Motor Protection

© Siemens AG 2006
Motor Protection - Table of Contents

Motor Protection in General

▪ Fault Types, Protection Functions
▪ Siemens Relays
▪ Applications
▪ Additional features

Motor Protection in Detail

▪ Different Overload Functions
for Stator and Rotor
▪ Negative Sequence Protection
▪ Short Circuit Protection
▪ Stator-Earth Fault Protection
▪ Additional Functions, Overview
▪ Setting Example

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection - Motor Management
Industrial Application

Utility Lines
Utility
Interconnection

Transformer

Bus

Feeder

Motor

M M G
Motor
Loads Loads

Loads
Loads M M M M

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 3 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Protection Functions for Various Types of Motor Faults

Type of Faults Protection Functions ANSI-No.

▪ Thermal overload of the stator ▪ Stator thermal overload protection 49
during operation (with or without memory)
▪ Thermal overload of the rotor ▪ Two protection principles for the
during start rotor overload protection
▪ too long or blocked ▪ Motor starting time supervision 48
▪ too frequent ▪ Restart inhibit 66, 49R
▪ Loss of phase; voltage unbalance ▪ Negative seq. protection (I2/IN) 46
▪ Bearing overload ▪ Temperature sensors (RTD‘s) 38
▪ Earth-fault ▪ Earth-fault protection 50G, 64G, 67G
▪ Short-circuit (2 or 3 phase) ▪ Short-circuit protection (I>, Idiff>) 51, 87
▪ Overheating of plant on unloaded ▪ Undercurrent protection; 37
drives (Pumps, compressors) Active power protection (P<) 32U
▪ Undervoltage ▪ Undervoltage protection 27
(Starting torque not reached
M  U2 or start too long
▪ Asynchronous operation ▪ Underexcitation protection 40
(of a synchronous motor)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 4 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Numerical Protection Devices

7SJ61,62 7SJ63, 64
7SJ602

Protection

and
7UM61 7UM62
Control
Protection

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 5 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Scope of Motor Protection Functions

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 6 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection Device Selection

7SJ60 7SJ61
Small
More functions,
100 - I/O`s and com-
500 kW munications
M possibilities

7SJ62 7UM61
Medium Higher accuracy
and a wide frequency
500 kW - operating range
2 MW (11 - 69 Hz);
M more I/O`s and prot.
functions for
synchronous motors

7UM62
Large
Device fulfills all protection
>2 MW requirements for asynchronous
and synchronous motors
M (Options: Asynchronous Motor;
Generator Basis)

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 7 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
SIPROTEC 7SJ602 V3.5 / V3.6

Connection Diagram, 4 x I
L1
L2
L3
7SJ6021 / 7SJ6025
L1 ▪ Short circuit
L2
L3
▪ Ground fault, non directional
N
▪ Negative sequence /
unbalanced load
i0
▪ Thermal overload for stator
and rotor (restart inhibit)
▪ Starting time supervision
RTD box
▪ Undercurrent monitoring
7XV5662
Motor (6 measuring
points) ▪ Breaker failure
serial
Interface

▪ External RTD box

For earthed networks (low ohmic or
solid)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 8 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
SIPROTEC 7SJ602 V3.5 / V3.6

Connection Diagram, 3 x I, 1 x V
L1
L2
L3 7SJ6022 / 7SJ6026
▪ Short circuit
▪ Ground fault,
L1
L3

N ▪ non directional
▪ directional
i0
▪ Negative sequence /
unbalanced load
u0
▪ Thermal overload for stator
RTD box
and rotor (restart inhibit)
7XV5662
▪ Starting time supervision
Motor (6 measuring
points)

▪ Undercurrent monitoring
serial
Interface

▪ Breaker failure
For isolated or Peterson coil earthed
▪ External RTD box
networks

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 9 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Numerical Motor Protection 7SJ62 / 7SJ63/64

Combined protection
L1 and control device
L2
L3
Protection Function
L1
▪ Overcurrent protection
L2
L3 ▪ Thermal overload protection
N for stator and rotor
(Restart inhibit)
▪ Starting time supervision
i0
▪ Negative sequence protection
u0 ▪ Earth-fault protection
L1 (non-directional, directional)
L3
▪ Undervoltage protection
▪ Undercurrent protection
▪ Breaker failure protection
Motor
▪ External RTD box

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 10 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
 Application Example with the Device 7UM62
(Option: Asynchronous Motor)

A (L1)

B (L2)

C (L3)
Protection Functions
▪ Differential protection,
ANSI
52 overcurrent time protection
e
▪ Thermal overload protection
n
R13
R14
7UM62
VE for stator and rotor
R15
R17
R18
VA(L1)
VB(L2) (Restart inhibit)
VC(L3)

▪ Motor starting time

R16

Q1 IA(L1)S2
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
IB(L2)S2

IC(L3)S2
supervision
Q6

k Q8 IEE2 ▪ Negative Seq. protection

▪ Earth-fault protection
l Q7

K13 +
TD1
Measuring transducer

▪ Undervoltage protection
RTD module for injection of any K14
analog signal
K15 +
e.g. speed, TD2
7XV5662 vibration, pressure K16
(6 meas.
junctions)
To serial
K17 +

K18
TD3 ▪ Undercurrent protection
▪ Active under power protection
interface
J7 IEE1
J8

IA(L1)S1

▪ Frequency protection
J1
J2
J3 IB(L2)S1
J4

▪ Breaker failure protection

J5 IC(L3)S1
J6

▪ External RTD box

FromRTD module Port C or D

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 11 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Temperature Measuring via RTD box

RS485 (private protocol)

Optical possible
with additional
converter 7XV5650

Max. 2 RTD boxes = 12 RTD‘s

PT100; Ni 100; Ni 120

2 Thresholds;
Logical Combinations
via CFC possible

Location as an information

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 12 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Redundancy at Large Motors (> 10 MW)

7SJ64
Voltage transfer

Back-up Motor
Protection and
Control

7UM62

Main Motor
Protection
M

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 13 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4 (Motor Protection Co-ordination)

Field of operation of motor

Instantaneous stage
very high set I>>>


Definite overcurrent time protection

high-set I>>

I>>>
Starting time supervision

Overcurrent time protection

I>> inverse time Ip>

IStart = IStrt
Overload protection
(stator)
Start up current

IStrt>
1,5 IN,M
1,1 IN,M
Differential protection
IOperation = IM
TI>> tStart = tStrt t
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 14 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

High Flexibility in Control via CFC

With the integrated PLC (CFC), supervision of measurements,

interlocking and motor control is possible
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 15 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Effective Plant Operation with Measurements from the Protection

I1 :400.9A f:50.0Hz
U1:12.22kV
P :+8.03MW cos  
Q :+2.64MVar

L1 402.1A Max450.1A
L2 401.2A Max421.2A
L3 401.0A Max431.4A
E 00.0A 4-line Display

All relevant measurements and demand

metering values are available:
▪ Check of the motor operation
▪ Support of the commissioning
▪ Simple check of the protection
Graphic-Display
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 16 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Flexible Communication Solutions

Possible Interfaces:
▪ Profibus DP Control system
▪ Modbus RTU or the plant
Annunciations
▪ IEC 60870-5-103 Measurements
▪ Ethernet with
IEC 61850
Modem
RS 485
Telephone Network

Modem

7UM622 7UM621 7SJ62 7SJ62 7SJ61 DIGSI 4

Remote Control
Motor Protection Devices

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 17 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 18 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Thermal Overload Protection Functions

▪ Thermal Overheating of the Stator

▪ during continuous operation

▪ Thermal Overheating of the Rotor

▪ during start (too long, locked rotor)
▪ during too frequent starts
▪ during a negative sequence current
▪ loss of phase
▪ unsymmetrical voltage

▪ Thermal overheating of bearings

▪ Thermal overheating of plant on unloaded drives

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 19 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Overload Impact (General)

Ppl = Relc Ppl: power loss (active power)

 I2 Relc: electrical resistance
I: current

Ppl PCV

Temperature rise if Ploss > PConvection Overheating

High temperatures lead to a stress of insulating material and reduces the
lifetime / loss insulating ability (breakdown caused by temperature )
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 20 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Overload Protection (Stator)

Thermal overload with total memory (thermal model)

Equivalent model: I2

C = thermal capacity
C R U=^  R = thermal resistance

0 th = RC
I 2
 = (-0)  ( ) IN
(I/k  IN )2 − (Ipreload /k  IN )2 Thermal
t =  thln memory
(I/k  IN )2 − 1
100% tripping threshold
IN: rated motor current k2
(full load current) excess temperature 
Iprelod preload current
k permissible overload factor
(according Service Factor of IEEE)
th thermal time constant
0 reference temperature (40°C) tA th t
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 22 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Faults during Motor Starting

▪ Mechanical causes
▪ Locked rotor (n = 0)
▪ Inhibited start due damage or destruction of motor or drive
components or insufficient unloading of the driven
machine (accelerating torque too small) tst > tst,normal
▪ Failure to unload the drive on the process side;
load torque > motor torque (0 < n < nN; tst > tst,normal)

▪ Electrical causes
▪ Interruption of a phase (n = 0)
▪ Undervoltage (tst > tst,normal)

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 29 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Starting Current of an Asynchronous Motor

ih

ih = f(t)

b
Îhp

2 2
hmax

h
2 2
2 2

1 2 3

t =0 s = sb
s =1 Start
sb  s < 1 Re-acceleration

ih = quasi static starting current

1 = transiente starting current
îhp = starting current
2 = quasi static starting current
ihmax = max. quasi static starting current
3 = decayed starting current
sb = slip during operation

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 30 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Motor Starting Time Supervision

I Current during
1
locked rotor
U = UN 1
Current during
IStart 2
(Motordata) start up of motor
2

U < UN  
2
t =  Start  tStart for  > „IStrt>“
 

Threshold of motor start up

IStrt>
(Setting)

IOperation = IM

tStart t
(Motor data)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 31 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Test Lab Measurements of the Motor Starting

8
8

6
Multiple of rated motor current

I1 k
j

I2 k
j 4

IKL
j

0.77 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0.1 t1  t2  tKL 13.5
j j j
Ti me in seconds
Starting current at U = Un
Starting current at U = 0,85 Un
Possible Characteristic

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 32 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Locked Rotor or Stall Time < Acceleration Time

1 Current during
locked rotor
I 2 Current during
start up of motor
U = UN 1
IStart
(Motordata)
2 Trip at:
I>Istrt> &
t>tLocked rotor &
n < nLimit
Threshold of motor start up
IStrt>
(Setting)
Limit of
locked rotor
IOperation = IM
time
tStart
tLocked rotor (Motor data) t

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 33 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

TOO Frequent Motor Starts

▪ Thermal stress of the rotor

▪ Overheating of the rotor
▪ Reduction of motor life time

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 34 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Rotor Overload - Restart Inhibit (too Frequent Starts)
Evaluation of the Thermal Model

1. Typical data of a motor

- Number of warm starts nW
- Number of cold starts nC
- Starting time tSt
- Starting current ISt
2. A thermal model 1. order is sufficient (exponential-function)
 - C St 
n t

I : (k R I B ) = I St2 1 - e τ R 
2
3. Equations cold
 
 
 - w St 
n t
warm 2
( )
II : (k R I B ) = I St2 − I B2 1 - e τ R  + I B2
 
 
4. Solutions: nC
kR  (1)
nC - n W
2
 ΙSt 
Note:  R  t St (nC - n W )   (2)
IB = IN,Motor  ΙB 
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 35 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Temperature Characteristic during repeated starts

MAX
100% 400°

therm.
model
Threshold of restart inhibit

K
TA

K = temperature curve at rotor cage bar upper site limit

TA = thermal model

Krun Kstop
Minimum restart inhibit time tinhibit
start up recovery start up recovery start up
0% 40°

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 36 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Thermal Memory at Different Start Conditions

nc = 3; nw = 2
Ist = 6 IN,M
Thermal limit of the rotor Tst =10 s

kR = 1,73
R = 355 s
Threshold of
Restart inhibit
(0,67)
Restart inhibit Actual rotor
is active temperature

Starting current
10 s 7,5 s 5s

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 37 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Loss of Phase or Unsymmetrical Voltage

▪ Thermal stress of the rotor

▪ Overheating of the rotor due to negative
sequence current
▪ Reduction of motor life time

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 38 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Loss of Phase (e.g. via Fuse Failure)

L1
L2 Network
L2
L3
L3
1L3
UL3
1L1
L2
Network voltage
2L3
UL1 1L2
L1 = 0
Motor voltage
2L1 L3

UL2
2L2

Characteristic is a negative sequence component in the current

Negative Sequence Protection

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 39 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Unsymmetrical Voltage

UA
UA Positive
UC Sequence
UB

UA
UB Negative
UC UB UC Sequence

Due to the low negative sequence reactance a negative voltage

sequence leads to a high negative sequence current
1 % of U2 (5 - 6) % of I2

A thermal negative sequence model has advantages

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 40 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Negative Sequence Current -Characteristic

Alarm (or trip with a long delay)

(Inverse curve considers the

rotor heating via I2 - thermal
model; I22 t = K)

Additional short-circuit
protection

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 41 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Thermal Supervision of Bearings via RTD’s

Shaft vibration Water leakage Stator winding
temperature (PT100)

Bearing Hot air Cold air Bearing

temperature temperature temperature oil flow
(PT100) (PT100) (PT100)

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 42 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Short Circuit Protection

▪ Primary Fuse

▪ Circuit breaker with integrated protection

▪  >, t - protection and  > = f(t) - protection

(classical overcurrent protection with different
characteristics)

▪ Differential protection

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 43 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Overcurrent Protection must be co-ordinated with the
Start-up current

Instantaneous stage
Inrush peak Stage I>> (without delay)


Definite overcurrent time protection

stage I>, with a delay (e.q. 100 ms)
I>>

Overcurrent time protection

I> inverse time Ip
Ip 1,3IN,M
IStart = IStrt extremely inverse characteristic

Start-up current

IOperation = IM
TI> tStart = tStrt t

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 44 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Basic Principle of Differential Protection

The advantage is fast tripping time during a short circuit

M
3~
This is realised
in numerical relays 7UT612
with algorithms 7UM62

M~ i
▪ Used at large
motors
(>(1- 2) MW)
▪ additional CT‘s at
i the star point are
necessary

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 45 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Tripping Characteristic - Changing during Motor Start-up

With the detection of a motor starting, the pick-up characteristic becomes

insensitive (depends on the setting). In that way the negative influence of
the CT dc-offset can be reduced (The two Ct-sets can transform a dc
component different.)
I Diff Tripping Characteristic 7UT6 for Motor start
InO
1231
Idiff>> 7
Criterion: Start-up characteristic
Supervision of
6
restraint current Steady-state
45° Trip characteristic
IRest > I-Restr. Startup 5
(until 2 I/InO)
4
Increase
than the of pickup
Start-Factor (max. 2) 3
is active for the time:
2
T Start Max Block
(Duration of dynamical 1
increasing of pickup)
1221
Idiff> 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 I Rest
InO

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 46 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Differential Protection without Star-point CT’s

Core balanced Normal CT’s

CT’s

Overcurrent stage
with a sensitive
setting can be used

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 47 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Displacement Voltage detects Earth-Faults

UE ZE

UL1,E UL2,E
UL1,E UL2,E

UE
UE

UE
IE= 3
ZE
Displacement voltage and earth current becomes smaller
into the star point direction
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 48 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Earth-Currents during an Earth Fault

M1

IM1

M2

IM2

If IM2 is small enough, the an earth current protection can be used for
detection of earth-faults; not a problem at low ohmic earthed networks
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 49 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Directional Earth-Fault Protection for Selectivity

L1 L2 L3
Netz
L1
L2
L3
CE
IC + I R
Earthing
transformer 3U0

3i0 3u0 Ohmic current

boost
• DFT 3U0>, 3I0>
UL1 UL2
• Direction 3I0
(3U0, 3I0) IR

A protections range of 80% of the stator ICL2

winding is possible; an earthing equipment IC
on the busbar increases the earth current ICL1
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 50 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Additional Protection Function (1)

▪ Undercurrent or Under-power Protection
▪ Protect pumps against overheating
▪ Additional used for signalling of an unloaded motor

▪ Under-voltage Protection
▪ Restart inhabit of a motor at low busbar voltage
▪ Trip of the motor in the case of a failure in the infeed

▪ Phase Sequence Supervision

▪ Detects a phase reversal and protects the connected equipment

▪ Underexcitation Protection
▪ Detects asynchronous conditions of a synchronous motor
(sometimes also called as “out of step protection”)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 51 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
Motor Protection SIPROTEC 4

Additional Protection Function (2)

▪ Mechanical Jam Protection

▪ Detects mechanical problems before other functions are active
and protects the motor
▪ Realisation: Overcurrent protection with a pick-up = 2 IN,M and
time delay t =1 s;
a CFC logic blocks this function during start-up

▪ Backspin Protection
▪ Avoid mechanical stress through blocking of the closing
command in case of an reversal rotation of the pump including
motor
▪ Realisation: CFC logic with controls a timer, time delay depends
on the plant situation (deceleration time)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 52 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
SIPROTEC 7SJ602 V3.5 / V3.6

Example for Settings

I>>> = 6 IN
Motor-/Installation data: I>> = 5,5 IN
TI>> = 0,05s Short circuit
CT Phase INPRI/INSEK 100A/1A Ip = 1,1 IM = 0,82 IN and
Tp = 1,5s ground fault
CT Ground (60/1) IEE/IPH 0,6
Extr. Invers protection
IEESEK 1A
IEE>> = 0,37 IN
Voltage transformer 10kV/100V TIEE>> = 0,05s
IEE> = 0,02 IN
TIEE> = 1,5s
Rated current motor IM 74A Negative
I2 > = 10% sequence /
max. permissible TI2> = 15 s
unbalanced load 10 % unbalanced
I2>> = 65% load
perm. duration unbalanced load 15 s 7SJ602 TI2>> =1s protection
perm. therm. continuous current IMax 1,1 IM
k = IMax/IN = 0,82
thermal time constant th = 40min Overload
of stator th 40min k =5 protection
warn = 90%
Prolongation factor stand still k 5
Starting time
Start up current IStrt 5 IM IStrt> = 2,5 IM
supervision
max. start up time tStrt 4,3s M
~ tequal = 1min
nW
nC-nW = 1
=2
Restart
Undercurrent- IL< = 0,2 kStop = 5 inhibit
monitoring kRun =2
(e.g. loss of load for pumps or tIL< = 10s
conveyer) tinhib = 6min

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 53 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution
 ©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 54 Jul-06 Author Power Transmission and Distribution