x = secθ and y = tanθ, then − = _____.
x +1 x −1
_____.
(A) 12:30 p.m. (B) 12:35 p.m. (A) 2y (B) −2y (C) −2 (D) 2
(C) 12:45 p.m. (D) 12:55 p.m. y y

cosec θ + cot θ 15. If sinθ + cosθ = 2 , then find tannθ + cotnθ.

4. If 13 sinθ = 12 and θ is acute, then =
tan θ + sec θ
_____. .
(A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 10 (D) 8
8 10 3 3
16. The value of sin 12° sin 48° sin 54° is equal to _____.
5. A wheel makes 12 revolutions per hour. The number (Given 4 sinA sin(60 + A) sin (60 – A) = sin3A))
of radians it turns through in 20 minutes is _____. (A) 1/16 (B) 1/8 (C) 1/4 (D) 1/2
(A) 8π (B) 16π (C) 24π (D) 32π
17. If (1 – cot 4°) (1 – cot 5°) (1 – cot 6°) ………
2 2 2
6. If 3cos A = cos60°+ sin 45°, then sec A = . (1 – cot 41°) = 2 P, then the value of P is .

7. 3 (cos245° + sin 2225°) − 3 (sin2225° + cos 4225°) =

_____. 18. If 0 < θ < 45°, then find the value of
(A) 4/3 (B) 1/9 (C) 3/4 (D) 1/2
2− 2− 2 − 2 cos 2 θ .
8. (1 + tanθ + secθ) (1 + secθ – tanθ) – 2secθ =
(A) 2 + 2 − 2 cosθ (B) 2 − 2 − 2 cosθ
.

(C) 2 − 2 − 2 sinθ (D) 2 + 2 − 2 sinθ

9. If cosθ + cos2θ = 1, then sin2θ + sin4θ = .

19. (i) The range of cos2θ + sin4θ is

10. In the figure shown below, if D
tan A + tan B + tan C = 5, then C 3   1 3
(A)  , 1 (B)  , 
tan D = _____. 4   4 4
(A) 2
 1 1  1 
(B) 0 (C) − ,  (D)  − , 1
(C) 5
A  2 2  2 
B
(D) −5
(ii) The maximum value of sin2x − cos2x is
11. If secα and secβ are the roots of the equation (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) −2
ax2 + bx + c = 0 and also given that α + β = 180°, then
which of the following is true? (iii) If f(x) = 3 sinx – 4 cos x, the minimum value of
(A) b + a = 0 (B) c = 0 f(x) is _____.
(C) b = 0 (D) a = b (A) –5 (B) –3
(C) 0 (D) None of these
12. (i) If secθ +tanθ = m, then cosθ = _____.
m m
(A) (B) 20. In ∆ ABC, if AB = 5 units, BC = 3 units and
m2 + 1 m2 − 1
∠A = 30°, then find the value of sinC.
m2 + 1
(C) (D) 2m (A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 3 (D) 5
m2 − 1 m +1
2 5 6

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21. In the figure given below, a = _____. 24. Ranvir stood at a point on the ground. The angles of
A elevation of the top and bottom of a flag post standing
on the top of a building 300 m high at his eyes were
60° 45°and 60°respectively. The height (in metres) of the
3 4
flag post is .
B a C
25. The angles of elevation of an electric pole from two
(A) 6 units (B) 7 units points A and B lying on the level ground on either side
of the pole are 30° and 60° respectively. If the tw o
(C) 13 units (D) 17 units points A and B are 500 m apart, then at what distance
from point A is the electric pole?(in m)
22. (i) The relation which best describes the graph
given below is _____.
Y
26. The angle of elevation of the top of a vertical tower at
the eyes of a man is 30°. After travelling a distan ce of
2 1500 m towards the tower, he now finds the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower to be 60°. The he ight
• X of the tower is _____.
0 π/3 2π/3 π
(A) 750 m (B) 750 3 m
(C) 250 3 m (D) 1250 m
(A) y = sin 3 x , x ≥ 0 (B) x = sin 3 y , x ≥ 0
(C) y = 3 sin 2 x , x ≥ 0 (D) y = 2 sin 3 x , x ≥ 0 27. AB is a vertical pole. The end A is on the level ground.
C is the mid point of AB. P is a point on the level
ground such that the portion BC subtends an angle θ
(ii) The relation which best describes the graph at P. If AP = nAB, then the value of cotθ is _____.
given below is ______.
(A) 2n + 1
2
n
(B)
Y n 2n 2 + 1
•
(C) 2n + 1
2
2n
(D)
2n 2n 2 + 1
•

• π/4 28. From the top of a light house 30 m high, with its base
at the sea level, the angle of depression of a boat is
• • X 75°. Find the distance of the boat from the foot of the
–1 1 light house. (in m)
• –π/4

29. A plot was in the shape of a square. A flagstaff was

erected at the centre of the square. The top of the
flagstaff subtends an angle of 600 at each vertex of
the plot. If the perimeter of the square is 240m, the
length of the flagstaff is _____.
(A) y = cos 2x (B) x = –cos 2y (A) 60 6 m (B) 30 6 m
(C) y = –sin 2x (D) x = sin 2y
(C) 20 6 m (D) 40 6 m
23. A man was travelling towards a lighthouse in a boat.
At a certain instant, the man observed the top of the 30. A man, standing at the foot of a hillock, observed the
lighthouse at an angle of elevation of 450. Five top of the hillock at an angle of elevation of 45°. There
minutes later, he observed the top of the lighthouse is a straight path towards the top. The path makes an
at an angle of elevation of 600. If the boat travelled at angle of 30° with the horizontal. After covering a
an uniform speed of 5 m/min, the height of the distance d along this path, the man sees the top of
lighthouse (in metres) is _____. the hillock at an angle of elevation of 60°. If the height

( ) ( )
of the hillock is 40 m find the distance the man covers
25 3 + 3 25 3 + 1 along the path.
(A)
2
(B)
2 ( )
(A) 20 3 + 1 m ( )
(B) 20 3 − 1 m
(
(C) 25 3 + 3 ) (D) 25 ( 3 +1 ) (C) 40( 3 − 1) m (D) 40 ( 3 + 1) m

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 Exercise – 7(b)
Directions for questions 1 to 45: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given choices.
For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.
Very Easy / Easy… … ……… … 13. If 1 + secθ + tanθ = p, then cosθ is ______.
p− 1 2(p − 1)
1. If a wheel makes 180 revolutions in a minute, then the (A) (B)
angle made by the wheel in 5 seconds is _____. p2 − 2p + 2 p2 − 2p + 2
(A) 15π (B) 30π (C) 10π (D) 20π p −1 2(p − 1)
(C) (D)
2. If θ = 30°, then the value of (cos2 θ) (cosec3θ) p2 + 2p + 2 p2 − 2p + 1
− sec2θ (tanθ) is _____.
3 −2 4− 3 3 −4 4− 3 14. If 3tanθ − 4 = 0, and θ is acute, then the value of
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 3 2 3 3 3 sec θ + 2 cos ec θ
is _____.
cot θ − 5 sin θ
−15
(C) −30
3. In a right angled isosceles triangle ABC,
sin A + sin B + sin C = _____. (A) 15 (B) 13 (D)
13 30 13 13
(A) 2 + 1 (B) 2 − 1 (C) 0 (D) 2
 tanx sec x + 1
15.  + (sinx) = .
4. The minimum value of 1+8 sin2x2cos2x2 is .
 sec x + 1 tanx 
°
sin 2 θ 1
5. For all θ, if tan θ = , then tan 22 = _____. sin2 x cos2 x
1 + cos 2 θ 2 16. If + = k – sinx cosx, then k =
1+ cot x 1+ tan x
(A) 2 +1 (B) 2 −1
2 −1 2 −1 .
(C) (D)
2 2 2
 cot x cos ec x + 1
6. cos20° cos40° cos80° = _____. 17.  +  cos x = .
 cos ec x + 1 cot x 
(Given 4 cosA cos(60° + A) cos(60° – A) = cos3A)
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 6 8 1 − sin x
18. = _____.
7. For any right angled triangle ABC, the value of 1 + sin x
(log cosec A) × (log cosec B) × (log cosec C) = (A) sec x – tan x (B) sec x + tan x
(C) 1 (D) sec2x + tan2x
.

8. Two towers in a city are separated by a distance of 19. If sinA = 1/3; tanB = 3/4; 0° < A < 90° and 180° < B
600m. At a point mid-way between them, the angles < 270°, the value of 9cos²A + 20secB is .
of elevations of the towers are 30° and 45°. Find t he
ratio of their heights. 20. If sinθ + cosecθ = 2, then sin4θ + cos4θ = _____.
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 2 : 3 (C) 3 : 1 (D) 3 : 2 (A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 1
2
Moderate… … … …… ..
21. tan17° + tan28° + tan17° tan28° = .
9. If tanθ + cotθ = 3, then the value of sec2θ + cosec2θ
is .
22. If sinθ + cosθ = 2 , then sin2θ – cos2θ = .
10. If cosθ + secθ + cos2θ + sec2θ = 0, then tanθ =
. 23. sin6x + cos6x + 3sin2x cos2x = .

11. If cosecθ and cotθ are the roots of the equation cos x sin x
cx2 + bx + a = 0, then which of the following is true? 24. + = _____.
(A) b4 = 4ab2c + c4 (B) c4 = 4ab2c + b4 1 − tan x 1 −cot x
(C) b = 4ab c − c
4 2 4
(D) b4 + c4 = 4ab2c (A) sinx + cosx (B) sin2x – cos2x
(C) (sinx + cosx)2 (D) None of these
°
1 − cos 2θ  1
12. If tanθ = , then tan  67  = ______. 25. If two sides of a triangle are 8 units, and 10 units and
1 + cos 2θ  2 the angle between these two sides is 45°, then find
the area of the triangle in square units.
(A) 2 −1 (B) 2 −1
40
(A) (B) 80 2 (C) 40 2 (D) 40
(C) 2 +1 (D) 2+1 2
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 1 (A) y = − sin x (B) y = sin x
26. The range of the function is (C) x = − sin y (D) x = sin y
29 sin x + 7 cos x + 4
_____. 34. The angles of depression of two ships due east of a
 1 1 lighthouse from the top of the light house are 37° and 45°.
(A) − ,  (B) [–2, 10] If the ships are 80 m apart, then the height of the
 2 10
lighthouse (in m) is (Given sin 37°= 0 ⋅6)
 1  1 
(C) (–∞, ∞) (D)  − ∞, −  ∪  , ∞ 
 2  10 
35. Sujana observes an aeroplane flying at a, height of
27. The minimum value of 4 tan2x + 9cot2x is . 1.5 km at an angle of elevation of 30°. After
20 seconds, the plane moves away from her and
makes an angle of elevation of 15° from the same
2X 2X
28. The minimum value of 81 cos + 81sin is . height. The speed of the plane (in kmph) is
(tan15° = 2− 3 ).
sin 2A (1 − cos 2A )
29. (cos A ) = _____.
(1 + cos 2A ) sin A 36. A ladder is placed against a wall such that it makes
an angle of 75° with the ground surface. If the foo t of
2
(A) cosA (B) 2sinA (C) sin2A (D) 2sin A the ladder is at a distance of 3 m from the bottom of
the wall, then the tip of the ladder is at a height of
30. acosα + bsinα = c, where α = θ1 or θ2 find sinθ1 + sinθ2 _____.
= _____. (A) 6 m (B) 4.5 m
2bc c2 − a2 (C) 3 ( 2 − 3 ) m (D) 3 ( 3 + 2 ) m
(A) (B)
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
2ac 37. Find the height of a chimney, when it is found that on
(C) (D) None of these walking 100 m towards it, in a horizontal line through
a2 + b2
its base, the angle of elevation of its top changes from
45° to 60°.
31. log3(sin215° + cos 275°) × log5(sin230° + cos 260°) ×
log3(sin245° + cos 245°) × log5(sin260° + cos 230°) × (A) 50 3 m (
(B) 50 3 + 3 m )
log3(sin260° + cos 230°) – log 5(sin260° + cos 260°) (
(C) 50 3 − 3 m ) (D) 100 3 + ( 3 m )
= . 38. The upper part of a pole, broken over by the wind,
makes an angle of 45° with the ground. The distance
32. Which of the following relations best describes the from the foot of the pole to the point where the top of
graph?
the pole touches the ground is 30 ( 2 − 1) m . What
Y
was the original height of the pole? (in m)

1
X
0 π 39. A flagpost stands on the top of a tower. The angles of
elevation of the top of the tower and the flag post from
a point 180 m from the foot of the tower are 30° and
60° respectively. What is the height of the flagpost?
(A) x = cos2y (B) y = cos2x
(in m)
(C) x = cos2y (D) y = cos2x
(A) 120 3 (B) 40 3 (C) 60 3 (D) 60
33. Which of the following relations best describes the
graph? 40. EF and GH are two buildings. The height of GH is 120
Y
m. From the top of the building EF, the angle of
elevation of the top of the building GH is 300 and the
angle of depression of the bottom of the building GH
is 600. Find the height of EF (in m).

π
41. A plot was in the shape of an equilateral triangle.
A flagstaff was erected at its centroid. The top of the
0 1 X flagstaff was connected to each of the vertices of the
–1 plot by a rope. The angle of elevation of the top of the
flagstaff at each vertex of the plot was 300. If the
−π height of the flagstaff was 24 m, the side of the
triangle (in m) is .

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 Difficult / Very Difficult … …… . . cos 20 ° + sin 50 °
44. The value of is _____.
sin 20 ° + cos 50 °
42. 6(sin6x + cos6x) – 9(sin4x + cos4x) = . (A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/ 3

43. The range of the function sin2(120° – θ) + sin2 (120° + θ) 45. sin2(θ − 45)° + sin2(θ + 15)° − sin2(θ − 15)° = ______.
is _____. 1
(A) (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) 0
 1 3  1 3 4 2
(A)  − ,  (B)  , 
 2 2  2 2

 1 3  1 3
(C)  ,  (D) − , 
2 2  2 2

Key

Concept Review Questions

1. (i) B 5. B 12. A 19. A 26. D

(ii) A 6. B 13. B 20. D 27. D
2. (i) C 7. B 14. 1 21. B 28. C
(ii) C 8. C 15. D 22. 2 29. B
(iii) A 9. 1 16. C 23. A 30. 1
3. B 10. 1 17. A 24. 1
4. C 11. A 18. B 25. A

Exercise – 7(a)
1. C 10. D 18. C 24. 219.6
2. 0 11. C 19. (i) A 25. 375
3. C 12. (i) D (ii) B 26. B
4. B (ii) D (iii) A 27. A
5. A 13. 150 20. D 28. 8.04
6. 3 14. C 21. C 29. B
7. C 15. 2 22. (i) D 30. C
8. 2 16. B (ii) B
9. 1 17. 19 23. A

Exercise – 7(b)

1. B 10. 0 19. –17 28. 18 37. B

2. C 11. A 20. D 29. D 38. 30
3. A 12. D 21. 1 30. A 39. A
4. 1 13. B 22. 0 31. 0 40. 90
5. B 14. C 23. 1 32. D 41. 72
6. D 15. 2 24. A 33. C 42. –3
7. 0 16. 1 25. A 34. 240 43. C
8. A 17. 2 26. D 35. 540 44. B
9. 9 18. A 27. 12 36. D 45. B

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