Optimal Sizing of a Wind-PV Grid-Connected

Hybrid System for Base Load– Helsinki Case

2023 19th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM) | 979-8-3503-1258-4/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/EEM58374.2023.10161955

Amin Moghimy Fam, Matti Lehtonen, Mahdi Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad

Pourakbari-Kasmaei Dept. Electrical Engineering
Dept. Electrical Engineering and Automation Sharif University of Technology
Aalto University Tehran, Iran
Espoo, Finland [email protected]
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]

Abstract-- In recent years, due to the goal of decarbonizing energy PV HRES introduces a beneficial approach to enhancing the
systems, Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) have attracted economic and environmental sustainability of RESs and is
attention as the primary potential energy resource in many usually more cost-efficient and reliable than a system with a
countries. Thus, the utility-scale deployment of these resources single renewable energy source [2], [3].
has become of utmost importance. The large-scale connections
and the intermittent as well as variable characteristics of these In [4], to overcome the intermittent power output for
RESs cause challenges in maintaining a balance between power producing hydrogen, the application of Wind-PV HRES,
generation and consumption. Furthermore, supplying base load including a battery energy storage system (BESS), was
using RESs is another challenge for system operators. Hybrid introduced. The results show encouraging HRES efficiency
RESs (HRESs), including solar and wind, together with energy compared to similar experimental systems. In [5], an HRES
storage, might be a remedy via which the resources can performance assessment procedure was proposed based on the
complement each other to some extent. In this paper, using IEC-61724. The authors in [6] presented a detailed standalone
geographical data acquired from National Solar Radiation Wind-PV HRES sizing method and introduced a flexible
Database and Matlab/Simulink, the output of each individual software based on the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP)
solar panel and wind turbine unit in the Helsinki region are algorithm and techno-economic analysis using object-oriented
calculated and used to optimally size an HRES to supply the base programming. In [7], a review of hybrid energy systems
load. The results indicate that an HRES is at least 10.5 times more
(HESs), consisting of both RES and conventional fossil fuel-
cost-efficient compared to a single RES system. Furthermore, it
based generators, was presented. Also, a case study was
can be seen that, even in Finland where there is not sufficient solar
radiation in winter, the size of the required energy storage system
conducted to determine the most economical- and emission-
reduces by at least 13.4 times when an HRES is used. optimal configuration of a PV, wind, BESS, and diesel
generator HES in a remote area. In [8], a sizing method for
Index Terms— Hybrid energy system, PV, Renewable energy Wind-PV HRES was proposed aiming at maximizing the
sources, Wind turbine. annual ratio of the demand supplied by HRES to total demand
with Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) being equal to the grid
I. INTRODUCTION tariff, to meet both economic and environmental goals.
Renewable energy sources (RESs), such as solar and wind, The authors in [9] proposed an optimal techno-commercial
offer a clean and economically competitive alternative to integration of PV, wind, Biomass, and Vanadium Redox flow
conventional power generation, in which most of the energy is battery (VRFB) in a Microgrid to satisfy the daily energy
produced using fossil fuels with huge amounts of CO2 emission. demand. The simulations were performed using Hybrid
Producing energy with almost no CO2 emission using RESs Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) and the
aligns with the EU goal of becoming net-zero greenhouse gas PSCAD was used to validate the results. In [10], a study on a
emission [1]. Although RES proposes a solution toward carbon 6kW residential Wind-PV HRES was conducted where the
neutrality, intermittent power output and other associated results show that the system is economical and provides an
uncertainties raise many challenges for system planners and opportunity for households to profit by implementing the
operators. In this regard, hybrid renewable energy systems HRES. In [11], the optimal sizing of a grid-connected Wind-
(HRESs) are considered to be useful as they introduce a PV-hydro HRES was investigated, aiming at minimizing the
potential solution to overcome the challenges. difference between HRES daily power output and load and
maximizing HRES daily power generation. In [12], a genetic
Solar and wind power are among the most popular RESs.
algorithm-based heuristic approach was developed for the
These two sources can act in a complementary manner to
optimal sizing of an HRES consisting of PV, wind, and BESS
smooth their intermittent power output. Hence, using a Wind-

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 maximum power point tracker (MPPT), the output power of a
PV panel can be calculated using [14]–[16]:

  V   
I mpp = I sc . 1 − C1. exp  mpp ,r  − 1  + ∆I (1)
 
  C2 .VOC   
Vmpp = Vmpp ,r + αVOC .∆T (2)
Pmpp = Vmpp .I mpp (3)
where,
 I   V 
C1 = 1 − mpp ,r  .exp  − mpp ,r  (4)
 I SC   C .
V
2 OC 
−1
V    I 
Figure 1: WT-PV hybrid system C2 =  mpp ,r − 1  . ln 1 − mpp ,r  (5)
 VOC    I SC  
to minimize LCOE and LPSP. The work in [13] deployed a
whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to optimally size an  G 
∆I = I SC .  T − 1 + α I sc .∆T
 Gref 
(6)
HRES consisting of PV, wind turbine (WT), tidal, fuel cell  
(FC), and hydrogen storage with minimum net present cost and ∆T = Tc − Tc ,ref (7)
cost of energy that satisfies reliability goals.
NOCT − 20
Tc = Ta + .GT (8)
All these references introduced different approaches to 800
optimally size an HRES, primarily to lower the investment where , , and are respectively the current,
costs to supply a load or lower the LCOE. However, none of voltage, and output power of the PV panel at the maximum
them takes the base load into account. Conventionally, the base power point; , , , , and , are respectively the
load is supplied by fossil fuel-based or nuclear power plants. short circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum point
On the other hand, considering the radical transition toward
current, and maximum point voltage at the reference point;
becoming net-zero carbon emission, the importance of
supplying base load using RESs arises. RESs, due to their is the short circuit current temperature coefficient; is the
intermittent power output and being less predictable, impose a open circuit voltage temperature coefficient; is the solar
huge uncertainty on the system. Hence, this paper aims toward radiation; is the solar radiation at the reference point;
the optimal sizing of an HRES consisting of PV, WT, and BESS and , are the PV cell temperature and the PV cell
as the energy storage system. In this study, different scenarios temperature at the reference point, respectively; is the
for base load type are analyzed with a simplified formulation to ambient temperature, and is the normal operating cell
identify the benefit of using HRES over a single-source temperature when PV panel operates under 800 W/m2 of solar
renewable energy system, the associated costs and each radiation and at 20°C of ambient temperature. The utilized
component's contribution, and the required technology parameters in the model and reference points are usually
development toward becoming fully green electrified. provided in each PV panel datasheet. It should be noted that, in
this study, converters' behavior has not been considered and
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section Ⅱ
only the maximum possible output of a PV panel is calculated.
provides the mathematical model of each component of the
studied HRES. Section Ⅲ represents the simplified formulation Using the proposed mathematical model for a PV panel, the
of the problem. Section Ⅳ presents the input data for the output power of a panel can be estimated at given solar radiation
simulation. The simulation results and discussions are provided and ambient temperature at a given time as (9).
in Section Ⅴ. Finally, Section IV concludes the paper.
PPV (t ) = Pmpp ( t ) = I mpp ( t ) .Vmpp ( t ) (9)
II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HRES COMPONENTS
B. Wind Turbine
In this section, the mathematical model of the grid-
connected wind-PV HRES is demonstrated. The HRES in the WT is another component of HRES. Characteristic curves
proposed model consists of PV panels, WTs, and BESS, as for WTs are given as power output versus the wind speed at the
depicted in Figure 1. Different components of the model are hub height. The output power of a WT can be calculated using
explained in detail in the following subsections. the swept blade area ( ), the air density ( ), the wind velocity
( ), and the coefficient of power ( ). The coefficient of power
A. PV Panel can be formulated depending on the design factors ( ! " ) as
The behavior of a PV panel can be modeled as a nonlinear follows.
current source with intrinsic cell series resistance. A PV module  1  − c5
consists of several solar cells, which are basically a p-n diode. CP ( λ , ϑ ) = c1  c2 − c3ϑ − c4ϑ x − c6  e β (10)
 β 
The output current of a PV cell mostly depends on solar
radiation ( ) and cell temperature ( ). Hence, the illustrated where:
model should provide an output of a PV cell considering both λ = rω m v (11)
these factors. Considering the PV panel equipped with a

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 1
=
1
−
0.035
(12) III. METHODOLOGY
β λ + 0.08ϑ 1 + 3ϑ
This section presents the proposed model for optimal sizing
The power output of a WT can be expressed as (13). of a Wind-PV grid-connected HRES.

1 A. Objective Function
Pw ( t ) = C p ( λ , ϑ ) ρ a Av 3 ( t ) (13)
2 This paper aims to design a system that always provides the
However, this output power is achieved only for a certain base load at any time with the lowest possible cost. The
range of wind speed. Generally, the WT output power is given objective is to provide the base load during a year using
by a datasheet that can be separated into four areas as follows. predefined units of PV panels, WTs, and batteries. Thus, the
objective function should be defined to minimize the total cost,
1) The area where the wind speed is less than the cut-in consisting of the investment cost of each component multiplied
wind speed ( # ) of the WT. In this case, the WT by the number of used units of each component as (17).
generation is zero.
2) The area where wind speed is higher than the WT’s cut- (17)
min C Total = CPV .N PV + CWT .NWT + CBat .N Bat
%. /
in speed ( # ) and less than its nominal wind speed ( $ ). Where, is the total investment needed, 0 is the
In this case, WT generation is calculated using (13). investment cost of each PV panel unit, 0 is the number of PV
3) The area where wind speed is more than the WT’s panels needed, 1 is the investment cost of a WT unit, 1 is
nominal wind speed ( $ ) and less than its cut-out wind the number of needed WT units, 2 . is the investment cost of
a battery unit, and 2 . is the number of batteries needed.
speed ( % ). In this case, WT generates its nominal
output power ( & ). B. Constraints
4) The area where wind speed is higher than the WT’s cut- The proposed model is subject to some practical constraints
out wind speed ( % ). In this case, WT does not guaranteeing the desired operating conditions. Constraint (18)
generate any power. is associated with providing the base load ( + #3$ ()*).
These conditions can be summarized as (14). Pdesign ( t )
Pg ( t ) + Pdis ( t ) = + Pch ( t ) , t = 1,...,8760 (18)
η inv
0 if v < vci
 In which,
Pw (t ) = 1 C p (λ ,ϑ ) ρa Av3 (t ) if vci ≤ v ≤ vn
Pw (t ) = 
av
2 (14) Pg ( t ) = NWT . pw ( t ) + N PV . pPV ( t ) (19)
P r if vn ≤ v ≤ vco
 w
where, 4& ()* and 40 ()* are the generation output of a PV and
0 if v > vco
WT unit in each hour of the year, respectively. -#$5 is the
C. Battery Energy Storage System inverter’s efficiency, which is considered 95%.
Due to intermittent and not fully controllable generation of The other constraints concern the operating state of the
power sources in an HRES, an electrical energy storage system battery bank. These constraints are associated with its state of
(EESS) seems to be imperative to maintain its optimal function. charge, charging and discharging power, minimum state of
Hence, an EESS is needed for the proposed HRES to be able to charge, and maximum state of charge as follows:
inject adequate power into the grid to meet the base load.
Therefore, in this paper, it is referred to as a BESS.  P (t ) 
SOC ( t ) = SOC ( t − 1) * (1 − σ ) + ηch Pch ( t ) − dis  (20)
 η dis 
The main characteristic of a BESS is its state of charge
SOCmin ≤ SOC ( t ) ≤ SOCmax (21)
(SOC), which reflects the level of stored energy in a BESS
relative to its capacity at each time. Also, at a given time, the 0 ≤ Pch (t ) ≤ Sch (t ).P max
ch (22)
total generation of the HRES can be calculated as (15). 0 ≤ Pdis (t ) ≤ S dis (t ).P max
(23)
dis
Pg ( t ) = Pw ( t ) + PPV ( t ) (15)
S ch (t ) + S dis (t ) ≤1 (24)
The SOC at each time (' ()*) for a 1-hour time step
depends on the SOC at a time interval before (' ()*), the Equations (22) to (24) control the charging and discharging
charging power ( ℎ ()*), and discharging power ( +# ()*). power of BESS and stops BESS from charging and discharging
Hence, the SOC can be expressed as: simultaneously. '+# ()* and '+# ()* are binary variables that set
the charging or discharging mode of the battery.
 P (t ) 
SOC ( t ) = SOC ( t − 1) * (1 − σ ) + ηch Pch ( t ) − dis  (16) The other constraints are associated with the minimum and
 η dis 
maximum number of each component as follows:
where , is the self-discharging rate of the battery bank which
is 0.0058% per hour for Lead-acid batteries - ℎ is the efficiency
max
0 ≤ N PV ≤ N PV (25)
charging which is 90%, and -+# is the efficiency of the 0 ≤ NWT ≤ N max
WT (26)
discharging which is 90%.
0 ≤ N Bat ≤ N max
Bat (27)

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 Figure 2: Maximum PV power for each solar radiation and temperature

Figure 4: Wind turbine unit power output in Helsinki region

D. Battery Storage System

The last component used in this modeling is BESS. The
used battery unit data is presented in Table A3.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Using the developed model and the input data, the
simulation has been carried out for optimal sizing of 3 main
components of a Wind-PV grid-connected HRES under three
scenarios for the base load conditions. In Scenario 1, the power
injection level is limited to a constant level. In Scenario 2, the
HRES can inject more power than the base level, while in
Scenario 3, the injection level is limited to 10% higher and
Figure 3: PV unit power output in Helsinki region lower than the base load. The results for these scenarios with
IV. INPUT DATA different levels of base load without any generation curtailment
are presented in Table A4.
This section presents geographical data and components
used in this paper for simulation. First, geographical data for As the results show, Scenario 1 results in a significantly
ambient temperature, solar irradiation, and wind speed will be higher investment cost, for instance, in 1MW base load,
gathered. Then, a unit for each of the components (1MW for Scenario 1 respectively requires 3.19 and 2.37 times the
WT and 200kWp for PV) will be selected and their investment of Scenario 2 and Scenario 3. In this scenario, the
characteristics are presented. portion of investment related to the BESS is higher than that of
other scenarios. For instance, in 1MW base load, in Scenario 1,
A. Geographical Data
over 90% of the total investment is for BESS. However, in
Ambient temperature, solar irradiation, and wind speed are Scenario 2 and Scenario 3 this is 58.91% and 77.05% of the
the data needed for simulation. These data were obtained from total investment, respectively. Also, Table A4 shows that
[17] for the Helsinki region in 2019 and are used in the investment cost per MW decreases when the capacity of the
following to determine PV panel and wind turbine units. HRES is increased. For instance, investment cost per MW
B. PV Panel decreases from 144.91 M€/MW for 1 MW base load to 95.58
The associated data for the selected PV unit is provided in M€/MW for 8 MW base load in Scenario 1. On the other hand,
Table A1. The other characteristics used for simulation can be in Scenario 2, the investment cost drops significantly compared
found in [18]. Figure 2 presents the maximum power point of to Scenario 1 and is less than that of Scenario 3. However, this
the used PV panel associated with solar irradiation and ambient results in a huge peak power injection to the grid. Also, the
temperature, which are calculated using Matlab/Simulink. portion of investment related to the BESS is the least in this
These data will be used to calculate PV output using the given scenario. In Scenario 3, investment costs are considerably less
geographical data for the Helsinki region. The output power than in Scenario 1 and slightly higher than those of Scenario 2.
for the single PV panel and solar radiation in the Helsinki Table A5 presents the results for HRES sizing with
region is presented in Figure 3. Using these values, optimal generation curtailment. For all scenarios, the investment cost
sizing will be carried out. and the portion of investment related to the BESS are dropped.
C. Wind Turbine The comparison between scenarios shows that the
The second RES used in this system is a WT. The output configuration of the system for Scenarios 1 and 2 are the same,
power table of the WT is shown in Table A2, and more data i.e., the same size for PV, WT, and BESS is achieved, and only
can be found in [19]. Based on Table A2 and wind speed in the generation curtailment plays a role in satisfying the conditions.
Helsinki region, the output power of WT over a year is shown Due to the high investment cost of BESS, in the optimal
in Figure 4. solution for Scenario 2, the excess generation is curtailed to
match Scenario 1 constraints. On the other hand, surprisingly,

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 the total investment cost in Scenario 3 is the least. In this
scenario, due to the ability to decrease the load below average,
the system has more flexibility to satisfy minimum SOC.
Hence, smaller storage can be used in this scenario to reduce
the investment costs.
To investigate the effectiveness of an HRES in comparison
to a single RES system, Error! Reference source not found.
shows the capital cost and percentage of the capital cost related
to BESS for Scenario 3 without generation curtailment for three
systems. As can be seen, the capital cost for HRES is
significantly less than single RES systems and needs less BESS
to provide the base load. For instance, to supply 10MW of the
base load, the investment cost of HRES is 91.3% and 90.9%
less than only PV and only WT RES system, respectively. The
outcomes prove that combining WT with PV panels results in a
more economical system, even for countries like Finland with
long winters.
Figure 5: (A) Capital cost for average loads (Logarithmic scale),
VI. CONCLUSION (B) Percentage of capital the cost related to BESS
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 VII. APPENDIX TABLE A2. WIND TURBINE GENERATION CHARACTERISTIC
This appendix provides the tables and data used and Wind Speed Output Power Wind Speed Output Power
presented in this paper. (m/s) (kW) (m/s) (kW)
3 22 15 1019
Table A1 to Table A3 gives the data associated with PV 4 66 16 1019
panel specification, wind turbines’ generation characteristics, 5 129 17 1019
and battery storage system characteristics, respectively. 6 213 18 1019
Furthermore, Table A4 presents the obtained data related to the 7 325 19 1019
8 461 20 1019
total investment cost, the size of each HRES component, the 9 628 21 1019
portion of total investment related to the battery energy storage 10 809 22 1019
system, and the supplied power to the grid by the system when 11 991 23 1019
there is no generation curtailment. On the other hand, Table A5 12 1019 24 1019
presents the above-mentioned results for the HRES system 13 1019 25 1019
when there is the possibility of generation curtailment. 14 1019 26 0

TABLE A1. PV PANEL SPECIFICATION TABLE A3. BATTERY UNIT CHARACTERISTIC

67 :6;<< :>;<< :BCA :>EA FAEG Nominal Voltage DOD Efficiency Capital
(9* (%* (;>/°A* (;D/°A* (;>/°A* (°A* Capacity (Ah) (V) (%) (%) Cost (€)
200 -0,52 -167 1,4 -161 46 104 12 80 85 206,4

TABLE A4. HRES COMPONENT’S SIZE WITHOUT GENERATION CURTAILMENT

Output Power Condition Total Cost P PV P WT P Bat BESS Cost Ratio P Min P Mean P Max
(MW) (M€) (MW) (MW) (MWh) (%) (MW) (MW) (MW)
1 (Scenario 1.1) 144.94 3 9 789.33 90.06 1 1 1
4 (Scenario 1.2) 384.38 11.6 36 1978.08 85.11 4 4 4
8 (Scenario 1.3) 764.67 22.8 73 3925.719 84.91 8 8 8
> 1 (Scenario 2.1) 45.42 3.4 12 161.78 58.91 1 1.31 61.98
> 4 (Scenario 2.2) 181.47 13.2 46 663.82 60.50 4 5.03 99.95
> 8 (Scenario 2.3) 362.62 26 91 1335.80 60.92 8 9.90 107.60
0.9 < P < 1.1 (Scenario 3.3) 61.19 2.6 9 285.08 77.05 0.9 0.96 1.1
3.6 < P < 4.4 (Scenario 3.3) 229.04 11.8 35 1045.56 75.50 3.6 4.00 4.4
7.2 < P < 8.8 (Scenario 3.3) 452.00 24.8 69 2055.71 75.22 7.2 8.12 8.8

TABLE A5. HRES COMPONENT’S SIZE WITH GENERATION CURTAILMENT

Output Power Condition Total Cost P PV P WT P Bat BESS Cost Ratio P Min P Mean P Max
(MW) (M€) (MW) (MW) (MWh) (%) (MW) (MW) (MW)
1 (Scenario 1.1) 45.42 3.4 12 161.78 58.91 1 1 1
4 (Scenario 1.2) 181.38 13.2 46 663.30 60.48 4 4 4
8 (Scenario 1.3) 362.62 26 91 1335.80 60.92 8 8 8
> 1 (Scenario 2.1) 45.42 3.4 12 161.78 58.91 1 1.31 62.06
> 4 (Scenario 2.2) 181.38 13.2 46 663.30 60.48 4 5.03 99.96
> 8 (Scenario 2.3) 362.62 26 91 1335.80 60.92 8 9.90 113.41
0.9 < P < 1.1 (Scenario 3.3) 40.86 3 11 144.25 58.4 0.9 1.02 1.1
3.6 < P < 4.4 (Scenario 3.3) 163.29 12 41 599.74 60.74 3.6 4.09 4.4
7.2 < P < 8.8 (Scenario 3.3) 326.36 23.4 82 1201.45 60.88 7.2 8.17 8.8

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