Solution

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Class 10 - Social Science

1.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Power-sharing is good because it helps in reducing the chances of conflict between different social groups and
ensures the stability of the political system. It does not lead to any ethical tension.
2.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: There was ethnic tension between French-speaking and Dutch-speaking communities in Belgium because the
minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community
who got the benefit of economic development and education much later.
3.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
In a democracy, we find interest groups such as traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers, and industrial workers. They also
will have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or by influencing the
decision-making process. The assertion is true, but the reason is in the context of different political parties that represent
different ideologies, is false.

4.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Since India is a ‘holding together' federation, it does not give equal power to its constituent units. Some
states like Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram enjoy special powers under certain provisions of the
Constitution of India (Article 371) due to their peculiar social and historical circumstances. These special powers are
especially enjoyed in relation to the protection of land rights of indigenous peoples, their culture, and also preferential
employment in government services. Indians who are not permanent residents of this State cannot buy land or house here.
The reason states the circumstances behind the formation of a federation. The exact balance of power between the central
and the state government varies from one federation to another. This balance depends mainly on the historical context in which
the federation was formed.
5. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The power of a large country is divided between constituent states and the national government. The central
government is more powerful than the state.
6.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: India has a federal system of government. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of
government, the Union Government or what we call the Central Government representing the Union of India and the State
governments. Later, the third tier of federalism was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. As in any federation,
these different tiers enjoy separate jurisdiction. The reason for a unitary system is also true but does not justify the assertion.
7.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: There are small countries like Belgium and Sri Lanka which face so many problems in managing diversity. A
vast country like India, with so many languages, religions, and regions has definitely had more issues dealing with such a
diverse environment. The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote the unity of the country, while
at the same time accommodate regional diversity. Both the statements are true but the reason is not just.
8.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, provides that equal wages should be paid for equal work. However, women are
considered to be inferior to men and that is why they are paid less. However, this belief is not correct and should not be

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 justified. Thus, unequal payment should not be advocated. This belief is unjustifiable as both are equal. Therefore, the assertion
is correct and the reason is a wrong statement.
9.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: A casteist is a person who thinks that caste is the principal basis of community. However, such a belief is faulty
as everyone is equal and no caste is superior to others.
Thus, both the reason and the assertion are true but the reason does not explain the assertion.
10. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: India is a patriarchal society where men are considered superior to women. Hence, women face discrimination
and disadvantage in India in many ways. Yet, it is not justifiable. The reason explains the assertion.
11.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Universal Adult Franchise gives the right to vote to everyone irrespective of their caste, religion, colour, or
gender. It is based on the principle of equality. The right to vote should be given to everyone because that is the whole essence
of democracy, i.e. equal representation. Any given class cannot determine wisdom.
12. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties because the absence of political parties, every
candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major
policy changes. The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain.
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply ruled by majority opinion. The majority always needs
to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view.
14.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a
percentage of a total number of children in the same age group. If the students were going to other states for higher
education, the total students available in the state would go down and the net attendance ratio would not be so low. The
low net attendance ratio is indicative of students dropping out of elementary school.
So, A is true but R is false.
15.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: A newspaper reported that a vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in a city and
in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly
toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhea, etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and
twenty-six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning. A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals had
contracted a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose of the toxic waste from its ship. This indicates that the waste
dumped was from a different country.
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The aim of economic development is to raise the living standard of the people and through this to raise
consumption level. This can be estimated through per capita income. Thus, the per capita income is an important parameter to
measure economic development.
17. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However,
it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance
of women working outside. For development, people look at a mix of goals. A safe and secure environment may allow more
women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. The assertion is justified by the reason. Hence, the developmental goals
that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life.
18. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: As the primary and secondary sector develops the demand for the tertiary activities (like transport, trade, bank,
storage, etc) increase. Not just does the demand for these services increase, but as individuals become better off, the demand
for education, health services, professional training, and communication also increases. Therefore, the development of primary

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 and secondary sectors leads to the development of the service or tertiary sector. Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
19.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: A is false but R is true. (Explanation: Workers are not exploited in the organized sector because the organised
sector strictly follows government rules and regulations like the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Industrial Disputes Act,
etc.)
20. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
21. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The assertion is in context with the unorganized sector where employment is not secure. People can be asked to
leave without any reason. When there is less work, such as during some seasons, some people may be asked to leave. A lot also
depends on the whims of the employer. This sector includes a large number of people who are employed on their own doing
small jobs such as selling on the street or doing repair work. Similarly, farmers work on their own and hire laborers as and
when they require.
22. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: People deposit extra money with the banks by opening a bank account in their name. Banks accept the deposits
and also pay an interest rate on the deposits. In this way, people’s money is safe with the banks and it earns interest.
23.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves and uses a major portion of
their deposits to extend loans because there is a huge demand for Loans for various economic activities. Banks in India these
days hold about 15 percent of their deposits as cash. This is kept as a provision to pay the depositors who might come to
withdraw money from the bank on any given day. Both the statements are correct but the reason is not justified.
24.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the
old order. Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting
concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
25. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. Since
it was an era of liberal movements. Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the
law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom
of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century,
this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of
private property.
26.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions, and
customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the
society of pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realized, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernization could in
fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and strong. A modern army,
an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic
monarchies of Europe.
27.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, women and non-propertied men organised opposition
movements demanding equal political rights. Equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. The
French Revolution, which marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was
granted exclusively to property-owning men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.

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28.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Explanation: In Awadh, the peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an Indentured
labourer. The movement here was against the Talukdars and Landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents
and a variety of other ceases. Thus both the Assertion and Reason are false.
29.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: The Simon Commission was greeted with the slogan Go Back Simon because it did not have a single Indian
member. They were all British but had come to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest
changes. Gandhiji went to Dandi March on 11th March 1930. The reason this does not explain the Assertion.
30. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The peasants wanted their revenue collection is relaxed because they were at a complete loss because of the
epidemic. Gandhiji came forward and organized a satyagraha to provide them with a platform to raise their voice.
31. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement
was turning violent in many places and Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass
struggles. Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the
provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919.
32.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Laterite soils are prone to erosion and degradation due to their position on the landscape. After adopting
appropriate soil conservation techniques particularly in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, this soil is very
useful for growing tea and coffee. Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala are more suitable for crops like
cashew nuts.
Both the statements are features of laterite soil, the reason does not explain the assertion.
33. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The laterite soil develops under tropical and subtropical climates with an alternate wet and dry season. This soil
is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain. Lateritic soils are mostly deep to very deep, acidic (pH < 6.0), generally
deficient in plant nutrients and occur mostly in southern states, Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of
West Bengal, and North-east regions.
The reason explains the assertion as to why this soil lacks fertility.
34.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: The land is a natural resource of utmost importance as it is used for various purposes. It supports natural
vegetation, wildlife, human life and economic activities like agriculture, mining, transport and communication system and
95% of our basic needs are obtained from the land.
35.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Terrace cultivation restricts erosion because the cut out on the slopes in form of steps breaks up the force of
the wind. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. As a result of gully erosion, the
land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land.
36.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Conservation of biodiversity is necessary because it preserves the ecological diversity, our life support systems,
i.e. water, air, and soil and the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth and breeding of species.
37.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Multi-purpose projects include dam which helps us in conserving and managing water. Floods occur due to
excessive rainfall. Building dams in most of our river basins helps in controlling floods as it helps in storing and regulating
water resources. From ancient times we have been constructing sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams built of stone

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 rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments, and canals to conserve water for irrigation.
Thus, both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
38.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Water scarcity may be an outcome of a large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water
and unequal access to it. A large population requires more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food as
irrigation is not a major contributor. Thus, A is true but R is false.
39. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown in a large
area. It has an interface of agriculture and industry. Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital-intensive inputs, with
the help of migrant labourers. All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries. Both the statements are
correct and just.
40.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: During the British period, cotton belts of India attracted the British and ultimately cotton was exported to Britain
as a raw material for their textile industries. The Champaran movement started in 1917 in Bihar. This was started
because farmers of that region were forced to grow indigo on their land because it was necessary for the textile industries
which were located in Britain. They were unable to grow food grains to sustain their families.
41. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Conservation of energy resources is essential because energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic – needs inputs of
energy. Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. Therefore there is an urgent need to
develop a sustainable path of energy development because energy saved is energy produced. The reason fairly explains the
assertion.
42. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Natural gas is considered an environment-friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions. It is also called
the fuel for the present century. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
43.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries. It is because
the manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development.
Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of a higher value are prosperous. India’s
prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.
Both are true independent statements and the reason does not explain the assertion.
44. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy because it contributes significantly to
industrial production, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings. It is the only industry in the country, which is
self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value-added products. The reason justifies the
assertion.
45.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and
carbon monoxide. Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist, and smoke and
adversely affect human health, plants and animals. The assertion is true but the reason is false.
46.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt. It is due
to the proximity of the jute-producing areas, inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways,
and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills, abundant water for processing raw jute, cheap labour from
West Bengal and adjoining states. The assertion is right but the reason is wrong.

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