A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL

ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER AND SOIL OF SELECTED

WATER BODIES

A Project Report
Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In Civil & Environmental Engineering

By:
Rupesh Rustam BE/10049/2015
Anurag Abhay BE/10365/2015
Mohit Verma BE/10679/2015

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGG.

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MESRA- 835215, RANCHI
 Declaration Certificate

This is to certify that the contents of the project entitled “A comparative study on
physicochemical analysis of surface water and soil of selected water bodies” is a bonafide
work carried out by Rupesh Rustam, Anurag Abhay, Mohit Verma under my supervision
and guidance in partial fulfilment of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi.

The contents of this project report have not been submitted earlier for the award of any other
degree or certificate. I hereby commend this work.

Date:

Dr. Neeta Kumari

Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil and Environmental
Engineering
Birla Institute of Technology,
Mesra, Ranchi-835215

Head of the Department Dean

Civil and Environmental Engg. (Academic Programmes)
BIT Mesra BIT Mesra
 Certificate of Approval

The project work entitled “A comparative study on physicochemical analysis of surface

water and soil of selected water bodies” is carried out and presented in a manner
satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite to the degree for which it has been
submitted. It is understood that by this approval, the undersigned do not necessarily endorse
any conclusion drawn or opinion expressed therein, but approve the project report for the
purpose for which it is submitted.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Head of the Department

Civil and Environmental Engg.
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
Ranchi-835215
 Acknowledgement

We would like to thank all the people who helped and supported us in writing the research
project.
We would like to express our gratitude to our project guide, Dr. Neeta Kumari, for constant
motivation and support for working on this project. We are grateful to have shared this
experience in this field.
We would like to thank our HOD for his constant supervision on how the students are doing
and helping us with any kind of problems and his lessons throughout the college period.
We would also want to thank all the other faculties who have been our lecturers and the
research scholars who helped us on various fields crucial to this project.
Last but not the least, we are also grateful to our friends and all the long discussions with
them which has contributed to our project’s development.

Rupesh Rustam Anurag Abhay Mohit Verma

BE/10049/2015 BE/10365/2015 BE/10679/2015
Table of Contents

Abstract................................................................................................................................................7
Chapter-1 Introduction......................................................................................................................8
1.1. Water and Soil properties...................................................................................................8
1.2. Nearby Scenarios.................................................................................................................8
1.2.1. Getalsud Dam...............................................................................................................8
1.2.2. Kanke Dam...................................................................................................................9
1.2.3. Jumar Stretch of the Subarnarekha River...............................................................10
1.3. Types of Water Pollution...................................................................................................11
1.4. Causes of Water Pollution.................................................................................................12
1.5. Effects of Water Pollution.................................................................................................13
1.6. Water Quality....................................................................................................................13
1.7. Objective of the study........................................................................................................13
Chapter-2 Literature Review...........................................................................................................15
Chapter-3 Research Methodology...................................................................................................17
3.1. Moisture Content....................................................................................................................18
3.2. Dry/bulk density.....................................................................................................................19
3.3. pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC)....................................................................................19
3.4. Heavy Metal.......................................................................................................................20
3.5. Turbidity.................................................................................................................................21
3.6. Acidity.....................................................................................................................................21
3.7. Alkalinity.................................................................................................................................23
3.8. Total Hardness........................................................................................................................24
3.9. Chemical Oxygen Demand.....................................................................................................24
3.10. Nitrate Ion Test.....................................................................................................................26
3.11. Phosphate Ion Test...............................................................................................................26
Chapter-4 Results and Discussion...................................................................................................28
Chapter-5 Conclusion........................................................................................................................47
References..........................................................................................................................................48
List of Figures

Figure 1: Getalsud Dam.........................................................................................................................9

Figure 2: Kanke Dam............................................................................................................................10
Figure 3: Jumar River...........................................................................................................................11
Figure 4: Refrigerated Centrifuge (Heavy Metals)...............................................................................21
Figure 5: Acidity...................................................................................................................................23
Figure 6: Chemical Oxygen Demand....................................................................................................25
 Abstract

The study of environmental pollution has become a major concern in developing countries.
Water pollution, especially, turns out to be a major issue due to its non-renewable nature.
Modern civilisation, industrialisation, urbanisation and increase in population have affected
the speed of degradation of natural water resources. Detailed investigations and
documentations of water qualities of water resources and industrial effluents should be started
immediately. This would lead us to adopt proper ways to minimise the extent of water
pollution. As per the recommendations of WHO, the development of a methodology and a
tool is required for rapid and consistent monitoring of water pollution.
Correlation analysis of the data of water quality parameters, that were tested from 3 different
locations in 2 different seasons of the year, namely winter and summer, was considered as a
successful tool, as an attempt to check the magnitude of pollution.
Although much attention has been given on the pollution studies of the freshwater systems,
but there are very few reports related to the industrial effluents released in water bodies. The
treatment methods of the industrial effluents are still being developed. So, what we did was
collect the samples from water bodies of 3 different types of areas: rural, semi-urban and
urban. The levels of pollution, through correlation analysis, was compared between the three
areas and they were different for different types of locations.
 Chapter-1

Introduction

This chapter includes the introduction to water properties, soil properties, nearby scenarios of
the areas from where the sample was taken, types, causes and effects of water pollution. It
also helps to define water quality and includes the objectives of this study.

1.1. Water and Soil properties

Water properties refer to the chemical, physical, biological and radiological characteristics of
water. It gives a measure of the pollution of water relative to the acceptable standards issued
by the authorities. These standards are decided based on their effects on one or more biotic
species or based on any human purpose or need. The most common standards used to check
water quality relate to the health of the ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking
water.
Soil is not just top 10 cms. of the ground or just powdered rock. It is a loose collection of
broken and chemically weathered rocks mixed with organic matter on the earth’s surface
which is capable of supporting plant life. The study about soil involves the zone of
biologically active and altered material about 1 m below the surface.

1.2. Nearby Scenarios

As we discussed earlier, we took samples from three different places described below:

1.2.1. Getalsud Dam

Getalsud Dam is an artificial reservoir situated in Ormanjhi, Ranchi, Jharkhand. It was
constructed across the Subarnarekha River and was opened in 1971. The main purpose of the
dam is to fulfil the drinking water requirements of the residents of Ranchi. Apart from that, it
is also used for industrial purposes and electricity generation. The dam is located on the
north-eastern edge of Chota Nagpur Plateau. It is situated in Rukka Block, because of which
it is locally known as Rukka Dam. The Getalsud Dam is around 35 km from Ranchi and
around 30 km from Ramgarh.
The reservoir, with a catchment area of 717 km2, has a full reservoir level of 1,954 ft. It was
envisaged to meet the drinking water demands of Ranchi city as well as industrial
requirements of Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd at Hatia and other factories. The power
generation from the Getalsud Dam is stopped once the level reaches to 1917 ft to ensure that
sufficient water is available for drinking purposes. This area is basically rural with very few
human settlements seen nearby.
Figure 1: Getalsud Dam

1.2.2. Kanke Dam

Kanke is a census town in Ranchi district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Kanke has a large
water reservoir called Kanke Dam, which is used to supply water to Ranchi city. As of 2011
India census, Kanke had a population of 16,396. This area is highly populated and considered
to be urban.
Kanke Dam is used as a tourist spot or for different recreation activities. This lake is great for
fishing and makes a perfect picnic spot. You may climb down the steps leading to the water
and take a walk around the lake. You'll find numerous water hyacinths floating on the lake's
rim. And if you are feeling slightly famished, there are a number of food vendors around to
satisfy your hunger pangs.
Close to this place lies the Rock Garden, which is a huge hit amongst the tourists and the
locals alike. It has everything from well laid lawns, artistic sculptures, swings and waterfalls
which makes it a great place to enjoy a fun day with your family.
The water stored in the reservoir is used mainly for the purpose of supplying water to nearby
households and to different areas in Ranchi.
Figure 2: Kanke Dam

1.2.3. Jumar Stretch of the Subarnarekha River

The Jumar river is considered to be a tributary of the Subarnarekha River. It flows for 15km
in the north of capital Ranchi and another 15km outside the city. One end of this stretch ends
in Mesra. The end of this stretch can be located near the new Mesra Railway bridge. We
collected the samples from behind the portion of the stretch passing behind BIT Mesra.
Mesra and its neighbours are considered to be semi-urban as there is a little development but
it’s mostly rural.
Figure 3: Jumar River

1.3. Types of Water Pollution

There are many sources of water. So, there are many types of water pollution as well:
1. Nutrient Pollution: Some wastewater, fertilizers and some sewage contain very high
level of nutrients. When these get discharged in the water bodies, they encourage
algae and weed growth in water. This reduces the quality of drinking water and clogs
filters. Too much algae will use up the oxygen present in water and the aquatic life
will start to perish.

2. Surface water pollution: Surface water includes natural water found on the earth’s
surface such as rivers, lakes, ponds, seas, etc. When hazardous materials come into
contact with surface water or are dissolved in some way, it pollutes the surface water
bodies.

3. Oxygen Depletion: Water bodies have micro-organisms: both aerobic and non-
aerobic. When too much biodegradable matter goes in water bodies, it speeds up the
micro-organism growth. As a result, they use up more oxygen and other organisms in
water start to die. The aerobic organisms also die and the anaerobic organisms start
producing more harmful toxins including ammonia and sulphides.

4. Groundwater Pollution: When humans apply pesticides and chemicals to soils, they
penetrate the soil with rainwater. These chemicals then reach the groundwater and
 pollute the water underground. As a result, when wells or bore holes are dug, polluted
water is found.

5. Microbiological Pollution: At many places in the world, people use and drink
untreated water. It needs to be checked for natural pollution caused by micro-
organisms like virus, bacteria and protozoa. This can cause harm to the aquatic
animals as well as humans who drink from these waters.

6. Suspended Matter: Some pollutants do not dissolve in water. These are called
particulate matter. These particulate matter settles under the body. These also harm
aquatic animals and humans both.

7. Chemical Water Pollution: Many industries and farmers use chemicals that end up in
water. These include pesticides and other insecticides. There are also metal and
solvents coming out from industries.

8. Oil Spills: Oils spills can spread for miles and it blocks sunlight and oxygen from
reaching underwater. This leads to the death of aquatic organisms and seabirds lose
their ability to fly due to feathers stuck in the oil.

1.4. Causes of Water Pollution

There are many reasons of water pollution. Here are a few:
o Sewage and Wastewater: Household waste like sewage, garbage and liquid waste, or
sewage from agricultural lands and factories are discharged into rivers and lakes.
These wastes have very harmful contaminants which pollute the water.

o Dumping in water bodies: Many people dump their wastes in nearby water bodies.
These wastes include glass, plastic, aluminium, Styrofoam, etc. They take a lot of
time to degrade in water.

o Industrial Waste: Industrial wastes include asbestos, mercury, lead and

petrochemicals. These are harmful for both human beings and environment.

o Oil Pollution: Oil spills pollute seas and oceans very frequently. The oil doesn’t
dissolve in water and forms a layer over it which blocks sunlight and oxygen from
reaching inside water.

o Acid Rain: Acid rain is caused by air pollution. The acid vapours mix with water in
the atmosphere and pollute the water.
 o Eutrophication: Eutrophication is increased level of nutrients in water bodies. It gives
rise to algae in water. The algae bloom and spread ultimately depleting the oxygen in
water, which leads to the death of the aquatic life.

1.5. Effects of Water Pollution

The effects of water pollution are very different and depend on what chemicals have been
discharged in the water.
o The water bodies in urban locations are quite polluted. These include dumping by
households and dangerous chemicals discharged by manufacturing industries, health
centres, market places, etc.

o Water pollution leads to the death of the organisms that depend on the water bodies.

o Pollution also disrupts the food chain. When pollutants are ingested by the small fish
which are later eaten by big fish, the pollutants get transferred up the food chain.

o Humans are the top of the food chain, so the amount of pollutants come from various
sources. They get accumulated in our bodies and affect us too.

1.6. Water Quality

Water quality is also called “ambient water quality”. It is the degree to which water is clean
and whether it is suitable for drinking, for the plants or the fish to grow or live in.
The term quality refers to a broad spectrum of items related to how we determine water
concerns and address them.
Mostly, “the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water with respect to its
suitability for a designated use”.
Water quality standards are decided to protect the various water bodies and have safe water
from them for use. Water bodies are monitored by states to ensure these standards are
maintained actually.

1.7. Objective of the study

Correlation Analysis is a technique to rate the quality of water. Seasonal assessment will
help us in determining the type and source of pollution, and help in deciding methods to
prevent pollution.
The present investigation is aimed at assessing the current physico-chemical characteristics of
3 water bodies in 2 different seasons.
Methodology adopted: Water samples were taken from 8 different stations at each location
in 2 different seasons: one set of samples in winter and another set in the beginning of
summer, in clean and dry polythene bottles. The samples were preserved for testing for
various parameters at 10ºC throughout the period of analysis.

Parameters analysed: pH, TDS, COD, DO, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, acidity, total
hardness, phosphate, nitrate.

Tools and Techniques: The water samples were analysed in the laboratory using standard
methods.
 Chapter-2

Literature Review
This chapter includes the literature reviews of different research papers for similar works
around Ranchi and other areas which we read before starting the project.
o Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Ranchi Township Area, Jharkhand,
India by Using Water Quality Index Method.
Ashwini Kumar Tiwari wrote that Water quality index (WQI) a well-known method as well
as one of the most effective tools to express water quality that offers a simple, stable,
reproducible unit of measure and communicate information of water quality to the policy
makers and concerned citizens. 27 water samples were collected from well and tube well of
the Ranchi township area. The quality of water was evaluated by testing various physico-
chemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solid, Total Hardness, Bicarbonate,
Fluoride, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Calcium and Magnesium. The WQI value 139 is
maximum and the value 29 is minimum in the study area. The computed WQI shows that
18% of water sample falls in the Very Good water category and 67% water samples fall in
Good category. On the other hand, 15% of water samples falls in the poor category. Ground
Water Quality Index (GWQI) of 85% of groundwater samples were found as Very Good to
Good category and can be used for direct consumption while 15% of water samples are the
Poor category shows that the water is not suitable for direct consumption and requires
treatment before its utilization. The high value of WQI at these stations has been found to be
mainly from the higher values of total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides, bicarbonate,
chloride, nitrate and calcium in the groundwater.

o Comparative Analysis of some Water Quality Parameters of 3 Lakes in

Jahangirnagar University Campus, Savar, Bangladesh.
Md. Ashrafur Rahman*, Sabira Sultana and Md. Abdus Salam Department of Zoology,
Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh say that a study was conducted to
determine the physico-chemical parameters of water of three different lakes in Jahangirnagar
University campus from March to November, 2013. The selected parameters were water
depth, water temperature, conductivity, transparency, pH, dissolve O2, free CO2, total
alkalinity, hardness, sulphate and water colour. Water depth fluctuated from 140 cm to 385
cm, temperature ranged from 25 0C to 31 0C, conductivities ranged from 627 μS/cm to 1544
μS/cm, transparency from 22 cm to 87 cm, considerable variation of water colours were
found and pH ranged from 6.4 to 7.5 without having any significant fluctuation. Dissolve
oxygen (DO) ranged from 2.7 mg/l to 7.6 mg/l, carbon dioxide level ranged from 16 mg/l to
62 mg/l, total alkalinity and hardness were ranged from 43 mg/l to 92 mg/l and 63 mg/l to
134 mg/l, respectively with slight variations in different lakes in different months. During the
study period, all the spots showed minimum fluctuation of physico-chemical parameters from
the normal range without having some exceptions.
 o Studies on Physico Chemical Parameters of 5 water bodies of Ranchi
(Jharkhand) by Mouli Chakroborty, Amit Kumar Bundela, Rashika Agrawal,
Benoy Sabu, Manoj Kumar*, Bharti Singh Raipat, Priyanka Saha, Pipas
Kumar, Department of Zoology, St. Xavier’s College, Ranchi.
It says that Aquatic ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to environmental change and
many are, at present, severely degraded. The availability of good quality water is an
indispensable feature for preventing disease and improving quality of life. The physico-
chemical properties will also help in the identification of sources of pollution, for conducting
further investigations on the ecobiological impacts and also for initiating necessary steps for
remedial actions in case of polluted water bodies. Therefore, the nature and health of any
aquatic community are an expression of quality of the water. The present study has been
undertaken to evaluate physico-chemical parameters (pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, free
carbon dioxide, sulphate content, chloride content and phosphate content) in 5 water bodies
in and around Ranchi – Patratu Dam, Kanke dam, Dhruwa dam, Ranchi Lake, Line-tank
Lake.

o The adverse effects of the heavy metal contamination of Hooghly river at Haldi on
the fishes and aquatic life was confirmed in the review study by Samanta et al.,
(2005). They carried out study to determine the levels of toxic heavy metals and study
the impact such enhanced levels (of toxic metals) have on fish life. They examined
the water for the period of three years from Jun’99 to October 2002. The samples
were drawn from several points including Patikhali- where there is heavy industrial
discharge. The study revealed existence of five heavy metals like lead, copper, zinc
and magnesium and cadmium. During the investigation it was noted that the river
before the above industrial area shown least concentration of these metals. The value
of various metals obtained from sample data was compared with “the Criterion
Continuous Concentration (CCC)” of USA. The levels of Cd, Cu and Pb were
observed to be quite high.
 Chapter-3

Research Methodology

This chapter cites the methodology which include the find out and calculate of soil sample
and water sample properties and parameters and various formulas which is used for it. The
ambient water quality data and meteorological data that was required in this research study is
mentioned.
The Following are the GPS coordinates of the ‘soil sample’ in winter season-
Getalsud dam(winter)- Kanke dam(winter)-
Sample 1- 23.4647844° N, 85.556187° E Sample 1-23.4045000°N,85.3110263°E
Sample 2- 23.463169° N, 85.558629° E Sample 2-23.3971758°N,85.2962955°E
Sample 3- 23.463264° N, 85.558694° E Sample 3-23.396727°N,85.3038607°E
Sample 4- 23.464953° N, 85.555932° E Sample 4-23.3969933°N,85.2962761°E
Sample 5- 23.463072° N, 85.55671° E Sample 5-23.4061769°N,85.3071994°E
Sample 6- 23.465235° N, 85.556084° E Sample 6-23.4048104°N,85.3105709°E
Sample 7- 23.463377° N, 85.558562° E Sample 7-23.3967412°N,85.3030904°E
Sample 8- 23.463581° E, 85.558427° E Sample 8-23.4073692°N,85.3070743°E

The Following are the GPS coordinates of the ‘soil sample’ in summer season-
Getalsud dam(summer)- Kanke dam(summer)-
Sample 1- 23.464880° N, 85.55593° E Sample 1-23.409214°N,85.311442°E
Sample 2- 23.464936° N,85.555871°E Sample 2-23.403877°N,85.311512°E
Sample 3- 23.464798° N, 85.555644° E Sample 3-23.404819°N,85.310082°E
Sample 4- 23.465027° N, 85.556085° E Sample 4-23.404829°N,85.309774°E
Sample 5- 23.463056° N, 85.558696° E Sample 5-23.406043°N,85.307336°E
Sample 6- 23.463928° N, 85.559014° E Sample 6-23.405987°N,85.307274°E
Sample 7- 23.462841° N, 85.558944° E Sample 7-23.406394°N,85.307162°E
Sample 8- 23.463176° E, 85.558757° E Sample 8-23.406508°N,85.307215°E

The Following are the GPS coordinates of the ‘water sample’ in winter season-
Getalsud dam(winter)- Kanke dam(winter)-
Sample 1- 23.465323° N, 85.556731° E Sample 1-23.396943°N,85.304442°E
Sample 2- 23.463893° N, 85.557762° E Sample 2-23.404232°N,85.311134°E
Sample 3- 23.464983° N, 85.555665° E Sample 3-23.405003°N,85.309788°E
Sample 4- 23.465303° N, 85.555220° E Sample 4-23.407029°N,85.307051°E
Sample 5- 23.462946° N, 85.558717° E Sample 5-23.397240°N,85.296268°E
Sample 6- 23.465221° N, 85.555901° E Sample 6-23.397087°N,85.296457°E
Sample 7- 23.463900° N, 85.556894° E Sample 7-23.406058°N,85.307456°E
Sample 8- 23.464681° E, 85.563860° E Sample 8-23.396984°N,85.304115°E

The Following are the GPS coordinates of the ‘water sample’ in summer season-
Getalsud dam(summer)- Kanke dam(summer)-
Sample 1- 23.464407° N, 85.556094° E Sample 1-23.403952°N,85.311080°E
Sample 2- 23.464597° N, 85.556112° E Sample 2-23.403785°N,85.311477°E
Sample 3- 23.464703° N, 85.556024° E Sample 3-23.404664°N,85.309457°E
Sample 4- 23.469779° N, 85.555876° E Sample 4-23.404662°N,85.309822°E
Sample 5- 23.462923° N, 85.558704° E Sample 5-23.404917°N,85.309223°E
Sample 6- 23.462898° N, 85.558738° E Sample 6-23.307044°N,85.405987°E
Sample 7- 23.462772° N, 85.558712° E Sample 7-23.307274°N,85.307274°E
Sample 8- 23.462533° E, 85.558899° E Sample 8-23.3406288°N,85.307184°E

The following main methodology used for soil and water sample are-

3.1. Moisture Content

Moisture content is the ratio of the mass of water in a sample to the mass of solids in the
sample expressed as a percentage. We use Oven Dry Method.

w = (Mw / Ms) * 100

Where,
Mw = initial mass of moist soil minus mass of oven-dried soil
Ms = the soil's oven-dried mass
3.2. Dry/bulk density
Bulk density is indicator of soil compaction and soil health. It affects infiltration, rooting
depth/restrictions, available water capacity, soil porosity and plant nutrient availability. It is
typically expressed in g/3. Here we use “core cutter” method for determine bulk and dry
density. We take sample by drive ring to 3-inch depth.
Bulk density = M / V
Where,
M = mass of the wet soil in the core cutter
V = internal volume of the core cutter.
Dry density of a soil sample is the ratio of total dry mass of soil to the total volume of soil.
For assess the degree of compaction, it is necessary to use the dry unit weight, which is an
indicator of compactness of solid soil particle in a given volume. dry density is directly
Proportional to the degree of compaction of soil mass.
Dry density = (M / V) / (1+w)
Where,
w = water content

3.3. pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC)

The soil pH and EC test are best source available to known the nature of soil and soluble salts
status. The pH of Soil Is measured using Digital pH meter which consist of electrode and
digital meter. Factors affecting soil acidity are rainfall, nitrogen fertilizers, plants etc.

Soil electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of the amount of salts in soil (salinity of soil). It
is an important indicator of soil health. It affects crop yields, crop suitability, plant nutrient
availability, and activity of soil microorganisms which influence key soil processes including
the emission of greenhouse gases such as nitrogen oxides, methane, and carbon dioxide etc.
Conductivity of various types of water:
Ultra-pure water -5.5* 10^-6 S/m
Drinking water - .005 to .05 S/m
Sea water - 5 S/m

Procedure for measuring pH-

1. Take 20 gm of soil in 250 ml beaker.
2. Add 40 mL of pure water to it using a pipette or suitable volumetric container. Stir with a
glass rod and let the sample stand for some time.
3. Standardize the pH meter.
4. Stir the sample again immediately before measuring the soil pH. Do not place the electrode
directly in the sand layer at the bottom of the container. The electrodes should be positioned
in the solution just above the sand layer.
5. Record pH to the nearest 0.1 pH unit.

Procedure for measuring Electrical conductivity

1. 30 g of the soil specimen is taken in a 100 ml beaker
2. Add 75 mL of distilled water to it and Stir with a glass rod and let the sample stand for
some time.
3. Standardize the Conductivity meter.
4. Stir the sample again immediately before measuring EC of the soil. Do not place the
electrode directly in the sand layer at the bottom of the container. The electrode should be
positioned in the solution just above the sand layer.
5. Record EC in mS/m- unit.

3.4. Heavy Metal

Soil, the carrier of agricultural production and important part of the ecological environment,
is heavily contaminated with hazards heavy metals. Therefore, it is obliged to research
analytical techniques that could efficiently determine the total content of heavy metals in soil.
With the rapid development of the global economy, the heavy metal pollution in soil is
becoming a crucial environmental problem. Industrial, traffic and municipal wastes were the
primary source of heavy metal for soil. These heavy metals were accumulated in waters and
plant tissues, which will migrate into food chain finally. Studies have showed that heavy
metals are pose hazardous risk to the health of humans when excess certain amount.
Procedure of Heavy Metal testing-
1) The soil sample was kept in air for 2 hr.
2) Sample was sieving through 4.75mm sieve.
3) take 0.5g soil sample in conical flask and digestion by the aqua regia method and placed
it in fume hood and heated with the hot plate upto 130 degree for 1 hr or 2 hr.
4) The solution was heated on a hot plate without boiling until the volume was reduced to 1
m and then the sample was cooled.
5) sample was diluted to 50 ml with double distilled water. and centrifuge it. and placed
in sample bottles and tested by the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.

Figure 4: Refrigerated Centrifuge (Heavy Metals)

3.5. Turbidity
Turbidity is a technical term referring to the amount of cloudiness in the water. High turbidity
will also fill tank and pipes with mud and silt and can damage valve and taps. Turbidity often
indicates the presence of dispersed and suspended solid like clay, organic matter, silt, algae
and other micro-organisms. We measure turbidity using an electronic nephelometer. Here we
measure turbidity at 1000NTU.
Drinking water should be turbidity of 5 NTU or less. And chlorinated water should preferably
less than 1 NTU.

3.6. Acidity
Acidity is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize base. Acidity is the sum of all
titrable acid present in the water sample. Strong mineral acids, weak acids such as carbonic
acid, acetic acid present in the water sample contributes to acidity of the water. Usually
dissolved CO2 is the major acidic component present in the unpolluted surface water.
The volume of standard alkali required to titrate a specific volume of the sample to pH 8.3 is
called phenolphthalein acidity (Total Acidity).
The volume of standard alkali required to titrate a specific volume of the water sample
(wastewater and highly polluted water) to pH 3.7 is called methyl orange acidity (Mineral
Acidity).
Aquatic life is affected by high water acidity. The organisms present are prone to death with
low pH of water. High acidity water is not used for construction purposes. Especially in
reinforced concrete construction due to the corrosive nature of high acidity water. Hydrogen
ions present in a sample as a result of dissociation or hydrolysis of solutes reacts with
additions of standard alkali (NaOH). Acidity thus depends on end point of the indicator used.
The colour change of phenolphthalein indicator is close to pH 8.3 at 25ºC corresponds to
stoichiometric neutralization of carbonic acid to bicarbonate.
Reagent Required-
Sodium Hydroxide, Phenolphthalein, Methyl Orange, Ethyl alcohol
Procedure
1. Take 100ml sample in a conical flask and add 2-3 drop of methyl orange indicator
solution.
2. Fill the burette with 0.02N NaOH solution and titrate till the color of solution just change
to faint orange color, indicating the end point. Record the volume of titrant consumed as V1
in ml. Calculate the methyl orange acidity.
Formula used – methyl orange acidity=(V1*N*50*1000) / sample volume
3. For Phenolphthalein acidity test add 2-3 drop of Phenolphthalein Indicator solution to
water sample from step 2 and continue titration till faint pink color develop (end point).
Total acidity= (V2*N*50*1000)/ sample volume
Where, V2= amount of titrant consumed
Figure 5: Acidity

3.7. Alkalinity
Alkalinity of the water in a measure of its capacity to neutralize acid. The alkalinity of natural
water is due primarily to the salt of weak acid. Bicarbonate represent the major alkalinity.
Reagents used
0.2N of H2SO4, Phenolphthalein indicator, Methyl orange indicator
Procedure
1. Collect 100 ml of water sample and add 3 drops of phenolphthalein, titrate the 100ml
sample with 0.02N sulphuric acid to pH 8.3 and estimate phenolphthalein alkalinity
using the formula
Phenolphthalein alkalinity (ppm as caco3) =(A*1000) *N*50
2. Again, titrate the same sample with methyl orange indicator till the end point of pink
color and estimate the methyl orange alkalinity using the formula –
Methyl orange alkalinity (ppm of caco3) =(B*100) +N*50
3. Total alkalinity is calculated by using formula = (A+B) *1000*N*50
For portable water the total alkalinity should be in the range of 20-200 mg/l of CaCO3.

3.8. Total Hardness

Total hardness is defined as the concentration of multivalent metallic cation in solution. Total
hardness present in water is the measurement of mineral content in a water sample that is
irreversible by boiling therefore total hardness may be equivalent to the total calcium and
magnesium hardness.
Buffer of ammonia & sodium is used to maintain the pH of the solution.
EBT is used as an indicator.
Carbonate hardness is formerly called temporary hardness. It is caused by dissolved Ca & Mg
bicarbonate.
Non carbonate hardness is called permanent hardness.
They are associated with sulphate, chloride & nitrate ion of Ca & Mg.
Reagents Used
EDTA solution of 0.01N, EBT indicator, Buffer solution of ammonia & NaOH, Muric oxide
indicator
Procedure
1. 50 ml of sample was taken in a conical flask
2. 2-3ml of ammonia buffer was added to the sample along with the help of pipette.
3. 2-3 drop of EBT indicator was added so that the sample acquire a wine red colour.
4. Titrate was done with EDTA solution taken in burette till the wine red colour changes in
blue which is the end point of titration.
The hardness of water should not exceed 600 mg/lt of CaCO3 according to ISI0500:1991.

3.9. Chemical Oxygen Demand

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) determines the amount of oxygen required for chemical
oxidation of organic matter using a strong chemical oxidant, such as, potassium dichromate
under reflux conditions.
The amount of dichromate consumed is proportional to the oxygen required to oxidize the
oxidizable organic matter.
Formula used - (A-B) *8*0.25*1000/ vol. of sample
Where, A=reading of distilled water, B= reading of sample.
Procedure
1. Take 5 ml of the sample in the test-tube.
2. Add 3ml of potassium dichromate
3. Add 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid.
4. A pinch of mercuric sulphate was added with the help of spatula to the sample.
 5. Glass beads were then added to the sample to avoid the breakage in the beaker.
6. Then put all the sample in COD digestion at 150°C.
7. After that remove it from the COD digestion and cool it at room temperature for
sometime
8. Then add 2-3 drop of ferroin indicator, the colour changes to brown
9. Then titrate the sample with ferrous ammonium sulphate till it reaches to the wine red
colour
Chemicals Used-
1. Potassium dichromate
2. Sulphuric acid
3. Mercuric sulphate
4. Glass beads
5. Ferroin indicator
6. Ferrous ammonium sulphate
According to IS10500-2012 permissible value of COD is 420 mg/lt. Acceptable value of
sewage to be discharged in the river body should not be greater than 200 mg/lt.

Figure 6: Chemical Oxygen Demand

3.10. Nitrate Ion Test
This test is used to measure the concentration of nitrate ions in water sample. Nitrate ion
found in freshwater sample result from a variety of natural & manmade source. Measurement
of the ultraviolet absorption of 220nm enable rapid determination of nitrate calibration curve
follow beer’s law upto 11mg/L N because dissolved oxygen matter may also absorb at 220nm
and nitrate does not absorb 275nm, a record measurement can be made at 275nm to correct
the nitrate value. nitrate level in freshwater is usually founded in the range of 0.1 to 4.0 mg/L.
Procedure
1. We first weighed 0.721gm of potassium nitrate and we take it in volumetric flask. Fill the
volumetric flask with distilled water upto 100ml, then the stock was prepared.
2. Take 10ml of stock solution in the other volumetric flask then again fill it with 100ml of
distilled water. Then the standard is prepared.
3. From standard solution working sample of 10 different conc. Was made of 1ml, 2ml, 3ml
till 10ml then fill distilled water upto 100ml.
4. Take 50ml of each working solution in a conical flask.
5. Add 1ml of conc. HCl.
6. Take the reading in Spectrophotometer at 220nm and 275nm wavelength.
According to IS10500:2012, drinking water specification, the nitrate conc. should not
exceed 45mg/L. If it exceeds, it will cause blue baby syndrome.

3.11. Phosphate Ion Test

The principle of this ion test method involves the formation of molybdophosphoric
acid, which is reduced to the intensely colored compound molybdenum blue. The
analytical method extremely sensitive and a reliable depends to concentration below
0.1mg phosphate /lit.
Procedure
0.438 gm of potassium dihydrogen thiosulphate was weighed in electric weighing
machine. The measured amount is kept in volumetric flask and made till 100ml. Now
it is of 1000 ppm. This is the stock solution.
Now, 10 ml stock solution is taken and made till 100 ml again. Now it is of 100 ppm.
From this solution ,10 ml is again taken and made till 100 ml again. Now this will be
of 10 ppm and the standard solution. From the standard solution working solution is
prepared of 5,10,15,20&25 mg/l.
Now in each of the working solution, phenolphthalein indicator is added. If the
solution turns pink, it indicates strong acid 0.4 ml ammonium molybdate in pipette in
each working sample
1 drop of stannous chloride was also added to these solutions and we wait for 10
minutes to stand.
Absorbance value noted initially against blank sample and then against all the working
sample under 650 nm.
 Chapter-4

Results and Discussion

It contains the result of various types of test of soil and water sample seasonal wise and the
discussions that happened during different tests.
Following are the result of “soil” samples-
GETALSUD DAM (winter)
Moisture Content
Sample(winter) Bulk Density (Getalsud) Dry Density (Getalsud)
(Getalsud)
Getalsud Dam (g/cm3) (%) (g/cm3)
1 1.86 4.62 1.77
2 1.7 3.71 1.63
3 1.81 4.58 1.73
4 1.73 3.95 1.66
5 1.6 2.92 1.55
6 1.7 3.72 1.64
7 1.53 2.37 1.5
8 1.65 3.42 1.6

GETALSUD DAM (summer)

Moisture Content
Sample(summer) Bulk Density (Getalsud) Dry Density (Getalsud)
(Getalsud)
Getalsud Dam (g/cm3) (%) (g/cm3)
1 3.54 2.85 3.44
2 3.07 3.7 2.97
3 2.8 13.78 2.46
4 1.11 0.91 1.099
5 1.71 8.03 1.58
6 1.41 1.18 1.39
7 1.87 2.21 1.82
8 2.79 2.02 2.73

KANKE DAM (winter)

Moisture Content
Sample(winter) Bulk Density (Kanke) Dry Density (Kanke)
(Kanke)
Kanke Dam (g/cm3) (%) (g/cm3)
1 1.86 3.26 1.801
2 2.06 8.14 1.904
3 2.22 9.84 2.021
4 2.5 6.03 2.357
5 2.31 7.15 2.155
6 1.97 4.83 1.879
7 2.36 11.37 2.119
8 2.01 5.98 1.896

KANKE DAM (summer)

Moisture Content
Sample(summer) Bulk Density (Kanke) Dry Density (Kanke)
(Kanke)
Kanke Dam (g/cm3) (%) (g/cm3)
1 2.65 1.24 1.31
2 1.7 1.23 1.679
3 1.21 3.13 1.173
4 3.89 2.94 2.821
5 1.78 3.48 1.72
6 2.11 13.65 1.85
7 1.66 14.88 1.44
8 3.06 6.1 2.87

GETALSUD DAM (winter)

Samples pH (Getalsud) EC (Getalsud) TDS (Getalsud)
Getalsud Dam
1 5.62 0.55 0.28
2 5.37 0.11 0.06
3 5.48 0.08 0.04
4 5.75 0.12 0.06
5 5.79 0.28 0.14
6 5.31 0.37 0.19
7 6.62 5.24 2.5
8 5.47 2.8 1.4

GETALSUD DAM (summer)

Samples pH (Getalsud) EC (Getalsud) TDS (Getalsud)
Getalsud Dam
1 5.32 0.5 0.25
2 5.18 0.09 0.07
3 5.36 0.06 0.02
4 5.62 0.08 0.05
5 5.65 0.2 0.11
6 5.2 0.25 0.14
7 6.52 5.09 2.32
8 5.3 2.38 1.21
 KANKE DAM (winter)
Samples pH (Kanke) EC (Kanke) TDS (Kanke)
Kanke Dam
1 5.8 1.18 0.59
2 5.75 0.35 0.17
3 5.52 0.19 0.09
4 5.55 0.27 0.14
5 5.75 0.1 0.05
6 5.67 0.18 0.08
7 5.59 0.04 0.08
8 5.57 0.13 0.07

KANKE DAM (summer)

Samples pH (Kanke) EC (Kanke) TDS (Kanke)
Kanke Dam
1 5.62 1.1 0.55
2 5.57 0.25 0.15
3 5.1 0.15 0.07
4 5.18 0.19 0.12
5 5.67 0.05 0.03
6 5.22 0.12 0.05
7 5.2 0.02 0.05
8 5.19 0.09 0.1

Heavy Metals
Following are the heavy metals analysis data for samples taken in winter:
Sample Id Analyte Mean

Std 5ppm -----------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 4.936 mg/L
Cd 226.502 5.148 mg/L
Cr 205.560 5.037 mg/L
Cu 324.752 4.978 mg/L
Fe 259.939 4.909 mg/L
Ni 231.604 4.899 mg/L
Pb 220.353 4.972 mg/L
 Se 196.026 5.005 mg/L
Zn 213.857 5.076 mg/L
G 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.028 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.036 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.019 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.000 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.114 mg/L
G 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.659 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.467 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.294 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.059 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.822 mg/L
G 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.446 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.237 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.244 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.060 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.830 mg/L
G 4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.609 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.220 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.317 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.039 mg/L
Zn 213.857 1.001 mg/L
G 5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.422 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.131 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.137 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.045 mg/L
 Zn 213.857 0.789 mg/L

G 6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.778 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.241 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.294 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.089 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.753 mg/L
G 7 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.515 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.160 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.247 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.048 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.400 mg/L
G 8 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.450 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.197 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.235 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.117 mg/L
Zn 213.857 1.054 mg/L
K1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.284 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.110 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.132 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.013 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.736 mg/L
K2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.005 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.002 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.004 mg/L
 Pb 220.353 -0.017 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.059 mg/L
K3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.013 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.005 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.006 mg/L
Pb 220.353 -0.013 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.034 mg/L

K 4 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.420 mg/L
Cu 324.752 -0.018 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.121 mg/L
Pb 220.353 -0.002 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.671 mg/L
K 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.898 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.156 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.180 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.052 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.930 mg/L
K6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 0.004 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.003 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.012 mg/L
Pb 220.353 -0.012 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.045 mg/L
K7
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 As 193.696 -0.487 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.143 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.089 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.083 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.640 mg/L
K 8 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As 193.696 -0.107 mg/L
Cu 324.752 0.049 mg/L
Ni 231.604 0.122 mg/L
Pb 220.353 0.006 mg/L
Zn 213.857 0.283 mg/L

Following are the heavy metals analysis data for soil samples taken in summer:
Sample Id Analyte Mean
Std 5ppm ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 4.968 mg/L

Cr 205.560 4.904 mg/L

Cu 324.752 5.099 mg/L

Ni 231.604 4.974 mg/L

Pb 220.353 5.019 mg/L

Zn 213.857 4.965 mg/L

G 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 -0.327 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.637 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.671 mg/L

Pb 220.353 0.074 mg/L

Zn 213.857 4.165 mg/L

G 2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 -0.736 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.569 mg/L

 Ni 231.604 1.114 mg/L

Pb 220.353 0.119 mg/L

Zn 213.857 4.716 mg/L

G 3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 0.089 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.085 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.061 mg/L

Pb 220.353 -0.094 mg/L

Zn 213.857 1.225 mg/L

G 4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 -0.557 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.869 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.844 mg/L

Pb 220.353 0.240 mg/L

Zn 213.857 3.780 mg/L

G 5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 -0.515 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.457 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.739 mg/L

Pb 220.353 0.120 mg/L

Zn 213.857 1.876 mg/L

G 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 -0.307 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.090 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.114 mg/L

Pb 220.353 0.001 mg/L

Zn 213.857 0.468 mg/L

G 7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 0.061 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.060 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.072 mg/L

 Pb 220.353 -0.047 mg/L

Zn 213.857 1.000 mg/L

G 8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 -0.461 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.089 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.053 mg/L

Pb 220.353 -0.013 mg/L

Zn 213.857 0.424 mg/L

K 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 -0.116 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.044 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.034 mg/L

Pb 220.353 -0.063 mg/L

Zn 213.857 0.189 mg/L

K 2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 -0.651 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.146 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.113 mg/L

Pb 220.353 0.029 mg/L

Zn 213.857 0.763 mg/L

K 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 -0.492 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.150 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.176 mg/L

Pb 220.353 0.017 mg/L

Zn 213.857 0.945 mg/L

K 4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 0.065 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.180 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.106 mg/L

Pb 220.353 -0.014 mg/L

 Zn 213.857 1.728 mg/L

K 5 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 -0.590 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.208 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.268 mg/L

Pb 220.353 0.046 mg/L

Zn 213.857 0.695 mg/L

K 6 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 0.009 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.026 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.021 mg/L

Pb 220.353 -0.091 mg/L

Zn 213.857 0.059 mg/L

K 7 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 0.080 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.017 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.010 mg/L

Pb 220.353 -0.103 mg/L

Zn 213.857 -0.005 mg/L

K 8 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As 193.696 -0.703 mg/L

Cu 324.752 0.243 mg/L

Ni 231.604 0.310 mg/L

Pb 220.353 0.037 mg/L

Zn 213.857 0.690 mg/L

Following are the result of “water” samples-

GETALSUD DAM (winter)

Sample Temp.(°C) pH EC(μS/cm) TDS (ppm) DO (%)
G1 4.7 7.1 491 232 78.5
G2 4.3 7.1 349 174 83.6
G3 6.05 7.25 355 178 50.6
G4 3.9 7.2 454 228 80.5
G5 3.4 7.18 420 210 83
G6 3.86 7.26 375 187 73
G7 5.8 7.25 394 197 71
G8 3.25 7.27 254 126 82.4

GETALSUD DAM (summer)

Sample Temp.(°C) pH EC(μS/cm) TDS (ppm) DO (%)
G1 26.82 6.89 280 140 70.5
G2 26.67 6.92 232 116 82.3
G3 26.77 6.97 172 86 78
G4 26.87 6.96 164 82 86.2
G5 26.57 6.95 230 115 73.5
G6 26.68 6.91 224 112 72.5
G7 26.79 7.22 198 99 73.5
G8 26.69 7.27 202 101 82.5

KANKE DAM (winter)

Sample Temp.(°C) pH EC(μS/cm) TDS (ppm) DO (%)
K1 6.4 7.11 787 391 68.8
K2 4.2 6.47 690 344 85.5
K3 5.62 6.49 861 430 77.8
K4 5.04 6.54 694 347 86.12
K5 3.8 7.23 673 336 84.3
K6 4.05 7.45 758 378 84.2
K7 4.55 7.66 606 303 80.4
K8 4.25 7.22 888 444 87.2

KANKE DAM (summer)

Sample Temp.(°C) pH EC(μS/cm) TDS (ppm) DO (%)
K1 26.07 6.98 435 220 71.3
K2 26.19 6.46 452 226 82.6
K3 26.28 6.29 430 215 81.5
K4 26.19 6.74 452 226 87.3
K5 26.30 7.21 450 225 79.5
K6 26.23 7.1 520 260 85.4
K7 26.21 7.2 490 245 86.2
K8 26.25 6.97 484 242 88.1

JUMAR RIVER (winter)

sample Temp.(°C) pH EC(μS/cm) TDS (ppm) DO (%)
J1 2.75 7.1 625 312 82.4
J2 4 6.34 373 186 76.9
J3 4.2 7.38 899 450 76
J4 7.45 7.10 872 435 66.6
J5 3.75 6.35 871 435 74.6
J6 4.06 6.36 921 459 83.2
J7 9.9 7.21 709 355 60.3
J8 5.82 7.23 715 355 72.5

JUMAR RIVER (summer)

sample Temp.(°C) pH EC(μS/cm) TDS (ppm) DO (%)
J1 27.50 6.96 760 380 81.4
J2 28.15 6.92 944 472 83.1
J3 27.71 7.31 900 450 76.5
J4 27.88 6.14 832 416 79.2
J5 27.72 7.35 816 408 86.7
J6 27.81 7.31 808 404 83.5
J7 27.71 7.11 860 430 63.5
J8 27.99 6.87 836 418 74.1

GETALSUD DAM (winter)

Sample Turbidity (1000 NTU)
G1 20
G2 1
G3 1
G4 1
G5 0
G6 1
G7 0
G8 0

GETALSUD DAM (summer)

Sample Turbidity (1000 NTU)
G1 2
G2 1
G3 1
G4 1
G5 1
G6 1
G7 1
G8 1

KANKE DAM (winter)

Sample Turbidity (1000 NTU)
K1 4
K2 2
K3 2
K4 4
K5 2
k6 1
k7 1
k8 5

KANKE DAM (summer)

Sample Turbidity (1000 NTU)
K1 11
K2 7
K3 9
K4 16
K5 18
k6 2
k7 3
k8 2

JUMAR RIVER (winter)

Sample Turbidity (1000NTU)
J1 2
J2 1
J3 2
J4 1
J5 3
J2 1
J7 2
J8 1

JUMAR RIVER (summer)

Sample Turbidity (1000NTU)
J1 2
J2 3
J3 4
J4 2
J5 2
J2 2
J7 3
J8 8

GETALSUD DAM (winter)

Alkalinity (mg/L of
Sample Acidity (mg/L of CaCO3) Hardness
CaCO3)
G1 10 47 71
G2 5 19 19
G3 5 35 17
G4 4 31 22
G5 6 30 19
G6 6 30 23
G7 4 39 34
G8 5 31 17

GETALSUD DAM (summer)

Alkalinity (mg/L of
Sample Acidity (mg/L of CaCO3) Hardness
CaCO3)
G1 1 9 8
G2 2 5 6
G3 3 7 7
G4 2 8 6
G5 5 11 11
G6 5 16 13
G7 5 19 14
G8 5 28 13

KANKE DAM (winter)

Alkalinity (mg/L of
Sample Acidity (mg/L of CaCO3) Hardness
CaCO3)
K1 8 47 123
K2 9 58 56
K3 6 50 48
K4 7 46 73
K5 8 54 50
K6 7 49 45
K7 11 46 50
K8 6 55 35

KANKE DAM (summer)

Alkalinity (mg/L of
Sample Acidity (mg/L of CaCO3) Hardness
CaCO3)
K1 1 60 31
K2 3 64 25
K3 1 61 25
K4 0.4 97 26
K5 1 58 15
K6 9 67 28
K7 10 38 26
K8 10 28 26

JUMAR RIVER (winter)

Alkalinity (mg/L of
Sample Acidity (mg/L of CaCO3) Hardness
CaCO3)
J1 5 53 32
J2 4 42 34
J3 10 100 58
J4 6 68 60
J5 12 80 65
J2 7 124 73
J7 9 70 69
J8 8 92 69

JUMAR RIVER (summer)

Alkalinity (mg/L of
Sample Acidity (mg/L of CaCO3) Hardness
CaCO3)
J1 14 42 44
J2 20 50 54
J3 20 56 51
J4 20 46 45
J5 20 48 50
J2 18 45 41
J7 18 50 40
J8 15 40 41

GETALSUD DAM (winter)

Sample COD (mg/L)
G1 80
G2 0
G3 80
G4 0
G5 40
G6 40
G7 -40
G8 40

GETALSUD DAM (summer)

Sample COD (mg/L)
G1 0
G2 80
G3 80
G4 40
G5 80
G6 120
G7 40
G8 120

KANKE DAM (winter)

Sample COD (mg/L)
K1 0
K2 106
K3 40
K4 66
K5 -120
K6 40
K7 80
K8 -53

KANKE DAM (summer)

Sample COD (mg/L)
K1 160
K2 120
K3 40
K4 80
K5 160
K6 120
K7 80
K8 40

JUMAR RIVER (winter)

Sample COD (mg/L)
J1 -40
J2 40
J3 0
J4 0
J5 -40
J6 80
J7 0
J8 -40

JUMAR RIVER (summer)

Sample COD (mg/L)
J1 80
J2 40
J3 80
J4 160
J5 160
J6 40
J7 120
J8 40

PHOSPHATE TEST
Standard data for Phosphate
Conc. (ppm) Absorbance (690 nm)
2 0.035
4 0.085
6 0.138
8 0.205
10 0.235

GETALSUD, KANKE DAM AND JUMAR RIVER (winter)

Absorbance Absorbance Conc. Absorbanc Conc.
Conc.(ppm)
Sample (690 nm) (690 nm) (ppm) e (690 nm) (ppm)
Getalsud
Getalsud Kanke Kanke Jumar Jumar
1 0.079 0.367 0.167 0.705 -0.015 0.007
2 0.054 0.273 0.087 0.396 0.016 0.125
3 0.012 0.108 0.059 0.289 0.984 3.843
4 -0.013 0.016 0.018 0.132 0.617 2.435
5 -0.001 0.059 0.8 0.372 0.110 0.484
6 -0.023 -0.026 -0.003 0.053 0.544 2.154
7 -0.0236 -0.036 0.008 0.096 0.344 1.345
8 -0.089 -0.276 0.004 0.079 0.080 0.371
 GETALSUD, KANKE DAM AND JUMAR RIVER (summer)
Absorbance
Absorbance Absorbance Conc.(ppm)
Conc.(ppm) Conc.(ppm) (690 nm)
Sample (690 nm) (690 nm) Jumar
Getalsud Kanke Jumar
Getalsud Kanke
1 0.406 1.621 0.19 0.794 0.881 0.213
2 0.052 0.625 0.239 0.98 1.628 0.407
3 0.042 0.225 0.275 1.12 1.599 0.400
4 0.044 0.233 0.154 0.654 0.621 0.145
5 0.037 0.208 0.171 0.721 1.620 0.405
6 0.16 0.678 0.164 0.692 0.810 0.194
7 0.048 0.248 0.174 0.734 1.065 0.261
8 0.049 0.253 0.065 0.312 0.759 0.181

NITRATE TEST
Standard data for nitrate
Conc. (ppm) Absorbance (275 nm) Absorbance (220 nm)
2 0.559 0.171
4 0.563 0.261
6 0.594 0.407
8 0.667 0.496
10 0.674 0.616

GETALSUD, KANKE DAM AND JUMAR RIVER (winter)

Absorbance Absorbance(275n (abs.220nm) -
sample conc(ppm)
(220nm) m) (2*abs275nm)
K1 0.652 0.221 0.21 2.451
K2 0.578 0.125 0.328 2.154
K3 0.468 0.11 0.248 1.707
K4 0.756 0.098 0.56 2.876
K5 0.894 0.167 0.56 3.431
K6 0.547 0.121 0.305 2.028
K7 0.222 0.8 -1.378 0.722
K8 0.856 0.195 0.466 3.316
G1 1.141 0.547 0.047 4.433
G2 0.273 0.65 -1.027 0.917
G3 0.291 0.77 -1.249 0.992
G4 0.279 0.601 -0.923 0.945
G5 0.27 0.072 0.126 0.909
G6 0.393 0.098 0.197 1.405
G7 0.272 0.063 0.146 0.915
G8 0.178 0.042 0.094 0.534
J1 0.193 0.066 0.061 0.597
J2 0.125 0.043 0.039 0.32
 J3 0.224 0.1 0.024 0.721
J4 0.273 0.115 0.043 0.919
J5 0.309 0.127 0.055 1.066
J6 0.291 0.104 0.083 0.993
J7 0.491 0.094 0.303 1.801
J8 0.231 0.148 -0.065 0.998

GETALSUD, KANKE DAM AND JUMAR RIVER (summer)

Absorbance Absorbance(275n (abs.220nm) -
sample conc(ppm)
(220nm) m) (2*abs275nm)
K1 0.329 0.502 -0.675 38.445
K2 0.273 0.328 -0.383 25.512
K3 0.322 0.402 -0.482 31.047
K4 0.393 0.507 -0.621 38.863
K5 0.471 0.527 -0.583 40.305
K6 0.142 0.287 -0.432 22.434
K7 0.085 0.274 -0.463 21.463
K8 -0.049 0.235 -0.519 18.575
G1 0.05 0.073 -0.096 6.536
G2 0.199 0.082 0.035 7.202
G3 0.017 0.091 -0.165 7.876
G4 -0.001 0.091 -0.183 7.866
G5 2.8 0.105 2.59 8.921
G6 -0.012 0.11 -0.232 9.308
G7 -0.03 0.127 -0.284 10.553
G8 -0.043 0.134 -0.311 11.094
J1 0.189 0.316 -0.443 24.639
J2 0.112 0.224 -0.336 17.79
J3 0.096 0.319 -0.542 24.86
J4 0.174 0.297 -0.42 23.235
J5 0.454 0.304 -0.154 23.707
J6 0.195 0.305 -0.415 23.827
J7 0.219 0.311 -0.403 24.358
J8 0.128 0.315 -0.502 24.55

We can see that most of the pollutants are concentrated in the water samples collected from
Kanke Dam as it is situated in an urban area. In every test we did the highest quantity of any
nutrient was found out in Kanke water samples followed by the Jumar river, followed by the
Getalsud Dam.
 Chapter-5

Conclusion

Water quality is an important aspect of water resources management. It is important as water

supports almost all life forms. Degradation in water quality means almost all life is in harm.
Generally, the pollution is due to physical, chemical and biological characteristics mixed or
present in water. As discussed above, there are a lot of factors responsible for pollution of
water, which include natural and man-made pollutants.
Recommendations:
o Fast urbanization, extensive agricultural and aquaculture farming, etc, result in
increased pace of pollution. So, Water bodies should be regularly checked or
monitored for its quality.
o Clean water is a necessity for drinking. So, water should be properly treated before
any use, especially drinking.
o The drainage canals and septic tanks should be constructed far away from wells.
o Continuous water supply system should be there so that there is no stagnant water to
accumulate pollutants.
o Good sanitation habits are recommended.
o Ozonisation should be used in place of chlorination.
 References

1. Ashwini Kumar Tiwari, Dec. 2014, Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Ranchi

Township Area, Jharkhand, India by Using Water Quality Index Method.
2. Mouli Chakroborty, Amit Kumar Bundela, Rashika Agrawal, Benoy Sabu, Manoj
Kumar, Bharti Singh Raipat, Priyanka Saha, Pipas Kumar, Department of Zoology,
St. Xavier’s College, Ranchi, Balneo Research JournalVol.8, No.1, May 2017,
Studies on Physico Chemical Parameters of 5 water bodies of Ranchi (Jharkhand)
3. Samanta et al., 2005, Study of Heavy metals contamination in Hooghly river at Haldi.
4. Md. Ashrafur Rahman, Sabira Sultana and Md. Abdus Salam, Department of
Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh, March to November
2013, Comparative Analysis of some Water Quality Parameters of 3 Lakes in
Jahangirnagar University Campus, Savar, Bangladesh.

URL’s

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getalsud_Dam
2. https://www.ixigo.com/kanke-dam-ranchi-india-ne-1282906
3. https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/from-north-to-south-only-neglect-
flows-tale-of-two-rivers/cid/164196