Questions

Question 1(1985)

XCl2 is the chloride of a metal X. State the formula of the sulphate and the hydroxide of the
metal X.

Answer

Chloride of a metal X is XCl2

By interchanging subscript and writing as superscript:

𝑋11 ↗↖ Cl2⇒𝑋22 ↗↖ Cl111X ↗↖ 2Cl⇒X22 ↗↖ Cl1

Therefore, valency of metal X = 2.

Formula of the sulphate:

X2+SO42−𝑋22 ↘↙ 𝑆2O4⇒𝑋22 ↘↙ 𝑆2O4X2+↗SO42−X22 ↘↙ S2O4⇒22X ↘↙

2SO4

As valency of both X and SO4 is 2 so dividing by 2 we get 1 but 1 is never written so we get
the formula as 𝑋𝑆𝑂4XSO4

Formula of the hydroxide:

X2+OH1−𝑋22 ↘↙ 𝑂1H⇒𝑋11 ↘ 𝑂2HX2+↗OH1−X22 ↘ O1H⇒11X ↘↙ 2OH

Dropping 1 and enclosing OH in brackets, we get the formula as 𝑋(𝑂𝐻)2X(OH)2

Therefore, we get

Formula of Sulphate : 𝑋𝑆𝑂4XSO4

Formula of Hydroxide : 𝑋(𝑂𝐻)2X(OH)2

Question 1(1987)

An element X is trivalent. Write the balanced equation for the combustion of X in oxygen.

Answer

Valency of X is 3+ and that of Oxygen is 2-

By interchanging the valency number and shifting it to the lower right side of the atom or
radical, we get the formula : X2O3

Equation for the combustion of X in oxygen: 4X + 3O2 ⟶ 2X2O3

Question 1(1991)

The formula of the nitride of a metal X is XN, state the formula of :

(i) it's sulphate (ii) it's hydroxide.

Answer

Nitride of a metal X is XN.

Since valency of nitrogen is 3-

so valency of X is 3+

Formula of the sulphate:

X3+SO42−𝑋33 ↘ 𝑆2O4⇒𝑋22 ↘ 𝑆3O4X3+↗SO42−X33 ↘ S2O4⇒22X ↘↙ 3S

O4
So, we get the formula as 𝑋2(𝑆𝑂4)3X2(SO4)3

Formula of the hydroxide:

X3+OH1−𝑋33 ↘ 𝑂1H⇒𝑋11 ↘ 𝑂3HX3+↗OH1−X33 ↘ O1H⇒11X ↘↙ 3OH

Dropping 1, we get the formula as 𝑋(𝑂𝐻)3X(OH)3

Therefore, we get

Formula of Sulphate : 𝑋2(𝑆𝑂4)3X2(SO4)3

Formula of Hydroxide : 𝑋(𝑂𝐻)3X(OH)3

Question 1(1992)

What is the valency of nitrogen in :

(i) NO

(ii) N2O

(iii) NO2

Answer

(i) NO=𝑁11 ↗ 𝑂1⇒𝑁11 ↗ 𝑂1(i) NO=11N ↗ 1O⇒N11 ↗ O1

But valency of O is 2. Multiplying by 2, we get:

𝑁2×1 ↗ 𝑂2×1⇒𝑁22 ↗ 𝑂2N2×1 ↗ O2×1⇒N22 ↗↖ O2

Therefore, valency of Nitrogen is 2.
(ii) N2O=𝑁22 ↗ 𝑂1⇒𝑁11 ↗ 𝑂2(ii) N2O=22N ↗ 1O⇒N11 ↗↖ O2
Therefore, valency of Nitrogen is 1.

(ii) NO2=𝑁11 ↗ 𝑂2⇒𝑁22 ↗ 𝑂1(ii) NO2=11N ↗ 2O⇒N22 ↗↖ O1

But valency of O is 2. Multiplying by 2, we get:

𝑁2×2 ↗ 𝑂2×1⇒𝑁44 ↗ 𝑂2N2×2 ↗ O2×1⇒N44 ↗↖ O2

Therefore, valency of Nitrogen is 4.

Additional Questions

Question 1

What is meant by the term 'symbol'. Give the qualitative and quantitative meaning of the term
'symbol'.

Answer

Symbol represents the short form of an element.

Qualitative meaning — A symbol represents specific element or one atom of an element.

E.g., 'S' represents one atom of the element sulphur.

Quantitative meaning — A symbol also represents the weight of the element equal to it's
atomic weight i.e. it represents how many times an atom is heavier than one atomic mass unit
[a.m.u.] which is defined as 112121th the mass of a carbon atom C12

Question 2

Name three metals whose symbols are derived from :

(a) the first letter of the name of the element

(b) from their Latin names.

Answer

(a) Elements whose symbols are derived from first letter of the name of the element :

 Carbon - C
 Sulphur - S
 Oxygen - O
(b) Elements whose symbols are derived from their Latin names :

 Kalium [Potassium] - K
 Ferrum [Iron] - Fe
 Natrium [Sodium] - Na
Question 3

Explain the meaning of the term 'valency'. State why the valency of the metal potassium is +1
and of the non-metal chlorine is -1.

Answer

Valency is the number of hydrogen atoms which can combine with or displace one atom of
the element or radical so as to form a compound.

Valency of a metal is the number of electrons lost per atom of the metal. Valency of all
metals and hydrogen is considered positive. Therefore, valency of potassium is 1+ as it has 1
electron in outer most shell which it loses and becomes K+.

Valency of non-metal is the number of electrons gained per atom of the non-metal. Valency
of all non-metals/groups of non-metals is taken as negative. Therefore, valency of non-metal
chlorine is -1, because chlorine [Cl] has 7 electrons in valence shell and gains 1 electron and
becomes [Cl–].

Question 4

What is meant by the term 'variable valency'. Give a reason why silver exhibits a valency of
+1 and +2.

Answer

Certain elements exhibit more than one valency hence it is said that these elements have
variable valency.

Reasons for exhibiting variable valency — An atom of an element can sometimes lose
more electrons than are present in it's valence shell. This happens when it loses electrons
from the penultimate [i.e., last but one] shell and hence exhibit more than one or variable
valency.

Variable valency of Silver — Atomic number of Silver (Ag) is 47. Its electronic
configuration is [2, 8, 18, 18, 1]. The outermost shell has one electron and the penultimate
shell has 18 electrons. However, the penultimate shell has not attained stability and one more
electron sometimes jumps to the outermost shell there by increasing valence electrons and the
new configuration [2, 8, 18, 17, 2] loses two electrons and has valency [+2].
Therefore, Silver exhibits varibale valency forming Ag1+ and Ag2+.

Question 5

Give examples of eight metals which show variable valency. State the valency of sulphur in :

(a) SO2
(b) SO3

Answer

Eight metals which show variable valency are :

 1+ 2+ 3+

Cu Cu

Hg Hg

Ag Ag

Au Au

Fe Fe

Pb

Sn

Mn

(a) Valency of sulphur in SO2 is 4

By interchanging subscript and writing as superscript:

𝑆11 ↗ 𝑂2⇒𝑆22 ↗ 𝑂111S ↗ 2O⇒S22 ↗↖ O1

But valency of O is 2. Multiplying by 2, we get:

𝑆2×2 ↗ 𝑂2×1⇒𝑆44 ↗ 𝑂2S2×2 ↗ O2×1⇒S44 ↗↖ O2

Therefore, valency of Sulphur is 4.

(b) Valency of sulphur in SO3 is 6

𝑆11 ↗ 𝑂3⇒𝑆33 ↗ 𝑂111S ↗ 3O⇒S33 ↗↖ O1

But valency of O is 2. Multiplying by 2, we get:

𝑆2×3 ↗ 𝑂2×1⇒𝑆66 ↗ 𝑂2S2×3 ↗ O2×1⇒S66 ↗↖ O2

Therefore, valency of Sulphur is 6.

Question 6

State the valency in each case and name the following elements or radicals given below :

1. K
 2. Cr2O7
3. Cl
4. Ni
5. ClO3
6. CO3
7. Ba
8. HCO3
9. NO2
10. Na
11. Br
12. Zn
13. Mg
14. O
15. Co
16. CrO4
17. ClO
18. MnO4
19. Li
20. I
21. OH
22. O2
23. ZnO2
24. SiO3
25. NO3
26. SO3
27. SO4
28. PO4
29. N
30. C
31. PO3
32. Al
33. Ca
34. H
35. PbO2
36. HSO3
37. AlO2
38. Cr
39. HSO4
40. NH4
Answer
 Sl.
Element Valency
No.

1. K K1+ Potassium

2. Cr2O7 Cr2O72- Dichromate

3. Cl Cl1- Chloride

4. Ni Ni2+ Nickle

5. ClO3 ClO31- Chlorate

6. CO3 CO32- Carbonate

7. Ba Ba 2+ Barium

8. HCO3 HCO3 1- Hydrogen [Bi] Carbonate

9. NO2 NO21- Nitrite

10. Na Na1+ Sodium

11. Br Br1- Bromide

12. Zn Zn2+ Zinc

13. Mg Mg2+ Magnesium

14. O O2- Oxide

15. Co Co2+ Cobalt

16. CrO4 CrO42- Chromate

17. ClO ClO1- Hypochlorite

18. MnO4 MnO41- Permanganate

 Sl.
Element Valency
No.

19. Li Li1+ Lithium

20. I I1- Iodide

21. OH OH1- Hydroxide

22. O2 O2 2- Peroxide

23. ZnO2 ZnO22- Zincate

24. SiO3 SiO32- Silicate

25. NO3 NO31- Nitrate

26. SO3 SO32- Sulphite

27. SO4 SO42- Sulphate

28. PO4 PO43- Phosphate

29. N N3- Nitride

30. C C4- Carbide

31. PO3 PO33- Phosphite

32. Al Al3+ Aluminium

33. Ca Ca2+ Calcium

34. H H1+ Hydrogen

35. PbO2 PbO22- Plumbite

36. HSO3 HSO31- Hydrogen [Bi] Sulphite

 Sl.
Element Valency
No.

37. AlO2 AlO21- Aluminate

38. Cr Cr3+ Chromium

39. HSO4 HSO41- Hydrogen [Bi] Sulphate

40. NH4 NH41+ Ammonium

Question 7

State the variable valencies of the following elements and give their names. (a) Cu, (b) Ag,
(c) Hg, (d) Fe, (e) Pb, (f) Sn, (g) Mn, (h) Pt, (i) Au

Answer

Sl.
Element Valency
No.

Cu1+ Copper [I] i.e., cuprous

(a) Cu
Cu2+ Copper [II] i.e., cupric

Ag1+ Silver [I] Argentous

(b) Ag
Ag2+ Silver [II] Argentic

Hg1+ Mercury [I] Mercurous

(c) Hg
Hg2+ Mercury [II] Mercuric

Fe2+ Iron [II] Ferrous

(d) Fe
Fe3+ Iron [III] Ferric

Pb2+ Lead [II] Plumbous

(e) Pb
Pb4+ Lead [IV] Plumbic

Sn2+ Tin [II] Stannous

(f) Sn
Sn4+ Tin [IV] Stannic

Mn2+ Manganese [II] Manganous

(g) Mn
Mn4+ Manganese [IV] Manganic
 Sl.
Element Valency
No.

Pt2+ Platinum [II] Platinous

(h) Pt
Pt4+ Platinum [IV] Platinic

Au1+ Gold [I] Aurous

(i) Au
Au3+ Gold [III] Auric

Question 8

State which of the following elements or radicals are divalent –

(a) Lithium, (b) Nickel, (c) Ammonium, (d) Bromide, (e) Sulphite, (f) Nitride, (g) Carbide,
(h) Chromium, (i) Bisulphite, (j) Dichromate, (k) Permanganate.

Answer

The divalent elements or radicals are:

 Nickel
 Sulphite
 Dichromate

Question 9

Explain the meaning of the term 'compound' with a suitable example. State the main
characteristics of a compound with special reference to the compound iron [II] sulphide.

Answer

Compound is a pure substance composed of two or more elements combined chemically in a

fixed proportion. For example, water (H2O) is composed of two elements — Hydrogen and
Oxygen in a fixed proportion by weight.

Main characteristics - with special reference to the compound iron [II] sulphide:

1. Components are present in - a definite proportion.

 Elements iron and sulphur combine in a definite proportion.
2. Compound is always homogenous.
3. Particles in a compound are of one kind.
 Composition of iron [II] sulphide, - cannot be varied, hence is uniform composition.
 Component - may not be seen separately.
4. Compound [iron [II] sulphide] has a definite set of properties.
5. Components in [Iron [II] Sulphide] do not retain their original properties and can be
separated only by chemical means.
 Particles in iron [II] sulphide are chemically combined and hence -
  iron in iron [II] sulphide cannot be attracted by a magnet and does not give H2 with
dil. acid.
 sulphur present in iron [II] sulphide - is insoluble in solvent CS2.

Question 10

Name the elements in the compound and give the formula – of the following compounds :

(a) Nitric acid, (b) Carbonic acid, (c) Phosphoric acid, (d) Acetic acid, (e) Blue vitriol, (f)
Green vitriol, (g) Glauber's salt, (h) Ethane, (i) Ethanol

Answer

Sl.
Compound Name of elements
No.

(a) Nitric acid Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen

(b) Carbonic acid Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen

(c) Phosphoric acid Hydrogen, Phosphorous, Oxygen

(d) Acetic acid Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

(e) Blue vitriol Copper, sulphur, Oxygen, Hydrogen

(f) Green vitriol Iron, Sulphur, Oxygen, Hydrogen

(g) Glauber's salt Sodium, Sulphur, Oxygen, Hydrogen

(h) Ethane Carbon, Hydrogen

(i) Ethanol Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Question 11

Explain the term 'chemical formula'. State why the molecular formula of zinc carbonate is
ZnCO3

Answer

A molecule of a substance i.e., element or compound could be represented by symbols. This

representation is known as chemical formula.
As molecular formula also indicates the number of units of the radicals present in a
compound with the proper subscript outside the unit of the radical and in the case of ZnCO3,
there are 1 atom of Zn and C whereas 3 atoms of O. Therefore, we get ZnCO3.

Question 12(1)

Write the formula of the following compounds :

Potassium

(a) chloride (b) nitra

(c) carbonate (d) bisu

(e) sulphite (f) dich

(g) permangnate (h) zinc

(i) plumbite (j) sulp

(k) bicarbonate (l) alum

(m) hydroxide (n) iodi

(o) nitrite (p) bisu

Answer

Potassium

Sl.
Compound
No.

(a) chloride KCl

(b) nitrate KNO3

(c) carbonate K2CO3

(d) bisulphate KHSO4

(e) sulphite K2SO3

 Sl.
Compound
No.

(f) dichromate K2Cr2O

(g) permangnate KMnO4

(h) zincate K2ZnO2

(i) plumbite K2PbO2

(j) sulphate K2SO4

(k) bicarbonate KHCO3

(l) aluminate KAIO2

(m) hydroxide KOH

(n) iodide KI

(o) nitrite KNO2

(p) bisulphite KHSO3

Question 12(2)

Write the formula of the following compounds :

Sodium

(a) chloride (b) nitra

(c) carbonate (d) bisu

(e) sulphite (f) dich

 (g) permangnate (h) zinc

(i) plumbite (j) sulp

(k) bicarbonate (l) alum

(m) hydroxide (n) iodi

(o) nitrite (p) bisu

Answer

Sodium

Sl.
Compound
No.

(a) chloride NaCl

(b) nitrate NaNO3

(c) carbonate Na2CO3

(d) bisulphate NaHSO4

(e) sulphite Na2SO3

(f) dichromate Na2Cr2O

(g) permangnate NaMnO4

(h) zincate Na2ZnO2

(i) plumbite Na2PbO2

(j) sulphate Na2SO4

(k) bicarbonate NaHCO3

(l) aluminate NaAlO2

 Sl.
Compound
No.

(m) hydroxide NaOH

(n) iodide NaI

(o) nitrite NaNO2

(p) bisulphite NaHSO3

Question 12(3)

Write the formula of the following compounds :

Calcium

(a) chloride (b) nitr

(c) carbonate (d) bisu

(e) sulphite (f) sulp

(g) bicarbonate (h) hyd

Answer

Sl.
Compound
No.

(a) chloride CaCl2

(b) nitrate Ca(NO3)2

(c) carbonate CaCO3

(d) bisulphite Ca(HSO3)2

 Sl.
Compound
No.

(e) sulphite CaSO3

(f) sulphate CaSO4

(g) bicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2

(h) hydroxide Ca(OH)2

Question 12(4)

Write the formula of the following compounds :

Magnesium

(a) chloride (b) nitr

(c) carbonate (d) sulp

(e) bicarbonate (f) hyd

(g) oxide

Answer

Sl.
Compound
No.

(a) chloride MgCl2

(b) nitrate Mg(NO3)2

(c) carbonate MgCO3

(d) sulphate MgSO4

(e) bicarbonate Mg(HCO3)2

 Sl.
Compound
No.

(f) hydroxide Mg(OH)2

(g) oxide MgO

Question 12(5)

Write the formula of the following compounds :

Zinc

(a) chloride (b) n

(c) carbonate (d) s

(e) hydroxide (f) o

Answer

Sl.
Compound
No.

(a) chloride ZnCl2

(b) nitrate Zn(NO3)2

(c) carbonate ZnCO3

(d) sulphate ZnSO4

(e) hydroxide Zn(OH)2

(f) oxide ZnO

Question 12(6)

Write the formula of the following compounds :

Aluminium
 (a) chloride (b) n

(c) carbonate (d) s

(e) hydroxide (f) o

Answer

Sl.
Compound
No.

(a) chloride AlCl3

(b) nitrate Al(NO3)3

(c) carbonate Al2(CO3)3

(d) sulphate Al2(SO4)3

(e) hydroxide Al(OH)3

(f) oxide Al2O3

Question 12(7)

Write the formula of the following compounds :

Copper

Copper [I] chloride Copper [II] chlo

Copper [I] oxide Copper [II] oxid

Copper [I] sulphide Copper [II] sulp

Copper [II] nitrate Copper [II] sulp

Tetra amine copper [II] sulphate

Answer
 Compound

Copper [I] chloride CuCl

Copper [II] chloride CuCl2

Copper [I] oxide Cu2O

Copper [II] oxide CuO

Copper [I] sulphide Cu2S

Copper [II] sulphide CuS

Copper [II] nitrate Cu(NO3

Copper [II] sulphide CuS

Tetra amine copper [II] sulphate [Cu(NH

Question 12(8)

Write the formula of the following compounds :

Iron

Iron [II] chloride Iron [III] chloride

Iron [II] oxide Iron [III] oxide

Iron [II] sulphate Iron [III] sulphate

Iron [II] sulphide Iron [III] sulphide

Iron [II] hydroxide Iron [III] hydroxide

Answer
 Compound

Iron [II] chloride FeCl2

Iron [III] chloride FeCl3

Iron [II] oxide FeO

Iron [III] oxide Fe2O3

Iron [II] sulphate FeSO4

Iron [III] sulphate Fe2(SO4)3

Iron [II] sulphide FeS

Iron [III] sulphide Fe2S3

Iron [II] hydroxide Fe(OH)2

Iron [III] hydroxide Fe(OH)3

Question 12(9)

Write the formula of the following compounds :

Lead

Lead [II] chloride Lead [II] oxide

Lead [II] hydroxide Lead [II] nitrate

Lead [II] sulphate

Answer

Compound

Lead [II] chloride PbCl2

 Compound

Lead [II] oxide PbO

Lead [II] hydroxide Pb(OH)2

Lead [II] nitrate Pb(NO3)2

Lead [II] sulphate PbSO4

Question 12(10)

Write the formula of the following compounds :

Silver

Silver [I] chloride Silver [II] chloride

Diamine silver chloride

Answer

Compound

Silver [I] chloride AgCl

Silver [II] chloride AgCl2

Diamine silver chloride [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

Question 13

Write the names of the following compounds :

(a) KClO (b) HC

(c) NaClO3 (d) Al

(e) K2Cr2O7 (f) KM

 (g) Ca3N2 (h) Ca

(i) H2SO3 (j) HC

(k) HNO3 (l) H2

(m) NH4OH (n) Na

(o) H2CO3 (p) HN

(q) Mg(HCO3)2 (r) Na

(s) K2PbO2 (t) Cr

(u) Na2O

Answer

Sl.
Formula N
No.

(a) KClO Potassium Hypochlorite

(b) HClO Hydrogen Hypochlorite

(c) NaClO3 Sodium Chlorate

(d) AlN Aluminium Nitride

(e) K2Cr2O7 Potassium Dichromate

(f) KMnO4 Potassium Permanganate

(g) Ca3N2 Calcium Nitride

(h) Ca3(PO4)2 Calcium phosphate

(i) H2SO3 Sulphurous acid

 Sl.
Formula N
No.

(j) HCl Hydrogen chloride

(k) HNO3 Nitric acid

(l) H2SO4 Sulphuric acid

(m) NH4OH Ammonium hydroxide

(n) NaOH Sodium hydroxide

(o) H2CO3 Carbonic acid

(p) HNO2 Nitrous acid

(q) Mg(HCO3)2 Magnesium Bicarbonate

(r) NaAlO2 Sodium aluminate

(s) K2PbO2 Potassium plumbite

(t) Cr2(SO4)3 Chromium sulphate

(u) Na2O Sodium oxide

Question 14

Explain the term 'chemical equation'. What is meant by 'reactants' and 'products' in a chemical
equation.

Answer

Chemical equation is a shorthand form for a chemical change. It shows the result of a
chemical change in which the reactants and the products are represented by:

 symbols [in the case of elements]

 formula [in the case of compounds]
The substances which take part in a chemical change and are written on the left side of the
equation are called the reactants.
The substances formed as a result of a chemical change and are written on the right side of
the equation are called the products.

E.g., NH3 + H2O ⟶ NH4OH

Here, NH3 and H2O are reactants and NH4OH is the product.

Question 15

Give an example of a chemical equation in which two reactants form –

(a) one product

(b) two products
(c) three products
(d) four products

Answer

(a) NH3 + H2O ⟶ NH4OH

(b) C2H5Br + NaOH ⟶ C2H5OH + NaBr

(c) 6CO2 + 12H2O ⟶ C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

(d) 2KMnO4 + 16HCl ⟶ 2KCl + 2MNCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2

Question 16

2KClO3→MnO22KCl+3O2[g]2KClO3MnO22KCl+3O2[g] is a balanced equation.

(a) State what is a 'balanced equation'.

(b) Give a reason why the above equation is balanced.

(c) State why the compound MnO2 is written above the arrow.

Answer

(a) A balanced equation is one in which the number of atoms of each element is the same on
the side of the reactants and on the side of the products.

(b) As atoms of each reactant [K, Cl, O] on the L.H.S. is equal to the number of the atoms of
products on the R.H.S., hence the given equation is balanced.

(c) MnO2 is a catalyst [simply increases the rate of reaction] and it does not take part in the
reaction and so it is written on the top of the arrow.

Question 17

What do the following symbols present in a chemical equation mean.

(i) ⟶

(ii) ⇌

(iii) (s)

(iv) (I)

(v) (g)

(vi) (aq.)

Answer

(i) ⟶ : The direction of the reaction is irreversible

(ii) ⇌ : The direction of the reaction is reversible

(iii) (s) : The state of the matter is solid

(iv) (I) : The state of the matter is liquid

(v) (g) : The state of the matter is gas

(vi) (aq.) : The substance is in aqueous form.

Question 18

CaCO3 + 2HCl [dil.] ⟶ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 [g]

(a) State the information provided by the above chemical equation.

(b) State the information not conveyed by the above chemical equation.

Answer

(a) Information provided by the equation:

 One molecule of calcium carbonate reacts with two molecules of [dil.] hydrochloric
acid to produce one molecule of calcium chloride, one molecule of water and one
molecule of carbon dioxide.
 The reaction is irreversible.
 Hydrochloric acid is in dil. form.
 Carbon dioxide produced is in gaseous form.
(a) Information not provided by the equation:

 The concentration of the reactants and products.

 The speed of the reaction
 Change in colour occurring
 Completion of the reaction i.e., whether the reaction is complete or not
 Changes in evolution of light or sound energy during the occurrence of the reaction.
Question 19

Balance the following simple equations :

1. C + O2 ⟶ CO

2. N2 + O2 ⇌ NO

3. ZnS + O2 ⟶ ZnO + SO2

4. Al + O2 ⟶ Al2O3

5. Mg + N2 ⟶ Mg3N2

6. Al + N2 ⟶ AlN

7. NO + O2 ⟶ NO2

8. SO2 + O2 ⇌ SO3

9. H2 + Cl2 ⟶ HCl

10. Fe + Cl2 ⟶ FeCl3

11. H2S + Cl2 ⟶ S + HCl

12. FeCl2 + Cl2 ⟶ FeCl3

13. CO2 + C ⟶ CO

14. KHCO3 ⟶ K2CO3 + H2O + CO2

15. K + CO2 ⟶ K2O + C

16. Ca(OH)2 + HNO3 ⟶ Ca(NO3)2 + H2O

17. K + H2O ⟶ KOH + H2

18. Ca + H2O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + H2

19. Al + H2O ⟶ Al2O3 + H2

20. Fe + H2O ⇌ Fe3O4 + H2

21. Zn + NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2

22. Zn + HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2

23. Al + H2SO4 ⟶ Al2(SO4)3 + H2

24. H2 + O2 ⟶ H2O

25. N2 + H2 ⟶ NH3
 26. Fe2O3 + H2O ⟶ Fe + H2O

27. KBr + Cl2 ⟶ KCl + Br2

28. NaOH + Cl2 ⟶ NaCl + NaClO + H2O

29. NaHCO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

30. Mg + CO2 ⟶ MgO + C

31. Fe2O3 + CO ⟶ Fe + CO2

32. CaO + HCl ⟶ CaCl2 + H2O

Answer

1. 2C + O2 ⟶ 2CO

2. N2 + O2 ⇌ 2NO

3. 2ZnS + 3O2 ⟶ 2ZnO + 2SO2

4. 4Al + 3O2 ⟶ 2Al2O3

5. 3Mg + N2 ⟶ Mg3N2

6. 2Al + N2 ⟶ 2AlN

7. 2NO + O2 ⟶ 2NO2

8. 2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO3

9. H2 + Cl2 ⟶ 2HCl

10. 2Fe + 3Cl2 ⟶ 2FeCl3

11. H2S + Cl2 ⟶ S + 2HCl

12. 2FeCl2 + Cl2 ⟶ 2FeCl3

13. CO2 + C ⟶ 2CO

14. 2KHCO3 ⟶ K2CO3 + H2O + CO2

15. 4K + CO2 ⟶ 2K2O + C

16. Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 ⟶ Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O

17. 2K + 2H2O ⟶ 2KOH + H2

18. Ca + 2H2O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + H2

19. 2Al + 3H2O ⟶ Al2O3 + 3H2

 20. 3Fe + 4H2O ⟶ Fe3O4 + 4H2

21. Zn + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2

22. Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2

23. 2Al + 3H2SO4 ⟶ Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

24. 2H2 + O2 ⟶ 2H2O

25. N2 + 3H2 ⟶ 2NH3

26. Fe2O3 + 3H2 ⟶ 2Fe + 3H2O

27. 2KBr + Cl2 ⟶ 2KCl + Br2

28. 2NaOH + Cl2 ⟶ NaCl + NaClO + H2O

29. 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2

30. 2Mg + CO2 ⟶ 2MgO + C

31. Fe2O3 + 3CO ⟶ 2Fe + 3CO2

32. CaO + 2HCl ⟶ CaCl2 + H2O

Question 20

Write balanced equations for the following word equations :

1. Potassium nitrate ⟶ Potassium nitrite + Oxygen

2. Calcium + Water ⟶ Calcium hydroxide + Hydrogen
3. Iron + Hydrochloric acid ⟶ Iron [II] chloride + Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen dioxide + Water + Oxygen ⟶ Nitric acid
5. Lead dioxide [lead (IV) oxide] ⟶ Lead monoxide + Oxygen
6. Aluminium + Oxygen ⟶ Aluminium oxide
7. Iron + Chlorine ⟶ Iron [III] chloride
8. Potassium bromide + Chlorine ⟶ Potassium chloride + Bromine
9. Potassium bicarbonate ⟶ Potassium carbonate + Water + Carbon dioxide
10. Calcium hydroxide + Ammonium chloride ⟶ Calcium chloride + Water + Ammonia
Answer

1. 2KNO3 ⟶ 2KNO2 + O2
2. Ca + 2H2O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + H2
3. Fe + 2HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2
4. 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 ⟶ 4HNO3
5. 2PbO2 ⟶ 2PbO + O2
6. 4Al + 3O2 ⟶ 2Al2O3
 7. 2Fe + 3Cl2 ⟶ 2FeCl3
8. 2KBr + Cl2 ⟶ 2KCl + Br2
9. 2KHCO3 ⟶ K2CO3 + H2O + CO2
10. Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl ⟶ CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3

Question 21

Balance the following important equations :

1. NaHCO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

2. NaOH + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + H2O

3. Pb(NO3)2 + NaCl ⟶ NaNO3 + PbCl2

4. FeSO4 + NaOH ⟶ Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2

5. FeCl3 + NaOH ⟶ NaCl + Fe(OH)3

6. CuSO4 + NaOH ⟶ Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2

7. FeCl3 + NH4OH ⟶ NH4Cl + Fe(OH)3

8. ZnO + NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2O

9. Pb(OH)2 + NaOH ⟶ Na2PbO2 + H2O

10. Al2O3.2H2O + NaOH ⟶ NaAlO2 + H2O

11. NaAlO2 + H2O ⟶ NaOH + Al(OH)3

12. Al(OH)3 ⟶ Al2O3 + H2O

13. ZnS + O2 ⟶ ZnO + SO2

14. Fe2O3 + Al ⟶ Al2O3 + Fe

15. Al + Cl2 ⟶ AlCl3

16. NaCl + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + HCl

17. Fe + HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2

18. Na2CO3 + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O + CO2

19. Pb(NO3)2 + HCl ⟶ PbCl2 + HNO3

20. AgCl + NH4OH ⟶ Ag(NH3)2Cl + H2O

21. MnO2 + HCl ⟶ MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2

22. Pb3O4 + HCl ⟶ PbCl2 + H2O + Cl2

 23. KMnO4 + HCl ⟶ KCl + MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2

24. K2Cr2O7 + HCl ⟶ KCl + CrCl3 + H2O + Cl2

25. NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 ⟶ CaCl2 + H2O + NH3

26. (NH4)2SO4 + NaOH ⟶ Na2SO4 + H2O + NH3

27. Mg3N2 + H2O ⟶ Mg(OH)2 + NH3

28. AlN + H2O ⟶ Al(OH)3 + NH3

29. NH3 + O2 ⟶ N2 + H2O [burning of NH3]

30. NH3 + O2 ⟶ NO + H2O [Catalytic oxidation of NH3]

31. NH4OH + H2SO4 ⟶ (NH4)2SO4 + H2O

32. NH3 + CuO ⟶ Cu + H2O + N2

33. NH3 + Cl2 ⟶ HCl + NCl3 [nitrogen trichloride]

34. HNO3 ⟶ H2O + NO2 + O2

35. Ca(HCO3)2 + HNO3 ⟶ Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

36. C + HNO3 [conc.] ⟶ CO2 + H2O + NO2

37. S + HNO3 [conc.] ⟶ H2SO4 + H2O + NO2

38. Cu + HNO3 [conc.] ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 + H2O + NO2

39. C + H2SO4 [conc.] ⟶ CO2 + H2O + SO2

40. S + H2SO4 [conc.] ⟶ SO2 + H2O

41. Cu + H2SO4 [conc.] ⟶ CuSO4 + H2O + SO2

Answer

1. 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2

2. 2NaOH + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2H2O

3. Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl ⟶ 2NaNO3 + PbCl2

4. FeSO4 + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2

5. FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⟶ 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3

6. CuSO4 + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2

7. FeCl3 + 3NH4OH ⟶ 3NH4Cl + Fe(OH)3

8. ZnO + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2O

9. Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2PbO2 + 2H2O

10. Al2O3.2H2O + 2NaOH ⟶ 2NaAlO2 + 3H2O

11. NaAlO2 + 2H2O ⟶ NaOH + Al(OH)3

12. 2Al(OH)3 ⟶ Al2O3 + 3H2O

13. 2ZnS + 3O2 ⟶ 2ZnO + 2SO2

14. Fe2O3 + 2Al ⟶ Al2O3 + 2Fe

15. 2Al + 3Cl2 ⟶ 2AlCl3

16. 2NaCl + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2HCl

17. Fe + 2HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2

18. Na2CO3 + 2HCl ⟶ 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

19. Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl ⟶ PbCl2 + 2HNO3

20. AgCl + 2NH4OH ⟶ Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2H2O

21. MnO2 + 4HCl ⟶ MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

22. Pb3O4 + 8HCl ⟶ 3PbCl2 + 4H2O + Cl2

23. 2KMnO4 + 8HCl ⟶ 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 4H2O + Cl2

24. K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl ⟶ 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O + 3Cl2

25. 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 ⟶ CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3

26. (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3

27. Mg3N2 + 6H2O ⟶ 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3

28. AlN + 3H2O ⟶ Al(OH)3 + NH3

29. 4NH3 + 3O2 ⟶ 2N2 + 6H2O [burning of NH3]

30. 4NH3 + 5O2 ⟶ 4NO + 6H2O [Catalytic oxidation of NH3]

31. 2NH4OH + H2SO4 ⟶ (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O

32. 2NH3 + 3CuO ⟶ 3Cu + 3H2O + N2

33. NH3 + 3Cl2 ⟶ 3HCl + NCl3 [nitrogen trichloride]

34. 4HNO3 ⟶ 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2

 35. Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HNO3 ⟶ Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2CO2

36. C + 4HNO3 [conc.] ⟶ CO2 + 2H2O + 4NO2

37. S + 6HNO3 [conc.] ⟶ H2SO4 + 2H2O + 6NO2

38. Cu + 4HNO3 [conc.] ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2

39. C + 2H2SO4 [conc.] ⟶ CO2 + 2H2O + 2SO2

40. S + 2H2SO4 [conc.] ⟶ 3SO2 + 2H2O

41. Cu + 2H2SO4 [conc.] ⟶ CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2

Question 22

Give balanced equations for (1) & (2) by partial equation method, [steps are given below]

1. Reaction of excess ammonia with chlorine – Ammonia as a reducing agent

(a) Ammonia first reacts with chlorine to give hydrogen chloride and nitrogen.
(b) Hydrogen chloride then further reacts with excess ammonia to give ammonium
chloride.
2. Oxidation of Lead [II] Sulphide by Ozone
(a) Ozone first decomposes to give molecular oxygen & nascent oxygen.
(b) Nascent oxygen then oxidizes lead [II] sulphide to lead [II] sulphate.
Answer

1. Reaction of excess ammonia with chlorine – Ammonia as a reducing agent

2NH3+3Cl2⟶6HCl+N26NH3+6HCl⟶6NH4Cl8NH3+3Cl2⟶6NH4Cl+
N22NH3+3Cl2⟶6HCl+N26NH3+6HCl⟶6NH4Cl8NH3+3Cl2⟶6NH4
Cl+N2
2. Oxidation of Lead [II] Sulphide by Ozone

O3⟶O2+[O]×4PbS+4[O]⟶PbSO4PbS+4O3⟶PbSO4+4O2O3⟶O2+
[O]×4PbS+4[O]⟶PbSO4PbS+4O3⟶PbSO4+4O2

Question 23

Define the terms – (a) Relative atomic mass (b) Relative molecular mass. State why indirect
methods are utilized to determine the absolute mass of an atom. Explain in brief the indirect
method used.

Answer

(a) The number of times one atom of an element is heavier than 1⁄12th the mass of an atom of
carbon [C12] is known as the Relative Atomic Mass [RAM] of the element.
Mass of one atomRAM=of the element(112) Mass of one atom‾of carbon [C
12]RAM=Mass of one atomof the element(121) Mass of one atomof carbon [
C12]
(b) The number of times one molecule of the substance is heavier than 1⁄12th the mass of an
atom of carbon [C12] is known as Relative Molecular Mass [RMM] of the element.

Mass of one moleculeRMM=of the substance(112) Mass of one atom‾of carb

on [C12]RMM=Mass of one moleculeof the substance(121) Mass of one atom
of carbon [C12]
As atoms are extremely small and very light, hence cannot be weighed directly. So indirect
methods are utilized to determine the absolute mass of an atom.

The relative mass of an atom or molecule is hence considered by considering a mass of a

light atom and relating the mass of other atoms or molecules to it.

Question 24(1)

Calculate relative molecular mass of

(a) ZnCO3
(b) CaSO4

[Zn = 65, S = 32, O = 16, Ca = 40, C = 12]

Answer

(a) Relative Molecular Mass of ZnCO3:

Molecular wt. of ZnCO3 = At. wt. of Zn + At. wt. of C + 3(At. wt. of O)

= 65 + 12 + 3(16)
= 65 + 12 + (48)
= 65 + 60
= 125

Hence, Relative Molecular Mass of ZnCO3 = 125

(b) Relative Molecular Mass of CaSO4:

Molecular wt. of CaSO4 = At. wt. of Ca + At. wt. of S + 4(At. wt. of O)

= 40 + 32 + 4(16)
= 40 + 32 + 64
= 136

Hence, Relative Molecular Mass of CaSO4 = 136

Question 24(2)

Calculate the percentage composition of

(a) calcium chloride
(b) calcium nitrate

[Ca = 40 , Cl = 35.5 , N = 14 , O = 16]

Answer

(a) Percentage composition of Calcium Chloride:

Chemical Formula of Calcium Chloride = CaCl2

Mol. wt. of calcium chloride = At. wt. of Ca + 2(At. wt. of Cl)

= 40 + 2(35.5)
= 40 + 70
= 110

110 g of CaCl2 contains 40 g of Calcium,

∴ 100 g of CaCl2 will contain 4011011040 x 100 % = 36.36% of Calcium [percentage].

Similarly, 110 g of CaCl2 will contain 70 g of Chlorine,

∴ 100 g of CaCl2 will contain 7011011070 x 100 % = 63.64% of Chlorine.

Hence, Calcium Chloride contains 36.36% of Calcium and 63.64% of Chlorine.

(b) Percentage composition of Calcium Nitrate:

Chemical Formula of Calcium Nitrate = Ca(NO3)2

Mol. wt. of Calcium Nitrate = At. wt. of Ca + 2[At. wt. of N] + 6[At. wt. of O]
= 40 + 2(14) + 6(16)
= 40 + 28 + 96
= 164

164 g of Ca(NO3)2 contains 40 g of Calcium,

∴ 100 g of Ca(NO3)2 will contain 4016416440 x 100 % = 24.39% of Calcium.

Similarly, 164 g of Ca(NO3)2 will contain 28 g of Nitrogen,

∴ 100 g of Ca(NO3)2 will contain 2816416428 x 100 % = 17.07% of Nitrogen.

Similarly, 164 g of Ca(NO3)2 will contain 96 g of Oxygen,

∴ 100 g of Ca(NO3)2 will contain 9616416496 x 100 % = 58.54% of Oxygen.

Hence, Calcium Nitrate contains 24.39% of Calcium, 17.07% of Nitrogen and 58.54%
of Oxygen.

Unit Test Paper 1 — The Lang of Chem

Question 1

Match the names of ions and radicals from 1 to 10 with their correct answer from A to Q.

A: Hg2+ B: MnO41- C:

D: Pb2+ E: Sn2+ F:

G: SO32- H: N3- I:

J: MnO42- K: Hg1+ L:

M: ClO1- N: ZnO22- O:

P: CrO42- Q: ClO31-

1. Hypochlorite 2. Permangan

3. Plumbous 4. Zincate

5. Nitride 6. Mercuric

7. Stannic 8. Nitrite

9. Sulphite 10. Dichromate

Answer

Name

1. Hypochlorite M: ClO1-

2. Permanganate B: MnO41-

3. Plumbous D: Pb2+

4. Zincate N: ZnO22-

5. Nitride H: N3-
 Name

6. Mercuric A: Hg2+

7. Stannic C: Sn4+

8. Nitrite I: NO21-

9. Sulphite G: SO32-

10. Dichromate O: Cr2O72-

Question 2

State which of the following formulas of compounds A to J are incorrect. If incorrect write
the correct formula.

A: (NH4)3SO4 B: NaZn

C: KCr2O7 D: NaCO

E: Ca2(PO4)3 F: Mg(S

G: KNO3 H: NaCl

I: NaO J: BaCl

Answer

Correct/
Compound
Incorrect

A: (NH4)3SO4 Incorrect (NH4

B: NaZnO2 Incorrect Na2Z

C: KCr2O7 Incorrect K2Cr

D: NaCO3 Incorrect Na2C

 Correct/
Compound
Incorrect

E: Ca2(PO4)3 Incorrect Ca3(P

F: Mg(SO4)2 Incorrect MgS

G: KNO3 Correct

H: NaClO Correct

I: NaO Incorrect Na2O

J: BaCl2 Correct

Question 3

Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the words in brackets :

1. A symbol represents a short form of a/an ............... [atom/element/molecule]

2. Compounds are always ............... [heterogeneous/homogeneous] in nature.
3. Variable valency is exhibited, since electrons are lost from an element from
the ............... [valence/penultimate] shell.
4. A chemical equation is a shorthand form for a ............... [physical/chemical] change.
5. Relative molecular mass of an element/compound is the number of times
one ............... of the substance is heavier than -1⁄12th the mass of an atom of carbon
[C12]. [atom/ion/molecule]
Answer

1. A symbol represents a short form of an element.

2. Compounds are always homogeneous in nature.
3. Variable valency is exhibited, since electrons are lost from an element from
the penultimate shell.
4. A chemical equation is a shorthand form for a chemical change.
5. Relative molecular mass of an element/compound is the number of times
one molecule of the substance is heavier than -1⁄12th the mass of an atom of carbon
[C12].

Question 4
Underline the compound in each equation given below, which is incorrectly balanced and
write the correct balancing for the same.

1. Na2SO3 + HCl ⟶ 2NaCl + H2O + SO2

2. CaC2 + N2 ⟶ 2CaCN2 + C
3. Fe2O3 + 2H2 ⟶ 2Fe + 3H2O
4. Cl2 + 2H2O + SO2 ⟶ 4HCl + H2SO4
5. 6NaOH + 3Cl2 ⟶ 6NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O
6. C2H5OH + 3O2 ⟶ 2CO2 + 2H2O
7. NaOH + CO2 ⟶ Na2CO3 + H2O
8. 2H2O + 2Cl2 ⟶ 2HCl + O2
9. 3CuO + NH3 ⟶ 3Cu + 3H2O + N2
10. PbO2 + 4HCl ⟶ PbCl2 + H2O + Cl2
Answer

1. Na2SO3 + HCl ⟶ 2NaCl + H2O + SO2

Corrected Balancing — 2HCl
2. CaC2 + N2 ⟶ 2CaCN2 + C
Corrected Balancing — CaCN2
3. Fe2O3 + 2H2 ⟶ 2Fe + 3H2O
Corrected Balancing — 3H2
4. Cl2 + 2H2O + SO2 ⟶ 4HCl + H2SO4
Corrected Balancing — 2HCl
5. 6NaOH + 3Cl2 ⟶ 6NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O
Corrected Balancing — 5NaCl
6. C2H5OH + 3O2 ⟶ 2CO2 + 2H2O
Corrected Balancing — 3H2O
7. NaOH + CO2 ⟶ Na2CO3 + H2O
Corrected Balancing — 2NaOH
8. 2H2O + 2Cl2 ⟶ 2HCl + O2
Corrected Balancing — 4HCl
9. 3CuO + NH3 ⟶ 3Cu + 3H2O + N2
Corrected Balancing — 2NH3
10. PbO2 + 4HCl ⟶ PbCl2 + H2O + Cl2
Corrected Balancing — 2H2O

Question 5

With reference to a chemical equation, state which of the statements 1 to 5 pertain to A or B.

A : Information provided by a chemical equation.

B : Limitations of a chemical equation

1. The nature of the individual elements.

2. The speed of the reaction.
3. The state of matter in which the substance is present.
 4. The completion of the reaction.
5. The direction of the reaction.
Answer

1. A
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. A

Next chapter
dawg

Questions

Question 1(1986)

Explain : 'Silver nitrate solution is kept in coloured reagent bottles in the laboratory.'

Answer

As silver nitrate gets decomposed by sunlight to produce the respective metal, nitrogen
dioxide and oxygen gas, hence it is kept in coloured reagent bottles.
2AgNO3→Δ2Ag+2NO2+O22AgNO3Δ2Ag+2NO2+O2

Question 1(1987)

Give an example of an endothermic reaction.

Answer

N2 + O2 →Δ 2NO - ΔT

Question 1(1989)

Reactions can be classified as : Direct combination, decomposition, simple displacement,

double decomposition, Redox reactions. State which of the following types, takes place in the
reactions given below

(i) Cl2 + 2KI ⟶ 2KCl + l2

(ii) 2Mg + O2 ⟶ 2MgO

(iii) SO2 + 2H2O + Cl2 ⟶ 2HCl + H2SO4

(iv) AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl + HNO3

(v) 4HNO3 ⟶ 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2

Answer

(i) Cl2 + 2KI ⟶ 2KCl + l2 — Simple displacement

(ii) 2Mg + O2 ⟶ 2MgO — Direct combination

(iii) SO2 + 2H2O + Cl2 ⟶ 2HCl + H2SO4 — Redox reaction

(iv) AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl + HNO3 — Double decomposition

(v) 4HNO3 ⟶ 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 — Decomposition reaction

Additional Questions

Question 1

Explain the term chemical reaction with special reference to reactants and products.

Answer

A chemical reaction is a change, in which matter changes into a new substance or substances.
In a chemical reaction the substance or substances taking part in the reaction called reactants
are transformed into one or more new substances called the products.
Question 2

Give a suitable example with equation to show the representation of a chemical reaction.

Answer

Silver nitrate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form silver chloride and nitric acid.

AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl + HNO3

Question 3

A chemical reaction is often accompanied by external indications or characteristics.

Give two examples where a chemical reaction is accompanied by a change in colour of the
reactants & products on completion of the reaction.

Answer

The two examples are —

1. Heat on Copper [II] Nitrate:

2Cu(NO3)2 →Δ 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
Blue copper [II] nitrate changes to black coloured copper [II] oxide.
2. Heat on Lead [II] Nitrate:
2Pb(NO3)2 →Δ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
White lead [II] nitrate changes to yellow litharge.

Question 4

Give balanced equations for reactions involving evolution of a gas on addition of dilute acid
to :

(a) sodium sulphite

(b) calcium carbonate

Answer

(a) Na2SO3 + H2SO4 [dil.] ⟶ Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2 [g]

Sulphur dioxide gas is evolved.

(b) CaCO3 + 2HCl [dil.] ⟶ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 [g]

Carbon dioxide gas is evolved.

Question 5

Give a balanced equation for conversion of:

(a) an ammonium salt to a basic gas

(b) a soluble lead salt to an insoluble lead salt – formed as a white precipitate.
Answer

(a) Ammonium salt [NH4Cl] on reaction with calcium hydroxide produces NH3(g) which is a
basic gas.

2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 ⟶ CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3 [g]

(b) Lead nitrate when reacts with sodium chloride insoluble white ppt. of lead chloride is
formed.

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl ⟶ 2NaNO3 + PbCl2 ↓

Question 6

Chemical reactions may proceed with evolution or absorption of heat. Give an example of
each.

Answer

Chemical reaction which proceed with evolution of heat [Exothermic] —

 Nitrogen and hydrogen:

N2 + 3H2 ⇌Δ 2NH3 + ΔT
Chemical reaction which proceed by absorption of heat [Endothermic] —

 Nitrogen and oxygen :

N2 + O2 →Δ 2NO - ΔT

Question 7

Define the following types of chemical changes or reactions with a suitable example of each.

(a) Direct combination reaction or synthesis

(b) Decomposition reaction

(c) Displacement reaction or substitution reaction

(d) Double decomposition reaction

Answer

(a) A chemical reaction in which two or more elements or compounds react to form one new
compound is called a Direct combination reaction or synthesis.

For example,

Hydrogen burns in air to give water:

2H2 [g] + O2 [g] ⟶ 2H2O [l]

(b) A chemical reaction in which a chemical compound decomposes into two or more simpler
substances (elements and/or compounds) is called a Decomposition reaction.

For example,

Calcium carbonate on heating decomposes to Calcium Oxide and Carbon dioxide:

CaCO3 →Δ CaO + CO2

(c) A chemical reaction in which an element or radical has replaced another element in a
compound is known as Displacement reaction or Substitution reaction.

For example,

Magnesium displaces Copper from Copper [II] sulphate solution:

Mg + CuSO4 ⟶ MgSO4 + Cu

(d) A chemical reaction in which both reactants [compounds] are decomposed to give two
new compounds by exchanging their radicals is known as Double decomposition reaction.

For example,

Silver nitrate + Potassium chloride ⟶ Silver chloride + Potassium nitrate

AgNO3 + KCl ⟶ AgCl + KNO3

Question 8

Give a balanced equation for a direct combination reaction involving :

(a) Two elements — one of which is a neutral gas and the other a yellow non-metal

(b) Two elements – one of which is a neutral gas and the other a monovalent metal

(c) Two compounds – resulting in formation of a weak acid

Answer

(a) Direct Combination of two elements one of which is a neutral gas and the other a yellow
non-metal:

S + O2 [g] ⟶ SO2

(b) Direct Combination of two elements one of which is a neutral gas and the other a
monovalent metal

4Na + O2 [g] ⟶ 2Na2O

(c) Formation of a weak acid:

CO2 [g] + H2O ⟶ H2CO3

Question 9

Give balanced equations for the following reactions of synthesis involving formation of :

(a) An acid – from sulphur dioxide gas

(b) An alkali – from a basic oxide – sodium oxide

(c) A salt – from a trivalent metal and a coloured gas.

Answer

(a) SO2 + H2O ⟶ H2SO3

(b) Na2O + H2O ⟶ 2NaOH

(c) 2Al + 3Cl2 ⟶ 2AlCl3

Question 10

Convert — (a) nitrogen to ammonia (b) hydrogen to hydrogen chloride – by a direct

combination reaction.

Answer

(a) Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen under specific conditions liberating ammonia

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 + Δ

Conditions :

Temperature : 450-500°C [Optimum temperature]

Pressure : 200 to 900 atmospheres [Optimum pressure]

Catalyst : Finely divided iron [Fe]

(b) Moist hydrogen gas combines with chlorine in presence of diffused sunlight.

H2 + Cl2 ⟶ 2HCl [g]

Conditions — Diffused Sunlight, reaction is explosive in direct sunlight. Moisture acts as a

catalyst.

Question 11

Give balanced equations for thermal decomposition of :

(a) lead carbonate

(b) lead nitrate

(c) ammonium dichromate

(d) mercury [II] oxide

(e) calcium hydroxide

Answer

(a) PbCO3 →Δ PbO + CO2

(b) 2Pb(NO3)2 →Δ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

(c) (NH4)2Cr2O7 →Δ Cr2O3 + 4H2O + N2

(d) 2HgO →Δ 2Hg + O2

(e) Ca(OH)2 →Δ CaO + H2O

Question 12

Define a thermal dissociation reaction with a suitable example. Give an example of a

photochemical decomposition reaction. Name a metallic oxide which on thermal
decomposition is reduced to a metal.

Answer

Thermal dissociation reaction is a decomposition reaction in which a substance dissociates

into two or more simpler substances on application of heat.

For example, on application of heat, ammonium chloride decomposes into Ammonia and
HCl:

NH4Cl ⇌heatcool NH3 + HCl

An example of photochemical decomposition reaction is the decomposition of silver salts in

the presence of light:

2AgCl →☼ 2Ag + Cl2

HgO is a metallic oxide which reduces to a metal on thermal decomposition as per the
equation below:

2HgO →Δ 2Hg + O2

Question 13

Define a displacement reaction with a suitable example. State how it is represented. Give a
reason why zinc displaces hydrogen from dilute sulphuric acid but copper does not.

Answer
A chemical reaction which takes place when an element [or radical] has replaced another
element in a compound is known as Displacement reaction

It is represented as :

X + YZ ⟶ Y + XZ

e.g.,

Magnesium + Copper [II] sulphate ⟶ Magnesium sulphate + Copper

Mg + CuSO4 ⟶ MgSO4 + Cu

As a more electropositive metal displaces a less electropositive metal from it's aq. soln.
therefore, zinc being more electropositive is placed above [H] in activity series and displaces
hydrogen from dilute sulphuric acid whereas copper being less electropositive is placed
below [H] in electrochemical series and cannot displace hydrogen from sulphuric acid.

Question 14

Explain the term double decomposition precipitation reaction. Give a balanced equation for
the preparation of two different insoluble lead salts from their salt solutions by double
decomposition precipitation.

Answer

Reaction between two compounds in aqueous solution state to give two new compounds one
of which is insoluble is called double decomposition precipitation reaction.

Balanced equations for the preparation of two different insoluble lead salts are given below:

Pb(NO3)2Lead nitrate+2NaClsodium chloride⟶2NaNO3sodium nitrate+Pb

Cl2↓Lead [II] chlorideLead nitratePb(NO3)2+sodium chloride2NaCl⟶sodium nitrat
e2NaNO3+Lead [II] chloridePbCl2↓

Pb(NO3)2Lead nitrate+Na2SO4sodium sulphate⟶2NaNO3sodium nitrate+

PbSO4↓Lead sulphateLead nitratePb(NO3)2+sodium sulphateNa2SO4⟶sodium nitrat
e2NaNO3+Lead sulphatePbSO4↓

Question 15

Explain with the help of balanced equations, how precipitation reactions are used for
identifying the positive radicals in three different salts, each having a different cation
[positive ion].

Answer

Precipitation reactions finds it's use in analytical chemistry for identifying the positive radical
in a salt by analyzing the colour of the precipitate.
(i) FeSO4 + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2 ↓

Identified ion: Fe2+ ; Dirty green ppt. of Iron [II] hydroxide is obtained. Hence, it can be
identified.

(ii) CuSO4 + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 ↓

Identified ion: Cu2+ ; Pale blue ppt. of Copper [II] hydroxide is obtained. Hence, it can be
identified.

(iii) Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaOH ⟶ 2NaNO3 + Pb(OH)2 ↓

Identified ion: Pb2+ ; Chalky white ppt. of Lead [II] hydroxide is obtained. Hence, it can be
identified.

Question 16

Define the term – double decomposition – neutralization reaction with a suitable

representation.

Convert :

(a) an insoluble base (b) a soluble base

to their respective soluble salts by neutralization reaction.

Answer

Reaction between a base and an acid to give two new compounds — salt & water — by
interchange of radicals is termed double decomposition neutralization reaction.

It is represented as :

For example,

NaOH [Base] + HCl [Acid] ⟶ NaCl [Salt] + H2O [Water]

(a) Insoluble base [oxide] — Copper [II] oxide reacts with sulphuric acid and forms Copper
sulphate :

CuO + H2SO4 ⟶ CuSO4 + H2O

(b) A soluble base — Sodium hydroxide reacts with HCl and forms soluble salt (sodium
chloride) and water:

NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O

Question 17

Explain the term energy changes in a chemical change or reaction. Give an example with a
balanced equation, for each of the following reactions:

(a) exothermic reaction

(b) endothermic reaction

(c) photochemical reaction

(d) electrochemical reaction.

Answer

The difference between the chemical energy of the reactants and the products is known as
the energy changes in a chemical change or reaction.

Example of :

(a) exothermic reaction:

2H2 + O2 ⇌Δ H2O + ΔT

(b) endothermic reaction:

N2 + O2 ⇌Δ 2NO - ΔT

(c) photochemical reaction:

H2 + Cl2 →sunlightsunlight 2HCl
Slow reaction in diffused light
Explosive reaction in direct sunlight

(d) electrochemical reaction:

2𝐻2𝑂[acidified]→CurrentElectric2𝐻2[cathode]+𝑂2[anode][acidified]2H2O
ElectricCurrent[cathode]2H2+[anode]O2

Question 18

Supply of energy maybe required to initiate a reaction. State the different forms with a
suitable example of reactions initiated by supply of energy.

Answer

Different forms of energy :

(i) Heat energy:

N2+O2→3000°C2NON2+O23000°C2NO
(ii) Light energy:

H2+Cl2→Sunlight2HClH2+Cl2Sunlight2HCl
(iii) Electricity:

2𝐻2𝑂[acidified]→CurrentElectric2𝐻2[cathode]+𝑂2[anode][acidified]2H2O
ElectricCurrent[cathode]2H2+[anode]O2

(iv) Pressure :

N2+3H2⇌200 atmos. pressureFe/450-500 °C 2NH3N2+3H2Fe/450-500 °C 200 a

tmos. pressure2NH3

(v) Catalyst :

4NH3+5O2→Pt./800°C4NO+6H2O4NH3+5O2Pt./800°C4NO+6H2O
(vi) Sound Energy:

𝐶2𝐻2[acetylene]→EnergySound2C+H2[acetylene]C2H2SoundEnergy2C+H2

Unit Test Paper 2 — Chemical Changes & Rxns

Question 1

Complete the statements by filling in the blank with the correct word/s :

1. Direct combination reaction of sulphur dioxide with water gives ...............

[H2SO4/H2SO3/H2S2O7].
2. Formation of hydrogen chloride from hydrogen and chlorine is an example
of ............... [photochemical reaction / electrochemical reaction].
3. The reaction of hydrogen burning in oxygen to give a neutral liquid is an example
of ............... [exothermic/endothermic] reaction.
4. The neutral gas evolved when lead nitrate undergoes thermal decomposition
is ............... [nitrogen dioxide/oxygen/nitrogen].
5. The reddish brown precipitate obtained during a double decomposition - precipitation
reaction between an iron salt and an alkali is ............... [iron [II] hydroxide / iron [III]
hydroxide]
Answer

1. Direct combination reaction of sulphur dioxide with water gives H2SO3

2. Formation of hydrogen chloride from hydrogen and chlorine is an example
of photochemical reaction.
3. The reaction of hydrogen burning in oxygen to give a neutral liquid is an example
of exothermic reaction.
4. The neutral gas evolved when lead nitrate undergoes thermal decomposition
is oxygen.
5. The reddish brown precipitate obtained during a double decomposition precipitation
reaction between an iron salt and an alkali is iron [III] hydroxide.
Question 2.

Select the correct answer from A, B, C, D and E for each statement given below :

A : Ammonia
B : Hydrogen chloride
C : Hydrogen
D : Nitrogen dioxide
E : Nitric oxide

State the gaseous product formed, when -

1. An active metal reacts with dilute sulphuric acid.

2. A metallic nitrate undergoes thermal decomposition giving a coloured gas.
3. Two gases one of them neutral, combines by absorption of light energy.
4. An ammonium salt reacts with an alkali.
5. An exothermic reaction takes place between ammonia and a neutral gas.
Answer

1. An active metal reacts with dilute sulphuric acid — C : Hydrogen

2. A metallic nitrate undergoes thermal decomposition giving a coloured gas — D :
Nitrogen dioxide
3. Two gases one of them neutral, combines by absorption of light energy — B :
Hydrogen chloride
4. An ammonium salt reacts with an alkali — A: Ammonia
5. An exothermic reaction takes place between ammonia and a neutral gas — E : Nitric
oxide

Question 3

Give a balanced equation for each of the following types of reactions :

1. A direct combination reaction between phosphorus and a neutral gas.

2. A soluble salt of lead formed from an insoluble base by double decomposition –
neutralization.
3. A thermal decomposition reaction of a salt – which results in the formation of
nitrogen gas.
4. A synthesis reaction between a metal & a non-metal resulting in formation of an
insoluble salt of iron.
5. A decomposition reaction of a salt which leaves behind a silvery metal.
Answer

1. 4P + O2 ⟶ 2P2O5
2. PbO + 2HNO3 ⟶ Pb(NO3)3 + H2O
3. (NH4)2Cr2O7 ⟶ Cr2O3 + 4H2O + N2
4. Fe + S ⟶ FeS
5. 2AgCl →☼ 2Ag + Cl2
Question 4.1

Differentiate between the following :

Synthesis reaction & a substitution reaction.

Answer

Synthesis Reaction Sub

A chemical reaction in which two or more elements or compounds react to A chemical reaction in whi
form one new compound is called a Direct Combination Reaction or another element in a compo
Synthesis Reaction. Substitution Reaction.

For example:
For example:
Magnesium + Copper [II] s
hydrogen + oxygen ⟶ water
Copper
2H2 [g] + O2 [g] ⟶ 2H2O [l]
Mg + CuSO4 ⟶ MgSO4 +

Question 4.2

Differentiate between the following :

Electrolytic decomposition & photochemical decomposition

Answer

Electrolytic decomposition Photoch

A decomposition reaction which is brought about by passage of electric A decomposition reaction w

current is known as Electrolytic decomposition. known as Photochemical d

For example: For example:

2H2O ⟶ 2H2 + O2 (On Passage of Electric Current) 2AgCl ⟶ 2Ag + Cl

Question 4.3

Differentiate between the following :

Thermal decomposition & thermal dissociation.

Answer
 Thermal decomposition T

A chemical reaction in which a compound decomposes to give two new A decomposition react
elements / a new compound & an element / two new compounds on application two or more simpler su
of heat is called a Thermal decomposition reaction. a Thermal dissociation

For example: For example:

2Ca(NO3)2 ⟶ 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2 NH4Cl ⇌ NH3 + HCl

Question 4.4

Differentiate between the following :

Decomposition reaction & a double decomposition reaction

Answer

Decomposition reaction Double dec

A chemical reaction in which b

A chemical reaction in which a compound decomposes to give two new
decomposed to give two new c
elements / a new compound & an element / two new compounds is
called a Double decomposition
called a Decomposition reaction.
It is represented as XY + AB ⟶

For example: For example:

2HgO ⟶ 2Hg + O2 CaCl2 + Na2CO3 ⟶ 2NaCl + C

Question 4.5

Differentiate between the following :

Neutralization reaction & a precipitation reaction.

Answer

Neutralization reaction Precip

A reaction between two compounds - base and acid to give two new A reaction between two compo
compounds - salt and water - by interchange of radicals is called a two new compounds one of wh
Neutralization reaction. Precipitation reaction.

For example: For example:

 Neutralization reaction Precip

NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl ⟶ 2NaNO

Question 5

Match the chemical reactions in List I with the appropriate answer in List II.

List I

AB ⇌ A + B (on heating) A : Double decomposition

AB ⟶ A + B B : Thermal dissociation

X+Y- + A+B- ⟶ X+B- + A+Y- C : Endothermic reaction

X + YZ ⟶ XZ + Y D : Displacement reaction

X + Y ⟶ XY - Δ (on heating) E : Decomposition reaction

Answer

List I

AB ⇌ A + B (on heating) B : Thermal dissociation

AB ⟶ A + B E : Decomposition reaction

X+Y- + A+B- ⟶ X+B- + A+Y- A : Double decomposition

X + YZ ⟶ XZ + Y D : Displacement reaction

X + Y ⟶ XY - Δ (on heating) C : Endothermic reaction

Question 6

Name the solid residual product formed in each reaction and state it's colour during – thermal
decomposition of the following substances.

1. Copper nitrate.
 2. Ammonium dichromate.
3. Zinc carbonate.
4. Lead nitrate.
5. Calcium hydroxide.
Answer

Below table lists the solid residual product formed along with it's colour for the given
substances:

Sl. Residual
Substance
No. Product

1 Copper nitrate Copper [II] oxide

2 Ammonium dichromate Chromic oxide

3 Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide

4 Lead nitrate Lead oxide

5 Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxide