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Mind Map (Implicatures) 10 by Reza Mantofani

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18 views1 page

Mind Map (Implicatures) 10 by Reza Mantofani

Uploaded by

123akbarm4ul4n4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Implicature is a concept in linguistics that

refers to the meaning conveyed indirectly


through language beyond the literal
interpretation of the words used. It
involves understanding what a speaker
implies or suggests rather than what is
explicitly stated. Implicatures are
definition essential for effective communication as
they allow speakers to convey additional
information, attitudes, or intentions
beyond the explicit meaning of their
words. Grice's theory of implicature,
developed by philosopher H.P. Grice, is
one of the foundational frameworks for
understanding implicature in linguistic
context.

Conversational Implicature: This type of


implicature arises from the cooperative
nature of conversation, as described by
Grice's Cooperative Principle. According to
Grice, conversational implicatures result
from the speaker's adherence to maxims
of conversation (quantity, quality,
relation, and manner) while also
recognizing when these maxims are
Implicatures flouted, violated, opted out, or infringed.
For example, when someone says "Some
of the students passed the test," they
may implicate that not all students
passed, based on the maxim of quantity.

Generalized Implicature: Generalized


implicatures arise from linguistic
conventions, cultural norms, or general
knowledge shared by speakers of a
language. These implicatures are not tied
to specific conversational contexts but
are understood based on broader
linguistic or cultural conventions. For
example, when someone says "I'll have a
salad," in a restaurant context, it
generally implicates that they want a
salad as their meal, not just the salad
ingredients.
type
Particularized Implicature: Unlike
generalized implicatures, particularized
implicatures arise from specific
contextual cues within a conversation.
These implicatures depend on the
particular circumstances, context, or
shared knowledge between the speaker
and the listener. For example, if someone
asks "Is Sarah coming to the party?" and
the response is "She said she might drop
by," the implicature may be that Sarah's
attendance is uncertain, based on the
context of the conversation and the use of
"might."

Scalar Implicature: Scalar implicatures


arise from the use of scalar expressions,
such as "some," "many," "most," etc., and
involve inference based on the
hierarchical relationship between these
terms. When a weaker term is used
instead of a stronger one, the implicature
is drawn that the stronger term does not
apply. For example, when someone says
"Some people liked the movie," it may
implicate that not everyone liked it, based
on the scalar relationship between
"some" and "all."

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