ACE (Automatic Content Extraction)

English Annotation Guidelines for

Events

Version 5.4.3 2005.07.01

Linguistic Data Consortium

http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/Projects/ACE/
1. Basic Concepts .................................................................................................5
2. Taggability ........................................................................................................5
2.1 Resultatives and resultative-like Events ......................................................6
2.2 Event Extent ................................................................................................7
2.3 Event Triggers: ............................................................................................7
2.3.1 Annotating Event Triggers ....................................................................7
2.3.2 Event Nominalizations and Pronominalizations ....................................9
2.3.3 Annotating Complex Examples...........................................................10
2.3.3.1 Multiple Possible Triggers ............................................................11
2.3.3.1.1 Verb+Noun ............................................................................11
2.3.3.1.2 Verb+X+Adjective ..................................................................12
2.3.3.1.3 Multiple Verbs ........................................................................13
2.3.3.1.4 Verb+Particle .........................................................................14
2.3.3.2 Multiple Events within a Single Scope (Sentence) .......................14
2.3.3.2.1 Distinguishing Multiple Possible Triggers (for a Single Event)
from Multiple Events .............................................................................16
2.3.3.2.2 Coreference and Taggability..................................................17
3. Polarity, Tense, Genericity and Modality.........................................................17
3.1 Polarity ......................................................................................................18
3.2 Tense ........................................................................................................18
3.3 Genericity ..................................................................................................19
3.4 Modality .....................................................................................................20
4. Coreference ....................................................................................................22
5. Event Types and Subtypes .............................................................................23
5.1 LIFE...........................................................................................................23
5.1.1 BE-BORN ...........................................................................................23
5.1.2 MARRY...............................................................................................23
5.1.3 DIVORCE ...........................................................................................24
5.1.4 INJURE...............................................................................................25
5.1.5 DIE......................................................................................................26
5.2 MOVEMENT..............................................................................................27
5.2.1 TRANSPORT......................................................................................27
5.3 TRANSACTION.........................................................................................28
5.3.1 TRANSFER-OWNERSHIP .................................................................29
5.3.2 TRANSFER-MONEY ..........................................................................30
5.4 BUSINESS ................................................................................................31
5.4.1 START-ORG.......................................................................................31
5.4.2 MERGE-ORG .....................................................................................31
5.4.3 DECLARE-BANKRUPTCY .................................................................32
5.4.4 END-ORG...........................................................................................33
5.5 CONFLICT ................................................................................................33
5.5.1 ATTACK..............................................................................................33
5.5.2 DEMONSTRATE ................................................................................34
5.6 CONTACT .................................................................................................35
5.6.1 MEET..................................................................................................35

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 5.6.2 PHONE-WRITE ..................................................................................36
5.7 PERSONELL.............................................................................................37
5.7.1 START-POSITION..............................................................................38
5.7.2 END-POSITION..................................................................................38
5.7.3 NOMINATE.........................................................................................39
5.7.4 ELECT ................................................................................................39
5.8 JUSTICE ...................................................................................................40
5.8.1 ARREST-JAIL.....................................................................................40
5.8.2 RELEASE-PAROLE ...........................................................................42
5.8.3 TRIAL-HEARING ................................................................................42
5.8.4 CHARGE-INDICT ...............................................................................43
5.8.5 SUE ....................................................................................................44
5.8.6 CONVICT............................................................................................44
5.8.7 SENTENCE ........................................................................................45
5.8.8 FINE....................................................................................................45
5.8.9 EXECUTE...........................................................................................46
5.8.10 EXTRADITE......................................................................................46
5.8.11 ACQUIT ............................................................................................47
5.8.12 APPEAL............................................................................................47
5.8.13 PARDON ..........................................................................................47
6. Event Arguments ............................................................................................48
6.1 Introduction to Event Arguments ...............................................................48
6.1.1 Basic Rules for Event Argument Taggability.......................................49
6.1.2 Event Arguments and Sub-Events......................................................51
6.1.3 Some Comments with Regard to TIME-ARG Attributes......................51
6.1.4 A note about PLACE-ARG:.................................................................52
6.1.5 Examples Formatting ..........................................................................52
6.2 LIFE...........................................................................................................53
6.2.1 BE-BORN ...........................................................................................53
6.2.2 MARRY...............................................................................................53
6.2.3 DIVORCE ...........................................................................................53
6.2.4 INJURE...............................................................................................54
6.2.5 DIE......................................................................................................55
6.3 MOVEMENT..............................................................................................57
6.3.1 TRANSPORT......................................................................................57
6.4 Transaction................................................................................................58
6.4.1 TRANSFER-OWNERSHIP .................................................................58
6.4.2 TRANSFER-MONEY ..........................................................................59
6.5 BUSINESS ................................................................................................60
6.5.1 START-ORG.......................................................................................60
6.5.2 MERGE-ORG .....................................................................................60
6.5.3 DECLARE-BANKRUPTCY .................................................................61
6.5.4 END-ORG...........................................................................................61
6.6 CONFLICT ................................................................................................62
6.6.1 ATTACK..............................................................................................62
6.6.2 DEMONSTRATE ................................................................................63

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6.7 CONTACT .................................................................................................64
6.7.1 MEET..................................................................................................64
6.7.2 PHONE-WRITE ..................................................................................64
6.8 PERSONNEL ............................................................................................65
6.8.1 START-POSITION..............................................................................65
6.8.2 END-POSITION..................................................................................65
6.8.3 NOMINATE.........................................................................................66
6.8.4 ELECT ................................................................................................67
6.9 JUSTICE ...................................................................................................67
6.9.1 ARREST-JAIL.....................................................................................67
6.9.2 RELEASE-PAROLE ...........................................................................68
6.9.3 TRIAL-HEARING ................................................................................69
6.9.4 CHARGE-INDICT ...............................................................................70
6.9.5 SUE ....................................................................................................70
6.9.6 CONVICT............................................................................................71
6.9.7 SENTENCE ........................................................................................72
6.9.8 FINE....................................................................................................73
6.9.9 EXECUTE...........................................................................................74
6.9.10 EXTRADITE......................................................................................74
6.9.11 ACQUIT ............................................................................................75
6.9.12 PARDON ..........................................................................................76
6.9.13 APPEAL............................................................................................76

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1. Basic Concepts
An Event is a specific occurrence involving participants. An Event is something
that happens. An Event can frequently be described as a change of state.

We will not be tagging all Events, but only examples of a particular set of types
and subtypes. Specifically, we will be interested in annotating LIFE,
MOVEMENT, TRANSACTION, BUSINESS, CONFLICT, CONTACT,
PERSONNEL and JUSTICE Events and among these a particular set of
subtypes. The types and subtypes will be more thoroughly discussed in Section
5 below.

There are two spans of text of interest when first identifying Events: the Event
extent and the Event trigger. An Event extent is a sentence within which a
taggable Event is described. Its trigger is the word that most clearly expresses
its occurrence. The specific rules for identifying the extents and triggers of
Events are described in Section 2 below.

In addition to the description of the Event itself, we will also be identifying all of
the participants of each Event. An Event’s participants are the Entities that are
involved in that Event. The specific types of participants that can be involved will
vary from Event type to Event type. We will only be annotating as participants
those Entities which are mentioned within the Event extent. Sometimes when
talking about Event participants, we will refer to the Event extent as its scope.

There are frequently Entities and Values within the scope of an Event that are not
properly participants, but should be understood as ‘part’ of that Event. We will
refer to such Entities as attributes and we will annotate those elements in a way
that is very similar to the annotation of participants. For example, attributes must
occur within the scope of an Event to be taggable.

We will refer collectively to Event participants and Event attributes as Event

arguments. For a more thorough discussion of Event Arguments see Section 6
below.

2. Taggability
The following subsections describe the rules for determining the taggability and
extent of potential Event mentions.

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2.1 Resultatives and resultative-like Events

We will also tag the states that result from taggable Events. These will be
annotated in exactly the same manner as the corresponding ‘action’ Event.
These so-called resultatives can be expressed using a number of related
syntactic constructions.

1. As sentential predicates:

All her grandparents are dead.

They have been married for three years.
Her father is retired.
The firm is bankrupt.

2. As an adjective (or past-participle) in the nominal pre-modifier position:

China's recently acquired submarines

The newly merged companies
The bankrupt firm
Her retired father
The happily married couple
The injured soldier
The freed prisoners

3. As a present-participle in the nominal pre-modifier position:

The rioting crowd

The arresting officer
The dying man

Interpreted as states, the examples in (2) can be paraphrased as ‘the state of

having been acquired’, ‘the state of having been merged’, ‘the state of having
gone bankrupt’, ‘the state of having retired’, etc. The examples in (3) are slightly
different. For these examples, the modifier is more directly describing an Event
(rather than its resulting state), but that Event is being described as ‘still in
progress’. A paraphrase of the first example might be ‘the crowd that is
participating in the riot Event that has (had) not yet ended’

We will use the broader term resultative for all such examples in this document,
whether they are properly resultatives or Event participles. If an adjective (or
other modifier that can behave like an adjective) describes or makes reference to
an Event of a taggable type or its resulting state, then we will tag that Event. For
a more detailed discussion of the choice of trigger words, see Section 2.3 below.

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2.2 Event Extent

The first step in annotating an Event mention is identifying its extent. The extent
of an Event mention is always the entire sentence within which the Event is
described. (In the following examples, the trigger word has been indicated in
bold to make the examples more clear. For a complete discussion on the choice
of trigger words, please see Section 2.3).

They have been married for three years.

Her father is retired.

China's recently acquired submarines are mostly still in the South China
Sea.

The rioting crowd approached the Capitol.

While the identification of Event extent is not an evaluated task, it will be crucial
in the annotation task. Specifically, it determines whether or not Values and
Entities in the text can be used as arguments in nearby Events. Only Entities
and Values within the extent of an Event are permissible arguments.

2.3 Event Triggers:

The following subsections describe the process for identifying the triggers of
Events.

2.3.1 Annotating Event Triggers

An Event’s Trigger is the word (in its scope) that most clearly expresses its
occurrence. In many cases, this will merely be the main verb in the part of the
sentence (extent) that most directly describes the Event. Note that the following
examples mark in bold only those triggers that are main verbs.

The explosion killed 7 and injured 20.

He died yesterday of renal failure.

In 1927 she married William Gresser, a New York lawyer and

musicologist.

Sometimes, the ‘main verb’ will be in the form of an adjective or a past-participle.

Milosovic was indicted yesterday for war crimes.

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 Shenson, who was born in San Francisco, was working in London at the
time.

17 saliors were killed.

He'd been married before and had a child.

Fifteen Palestinians were injured this morning in the town of Rafah

Other times, the Event reference is used in a modifier position, either in the form
of a participle or an adjective. In such cases, the modifier should be annotated
as the trigger for the Event:

He said he had no information about any dead or injured members of the

submarine crew.

Look, I've slated electors before. You know? [My past deceased mother
and my brothe-- my mother when she was alive, I should make that point].

The Egyptian-born Palestinian told judges that he deserted the Egyptian

army in the mid-1970s.

A retired congressman Gibbons gave a civics lesson in a portable

classroom -- another sign of growth too fast.

He said security officials had found documents on the arrested opposition

leaders, which he said were in line with American policies that sought to
undermine the Khartoum government.

The rioting crowd approached the Capitol.

We will also see cases where the Event is triggered by a noun or pronoun:

The attack killed 7 and injured 20.

"We don't know who did it but ... we're satisfied this was clearly an act
of terrorism," he said on CBS.

The explosion claimed at least 30 lives.

Protestors interrupted their meeting.

The talks ended without agreement on Monday.

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 ... with the merger likely to be completed later this year.

In accepting the nomination he spoke of his immigrant ancestors.

Yesterday’s attack was entirely unexpected.

Note: Sometimes it will be necessary to annotate noun triggers whose type and
subtype are indicated by mentions outside the scope:

The two were married on July 20. It was a joyous Event.

2.3.2 Event Nominalizations and Pronominalizations

As noted in Section 2.3.1, Events can be triggered by verbs, nouns, and

occasionally adjectives like ‘dead’ or ‘bankrupt’. It is worth noting that nominal
Events can occur as premodifiers:

Quaker Oats rejected PepsiCo's takeover offer as too low.

In April of last year, the CR Company began bankruptcy procedures.

Anaphors of Events (such as pronouns and definite descriptions of previously

mentioned events) are taggable as mentions of that Event, as in:

The two were married on July 20. It was a joyous Event.

It and Event clearly refer back to the MARRY Event in the previous sentence and
should therefore be tagged as Event mentions.

Finally, there are some nouns that refer to Event participants and simultaneously
imply the occurrence of an Event, such as nominee or attacker. These should
not be tagged as Event mentions for two reasons: 1) nominee does not refer to
an Event in the same way that nominate and nomination, and even anaphors like
it, do; and 2) nominee and other Event participants will already be annotated as
Entities, and we want to avoid tagging an item as both an Entity and an Event
mention.

In some cases, the participants of an Event are picked out, for use in some
description not directly related to the Event itself, using a construction that looks
a lot like the resultative variant of that Event. This happens when the modifier
version of an Event trigger is used without an associated head noun:

The injured were rushed to St John Macomb Medical Center.

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In cases like these, we will not annotate the INJURE Event associated with the
modifier ‘injured’, because this word is already being used as the head of the
PERSON Entity mentioned by ‘the injured’.

Note that this rule is not as straight-forward as it may seem. In the above
example, injured occurs as a pre-modifier for a noun (presumably people) that is
never mentioned. The head of this construction would be injured (the last
modifier before the missing actual head). The Event cannot be annotated
because its potential trigger is already serving as the head for a taggable Entity.
For a complete discussion of taggable Entities, please see the Entities
Annotation Guidelines.

In the following example, however, dead is a resultative adjective modifying the

sentence’s main verb left, not a pre-modifier adjective modifying the missing
nominal head people.

The crash left 20 dead

The PERSON Entity here is actually mentioned by the headless noun phrase 20
(by the same reasoning above), not the headless noun phrase 20 dead. As a
result, this DIE Event will be taggable using the trigger dead.

Notice that sometimes we can annotate Events whose potential noun triggers are
Entity heads by using the main verb as a trigger:

The crash claimed at least 30 lives.

2.3.3 Annotating Complex Examples

Most of the rules for identifying Event triggers discussed so far seem to work
fairly well for the more simple examples. But the real challenge is to use these
rules consistently for the complex cases as well.

There are two major potential sources of Event trigger complexity in a typical
sentence.

1. There is an Event that is mentioned by multiple words within the same

scope, in a way that makes it difficult to identify a single word as the
trigger. A good example of this is:

The leaders held a meeting in Beijing.

2. There are a number of distinct Events mentioned within the same scope
(either all taggable Events or a mix of taggable and non-taggable Events).
A good example of this is:

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 The attack killed seven and injured twenty.

Distinguishing between examples of these two cases is discussed in much

greater detail in Section 2.3.3.2 below (and Section 2.3.3.2.1 provides a small set
of Decision Rules).

2.3.3.1 Multiple Possible Triggers

There will be a number of cases where the choice of the appropriate trigger word
is ambiguous. The following subsections describe the rules for choosing
between the various options.

2.3.3.1.1 Verb+Noun
While many Events anchor on a single verb or noun, there are some problematic
cases where multiple words could reasonably be called the trigger:

Foo Corp. had previously filed Chapter 11 in 2001.

The leaders held a meeting in Beijing.

The company was ordered to pay a fine of $300,000.

In each of these examples, we could reasonably select either of the indicated

words to act as the trigger. Indeed, most people would argue that the two words
‘work together’ in a way that is not quite compositional. In other words, the Event
in the first example might be understood as having been triggered not by filed,
not by Chapter 11 but by filed Chapter 11.

Note: For the remaining examples in this section, underlining will be used to
indicate words which may mistakenly be identified as the trigger of the Event
mention in question and bold face will be used to indicate the actual trigger of
the Event mention.

Stand-Alone Noun Rule:

In cases where more than one trigger is possible, we will simply select the
noun whenever that noun can be used by itself to refer to the Event.

Sometimes when a noun is used with a verb to mention some Event we will be
looking at two possible triggers for a single Event:

Hamas launched an attack.

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 The leaders held their meeting in Boston.

He carried out the assassination.

One core role of inter-provincial enterprises is to implement mergers.

The presidents met for a working lunch of around 75 minutes.

The company was ordered to pay a fine of $300,000.

Brentwood Academy responded with a lawsuit.

Other times the two items will actually be triggers for two separate Events (even
if sometimes the second ‘Event’ is not itself of a taggable type):

He prevented the assassination.

Protestors interrupted their meeting.

An officer witnessed the attack.

The union began its strike on Monday.

For both of the cases described above, we will annotate the noun as the trigger if
it can stand alone to express the occurrence of the Event.

2.3.3.1.2 Verb+X+Adjective

Often, when an Event is expressed as a resultative, it is expressed using both a

main (support) verb and an adjective describing the resulting state.

These constructions have some properties in common with the main verb cases
in which the ‘main verb’ is actually a participle or an adjective (see: Section 2.3.1
for some examples). Verb+X+Adjective constructions are being described
separately here, because they are often difficult to recognize as directly
analogous to the main verb cases, since they will have some extra material
(usually the direct object of the verb, but sometimes other stuff as well)
intervening between the tensed verb and the resultative adjective (or participle).

An example of this phenomenon is:

The explosion left at least 30 dead and dozens injured.

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For all such cases, we will annotate the adjective (or participle) whenever it can
describe the resulting state by itself. This is largely analogous to the rule for
Verb+Noun 1.

Stand-Alone Adjective Rule:

Whenever a verb and an adjective are used together to express the

occurrence of an Event, the adjective will be chosen as the trigger
whenever it can stand-alone to express the resulting state brought about
by the Event.

2.3.3.1.3 Multiple Verbs

There are cases where several verbs are used together to express an Event.

Note: In the examples that follow, underlining is used to indicate the string of
verbs and bold face will be used to indicate the verb to be chosen as the trigger
of a taggable event.

John would have been killed if he hadn’t moved. Men in civilian clothes in
the crowd began firing with AK-47 assault rifles.

In a drastic measure earlier this month, government-controlled creditor

banks named 52 financially weak companies that should be shut down or
merged for sale.

79 million people have been born since the war ended.

More than 200 people have died.

Solomon could be sentenced to up to 211 years in prison.

There are reports that he could meet separately with Israeli Prime Minister
Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat.

In the interview, parts of which were also published in The Daily Express
of London, Chapman made the widely publicized remark that Lennon was
a liberal and would have wanted him to be released.

In such cases, the main verb will be annotated as the trigger for the Event. The
main verb is typically the last verb in a string of verbs. It expresses the type of

1
The astute reader may have noticed that the major difference between Verb(+X)+Noun and
Verb+X+Adjective is that Verb+X+Adjective will be triggered by the adjective when the resulting
state is completely described by the adjective, whereas Verb+Noun will be triggered by the Noun
whenever the Event itself is completely described by the noun.

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Event most clearly. Non-main verbs are normally supporting verbs such as
modals (‘would’), aspectual verbs (‘have’) and the verb ‘be’. Some other verbs
such as ‘promise’, ‘try’ and ‘claim’ will also play a non-main verb role in complex
verbal constructions

John tried to kill Mary.

Terrorist groups have threatened to kill foreign hostages.

U.S. forces continued to bomb Fallujah.

John Hinkley attempted to assassinate Ronald Reagan.

Tropicana Juices recently agreed to buy South Beach Beverage CO.

AOL agreed to buy Time Warner.

2.3.3.1.4 Verb+Particle

In verb+particle constructions, we will tag the main verb and the particle together.
If the words occur contiguously, then there will be one multi-word trigger:

Jane was laid off by XYZ Corp.

John D. Idol will take over as Chief Executive.

If the words occur non-contiguously, then we will only annotate the verb:

XYZ Corp laid Jane off.

John D. Idol will take the company over.

2.3.3.2 Multiple Events within a Single Scope (Sentence)

Cases where there are multiple possible triggers for the same Event within the
same scope (i.e. sentence) should not be confused with cases where there are
multiple Events expressed within the same sentence.

For example, ATTACK nouns often seem to act as agents in other Events. In the
following examples, each bold-faced word is a trigger to an independent Event
and therefore should be tagged as such:

The attack killed seven and injured twenty.

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 The explosion claimed at least 30 lives.

The explosion left at least 30 dead.

For these examples, there will be more than one Event with the same extent, but
each Event will have its own trigger. (For a detailed discussion of the difference
between the second and third examples, see Section 2.3.2 above.)

Sometimes, multiple Events will be triggered by multiple resultative adjectives

sharing a single support verb (the resultative adjective triggers are indicated in
bold and the support verb with underlining):

The explosion left at least 30 dead and dozens injured.

Frequently, the other ‘Events’ in the same scope as some Event trigger are not of
a taggable type. In the following examples, triggers of taggable Events are
indicated in bold and triggers for non-taggable 2 Events are indicated with
underlining:

An officer witnessed the attack.

Protestors interrupted their meeting.

He prevented the assassination.

Intuitively, these verbs signal separate Events because, for example, the
‘witnessed’ Event is not part of the ATTACK Event.

In many cases, we can simply apply the stand-alone-noun rule (or the stand-
alone-adjective rule) and ignore the question of whether a verb and noun (or
adjective) within the same scope refer to the same exact Event. Indeed, for all of
the examples in the last set this assumption works perfectly well. The common
property is that the Events expressed by the main verb are different, but non-
taggable Events. For these cases, the simple stand-alone rules will work quite
well (although as an entirely accidental property of the system).

There are, however, plenty of examples where the question is not so clean-cut:

The attack killed seven and injured twenty.

It will be important to recognize that there are three Events described here. For a
complete presentation of the decision rules for distinguishing multiple Events
from Events with multiple potential triggers, please see the discussion at the end
of the present section.

2
Here we are using ‘taggable’ to imply that an Event is ‘of a taggable type’. For a complete
presentation of which Event types are taggable, please see Section 5 below.

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Only Entities can act as arguments of Events. Despite intuitions about the
relationship between ‘attack’ and ‘killed’ in:

The attack killed seven and injured twenty.

we will not allow Events to act as arguments in other Events. 3

2.3.3.2.1 Distinguishing Multiple Possible Triggers (for a Single Event) from

Multiple Events

Sentences containing multiple Events should be distinguished from sentences

containing multiple possible triggers for the same Event.

Sometimes, the tests are unnecessary and the decision can be made using only
the stand-alone-noun rule or the stand-alone-adjective rule (described in Section
2.3.3.1, above):

An officer witnessed the attack.

The explosion left at least 30 dead.

There are plenty of cases where it is unclear whether the main verb is (a) an
additional potential trigger for the Event picked out by the noun (or adjective); or
(b) a trigger for a separate, taggable Event (an Event which is an example of a
taggable Event type). For example:

A Palestinian worker was shot dead in the Gaza Strip

The attack killed seven and injured twenty.

There are a number of simple tests that can provide guidance in making the
decision about whether the two potential triggers refer to the same Event or to
different Events.

1. One test is to ask whether the person doing the one ‘Event’ is the same as
the person doing the other. If not, then we are dealing with two separate
Events.
2. A second test is to ask whether the one ‘Event’ is a (smaller) part of the
other. If so, then we are dealing with two separate Events.
3. A third test is to ask whether the one ‘Event’ is describing the ‘internal
structure’ of the other. If so, then we are dealing with two separate
Events.
3
Such information will later be encoded using Event-Event Relations.

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 4. When in doubt, assume that there are two separate Events.

Case Study (leave dead and shoot dead):

There are two examples that exhibit the problem described in the preceding
section quite clearly.

Kennedy was shot dead by Oswald.

The hurricane left 20 dead.

The first example will be annotated as two separate Events because the
‘secondary trigger’ actually expresses the occurrence of a separate (and
taggable) Event, whereas the second example will be annotated as a single
Event triggers by the word dead because left and dead are being used together
to express the same Event. This is a difficult decision and care should be taken
in annotating examples such as these.

2.3.3.2.2 Coreference and Taggability

Ambiguous triggers (such as ‘the deal’ or ‘this opportunity for peace’) should only
be tagged when they are clearly co-referent with an unambiguous trigger within
the same document. By clearly co-referent, we mean:

1. The ambiguous reference should encompass no more than the Event

described by the unambiguous reference. For example, the peace
process clearly contains more than just the MEET Event described by the
peace talks, so the peace process is not taggable as another mention of
the the peace talks.

2. There should be some explicit syntactic or lexical evidence for

coreference, such as a copula construction, an appositive, or a definite
article or demonstrative adjective modifying the ambiguous reference.
(Pronominal references are also valid.)

3. Preferably, there should also be some semantic relationship between

the ambiguous and unambiguous triggers (e.g. deal/merger or
crime/killing).

For a complete discussion of Event Coreference, see Section 4 below.

3. Polarity, Tense, Genericity and Modality

In addition to their type and subtype, Events will have a number of properties
related to, e.g., when and if the Event really took place.

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Currently we will tag the features POLARITY, TENSE, GENERICITY and
MODALITY. The full lists of values for each feature and brief definitions of each
are provided in the subsections which follow.

3.1 Polarity

An Event is NEGATIVE when it is explicitly indicated that the Event did not occur
(see examples). The non-occurrence of the Event must be explicitly and
intentionally communicated.

All other Events are POSITIVE.

There are two ways in which NEGATIVE Polarity may be expressed: (1) with the
help of a negative word such as not or never; or (2) by embedding in a negative
lexical context such deny, refuse or disobey.

1. NEGATIVE examples (using a negative word or the standard negative syntax):

His wife was sitting on the backseat and was not hurt.

Kimes' main demand was that his mother not be extradited to California.

2. NEGATIVE examples (using context):

Yeltsin ordered Skuratov's suspension, but parliament repeatedly refused

to sack him.

John Hinkley attempted to assassinate Ronald Reagan.

The youngest son of ex-dictator Suharto disobeyed a summons to

surrender himself to prosecutors Monday and be imprisoned for
corruption.

They backed out of the purchase at the last minute.

3.2 Tense

TENSE is determined with respect to the speaker or author. We will refer to the
time of publication or broadcast as the textual anchor time.

PAST is used for those Events that occur prior to the textual anchor time.

1. PAST Examples:

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 He traveled to Houston in late September.

He was forced to pay the ransom.

The investigation of the attempted coup in 1991

Police said they might have fled the country already.

FUTURE is used for those Events that have not yet occurred at the textual
anchor time.

2. FUTURE Examples:

Russian and U.S. trade officials will meet in London on May 17.

He plans to meet with lawmakers from both parties.

When he's born, he'll be named after his father.

3. PRESENT is used for those Events that occur at the textual anchor time;

PRESENT Examples:

The airline is in the midst of a major aircraft purchase from Airbus

Industries.

Whenever the TENSE of an Event cannot be determined from the context,

we use UNSPECIFIED.

3.3 Genericity

An Event is SPECIFIC if it is understood as a singular occurrence at a particular

place and time, or a finite set of such occurrences. All other Events are
GENERIC.

GENERIC Examples:

Salat Hassen called on countries that give aid.

The group specialized in transporting illegal weapons.

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 Israel says, it has lifted the internal restrictions that barred Palestinians
from moving among West Bank towns and villages.

One core role of inter-provincial enterprises is to implement mergers.

There have been concerns the clashes in southern Serbia could explode
into violence similar to the 1999 conflict in Kosovo.

3.4 Modality

An Event is ASSERTED when the author or speaker makes reference to it as

though it were a real occurrence.

He traveled to Houston in late September.

A car bomb exploded Thursday in the heart of Jerusalem, killing at least

two people, police said.

All other Events will be annotated as OTHER. Some examples of OTHER

modalities include, but are not limited to:

1. Believed Events:

Rumors of arrests circulated in Vancouver.

The charity was suspected of giving money to al Qaeda.

2. Hypothetical Events:

A demonstration of how he would behave if he were to become President.

Should he not pay the money, they would kill him.

Chapman would be concerned for his safety if released.

3. Commanded and Requested Events:

He was ordered to return to Moscow.

He asked the United States to give money to his country.

4. Threatened, Proposed and Discussed Events:

The mayor's accomplices had threatened to kill Mr. Tatum if he

refused.

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 He thought about paying up.

The United Nations has warned their people not to take the ferry.

5. Desired Events:

They wanted to acquire the company last year.

6. Promised Events:

He said he would leave town.

Promises of aid made by Arab and European countries

7. Otherwise unclear constructions:

It is obvious that it was simply impossible not to meet with Mr.

Sudnikovich.

He decided it would probably be a good idea to meet with him.

A non-structured list of MODALITY = OTHER examples follows:

Israel says, it has lifted the internal restrictions that barred Palestinians
from moving among West Bank towns and villages.

... with the merger likely to be completed later this year.

There have been concerns the clashes in southern Serbia could explode
into violence similar to the 1999 conflict in Kosovo.

Fueling speculation that John Paul II might retire at the end of this year, a
Belgian cardinal says ...

Terrorist groups have threatened to kill foreign hostages.

John Hinkley attempted to assassinate Ronald Reagan.

Tropicana Juices recently agreed to buy South Beach Beverage CO.

AOL agreed to buy Time Warner.

Solomon could be sentenced to up to 211 years in prison.

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 There are reports that he could meet separately with Israeli Prime Minister
Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat.

In the interview, parts of which were also published in The Daily Express
of London, Chapman made the widely publicized remark that Lennon was
a liberal and would have wanted him to be released.

The youngest son of ex-dictator Suharto disobeyed a summons to

surrender himself to prosecutors Monday and be imprisoned for
corruption.

4. Coreference
When two Event mentions refer to the same Event, then they corefer. We will
restrict the coreference relation to Event identity. We will not identify Events as
coreferent when one mention refers only to a part of the other.

When in doubt, do not mark any coreference.

When there is a mention of a “plural” Event (usually an Event with multiple

participants like a double murder or a conviction of several people), then the
plural Event mention is not coreferent with mentions of the component individual
Events.

For example the following two Event mentions do not corefer:

Three people have been convicted in the operation, including Smith and
Jones. … Smith and Jones were found guilty of selling guns to straw
purchasers.

Nor do the following:

The gunmen shot Smith and his son. … The attack against Smith.

There will also be cases where the arguments are modally questionable. Since
modality is not considered in the selection of arguments, this will not have an
effect on coreference.

For example, the following two Event mentions will be annotated as coreferent:

Maddux was killed in Philadelphia. …. Einhorn is accused of killing

Maddux.

For a complete discussion of the constraints on Argument selection, see Section

6 below.

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5. Event Types and Subtypes
Each Event type and subtype will have its own set of potential participant roles
for the Entities which occur within the scopes of its exemplars. In some cases,
the question of whether or not a potential Event is taggable will depend on the
presence or absence of Entities filling certain of these roles 4. These participant
roles will be described in more detail in Section 6 below.

5.1 LIFE
5.1.1 BE-BORN

A BE-BORN Event occurs whenever a PERSON Entity is given birth to. Please
note that we do not include the birth of other things or ideas.

Examples

Jane Doe was born in Casper, Wyoming on March 18, 1964.

John Bobert Bond was born in England.

While investigators said they did not yet know where the Massachusetts-
born suspect got his guns, Scott Harshbarger, the former state attorney
general who pushed for more stringent state gun-control rules in the late
1990s, said, ``This is where you'll see if the tracing system works.''

Ali Mohammed, a native of Egypt, has admitted to five charges of

conspiring with a Saudi born dissident Osama bin Laden to attack US
targets in the Middle-East.

For me, it's not difficult, because I was born without my hand, and I've
never known any different.

They have been linked to cancer, birth defects, and other genetic
abnormalities.

He calculated that Jesus' birth had occurred 532 years earlier.

5.1.2 MARRY

4
This requirement will be loosened for cases of nominal anaphora --- for both Pronouns and
Definite Descriptions.

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MARRY Events are official Events, where two people are married under the legal
definition.

Examples

Jane Doe and John Smith were married on June 9, 1998.

Jane and John are married. (resultative)

They have been married for six years. (resultative)

Ames recruited her as an informant in 1983, then married her two years
later.

In 1927 she married William Gresser, a New York lawyer and

musicologist.

He'd been married before and had a child.

Residents were unable to register marriages.

5.1.3 DIVORCE

A DIVORCE Event occurs whenever two people are officially divorced under the
legal definition of divorce. We do not include separations or church annulments.

Examples

The couple divorced four years later.

John is a divorced father of three. (resultative)

Fox and his four adopted children _ he is divorced will move into guest
quarters behind the presidential residence

Jephson, who was also Prince Charles' secretary for two years, said that
the Princess confided in him a great deal, especially in the years
preceding her divorce from the heir to the throne in 1996.

This year in Egypt, for example, avid campaigning helped women reverse
laws that prevented them from obtaining divorce and traveling abroad
without their husbands' permission.

But the Simpson trial and the jury's findings marked a turning point in the
career of the twice-divorced mother of two.

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5.1.4 INJURE

An INJURE Event occurs whenever a PERSON Entity experiences physical

harm. INJURE Events can be accidental, intentional or self-inflicted.

Note: For Events that where a single common trigger is ambiguous between the
types LIFE (i.e. INJURE and DIE) and CONFLICT (i.e. ATTACK), we will only
annotate the Event as a LIFE Event in case the relevant resulting state is clearly
indicated by the construction. This rule will not apply when there are
independent triggers.

For example in:

Three Palestinians were shot dead.

there are two Events:

Ev1: shot (CONFLICT.ATTACK)

Ev2: dead (LIFE.DIE)

Examples

Two soldiers were wounded in the attack.

The injured soldier... (resultative)

She was badly hurt in an automobile accident.

Two Palestinians were killed as they staged a drive-by ambush on an

Israeli jeep in the Gaza Strip near the Israeli settlement of Gush Katif
Saturday afternoon, and two Israeli soldiers were wounded, one critically.

Witnesses said the soldiers responded by firing tear gas and rubber
bullets, which led to ten demonstrators being injured.

Tornadoes destroyed homes and overturned cars in several areas of

Alabama on Saturday and more than two dozen people were reported
injured.

A fire in a bangladeshi garment factory has left at least 37 people dead

and 100 hospitalized.

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 The disabled passengers were helped off of the train.

5.1.5 DIE

A DIE Event occurs whenever the life of a PERSON Entity ends. DIE Events can
be accidental, intentional or self-inflicted.

Note: For Events that where a single common trigger is ambiguous between the
types LIFE (i.e. INJURE and DIE) and CONFLICT (i.e. ATTACK), we will only
annotate the Event as a LIFE Event in case the relevant resulting state is clearly
indicated by the construction. This rule will not apply when there are
independent triggers.

For example in:

Three Palestinians were shot dead.

there are two Events:

Ev1: shot (CONFLICT.ATTACK)

Ev2: dead (LIFE.DIE)

Examples

John Hinckley attempted to assassinate Ronald Reagan.

Terrorist groups have threatened to kill foreign hostages.

The slain leader...

She was killed in an automobile accident.

The commander of Israeli troops in the West Bank said there was a simple
goal to the helicopter assassination on Thursday of a gun-wielding local
Palestinian leader.

The assassination of the once-relatively obscure Fatah leader Obaiyat,

whom the army blamed particularly for leading nocturnal shooting on Gilo,
a neighborhood in southeastern Jerusalem, was regarded as a grave step
by Israeli commentators.

The late Pope John Paul II …

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 In other violence, a Palestinian worker was shot dead in the Gaza Strip
and in the West Bank, another Palestinian, a teenager, was shot by Israeli
soldiers during clashes.

Canadian authorities arrested two Vancouver-area men on Friday and

charged them in the deaths of 329 passengers and crew members of an
Air-India Boeing 747 that blew up over the Irish Sea in 1985, en route from
Canada to London.

Authorities in New Mexico say actor Richard Farnsworth has died of a

self-inflicted gunshot wound.

The fatal accident …

All four live in the southern port city of Aden, where the two suspected
suicide bombers blew up a small boat filled with explosives alongside the
Cole on Oct. 12 as it prepared to refuel.

We watched the state funeral in Montreal today for Canada's former prime
minister Pierre Trudeau, who died last week at 80.

Since the beginning of the epidemic, about 22 million people have died of
the disease.

5.2 MOVEMENT

There will be only one subtype of MOVEMENT Events: TRANSPORT.

5.2.1 TRANSPORT

A TRANSPORT Event occurs whenever an ARTIFACT (WEAPON or VEHICLE)

or a PERSON is moved from one PLACE (GPE, FACILITY, LOCATION) to
another.

Note: This Event is taggable only when the object is known to be a taggable
ARTIFACT or PERSON.

Note: Either the origin or destination must be explicit somewhere in the

document for a TRANSPORT Event to be taggable.

Note: We will only tag TRANSPORT Events when the movement is explicit.

Note: EXTRADITE and MEET Events are treated independently as their own
type. EXTRADITE examples should be clear from context (see Section 5.8.10,
below).

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Note: Most visit examples will be tagged as MEET Events (see Section 5.6.1,
below). The following example would, therefore, be tagged as a MEET Event
(and not as a TRANSPORT Event):

** Fred visited Harry in New York on Friday.

Decision rule to Distinguish TRANSACTION from MOVEMENT:

1. What is being transferred and is it a taggable vehicle or weapon?

If so, then the Event is a taggable TRANSACTION OR

MOVEMENT Event.

If not, then the Event is not taggable.

2. Is there a change in ownership?

If so, then the Event is a TRANSFER-OWNERSHIP Event.

If not, then the Event is a TRANSPORT Event.

Examples

The aid was aimed at repairing houses damaged by Israeli bombing and
buying additional ambulances" to transport the rising number of
wounded.

Zone escaped the incident with minor injuries, and Kimes was moved to
the prison's disciplinary housing unit, the authorities said.

The Palestinian leaders also warned that Israel must remove its soldiers
from the outskirts of Palestinian cities.

Mr. Erekat is due to travel to Washington to meet with US Secretary of

State Madeleine Albright and other US officials attempting to win a
ceasefire.

The weapons were moved to a secure site in the south.

5.3 TRANSACTION

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5.3.1 TRANSFER-OWNERSHIP

TRANSFER-OWNERSHIP Events refer to the buying, selling, loaning, borrowing,

giving, or receiving of artifacts or organizations.

Note: These Events are taggable only when the thing transferred is known to be
a taggable VEHICLE, FACILITY, ORGANIZATION or WEAPON.

Note: When the thing transferred is an ORGANIZATION, the SELLER-ARG will

be filled only rarely; it exists for cases like X Inc. sold its Y division to Z Corp. In
the more usual case of A Corp. purchased B Corp., A Corp. is the BUYER-ARG,
B Corp. is the ORG-ARG, and there is no SELLER-ARG.

Note: If someone is selling unspecified ‘materials’ and later in the article those
materials turn out to be weapons, then there is a taggable TRANSFER-
OWNERSHIP Event. However, if someone is selling unspecified ‘materials’ that
turn out to be tulip bulbs, then there is no TRANSFER-OWNERSHIP Event.

Note: ‘Seizing a facility’ will count as a TRANSFER-OWNERSHIP Event, but

‘securing a facility’ will not.

Examples

China has purchased two nuclear submarines from Russia.

This report concerns China's recently acquired submarines.

If the man accused of killing seven people near Boston on Tuesday got
his guns in Massachusetts, he was able to skirt some of the strictest
regulations in the country, people familiar with the state's laws said
Wednesday.

The state requires a permit, formally known as a ``firearm identification

card,'' for purchase of virtually every kind of firearm, whether for personal
protection or hunting.

There is also a scandal that erupted over Russia's declaration that it will
sell weapons to Iran, contrary to the earlier made agreement.

The head of the agency's coordination program in Amman, Maher Nasser,

said in a press conference that the aid was aimed at "providing food and
medical aid to Palestinian refugees in the West Bank and Gaza suffering
as a result of the Israeli blockade of the Palestinian Territories, as well as
at repairing houses damaged by Israeli bombing and buying additional
ambulances" to transport the rising number of wounded.

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 PepsiCo Inc. has resumed talks to buy Quaker Oats Co., the maker of
Gatorade and Cap'n Crunch cereal, for about $14 billion in stock, a source
familiar with the discussions said Thursday.

The giant luxury conglomerate LVMH-Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton, which

has been on a sustained acquisition bid, has offered to acquire Donna
Karan International for $195 million in a cash deal with the idea that it
could expand the company's revenues and beef up accessories and
overseas sales.

Decision rules for Distinguishing MOVEMENT Events from TRANSACTION

Events:

1. What is being transferred and is it a taggable vehicle or weapon?

If so, then the Event is a taggable TRANSACTION or MOVEMENT

Event.

If not, then the Event is not taggable.

2. Is there a change in ownership?

If so, then the Event is a TRANSFER-OWNERSHIP Event.

If not, then the Event is a TRANSPORT Event.

5.3.2 TRANSFER-MONEY

TRANSFER-MONEY Events refer to the giving, receiving, borrowing, or lending

money when it is not in the context of purchasing something. The canonical
examples are: (1) people giving money to organizations (and getting nothing
tangible in return); and (2) organizations lending money to people or other orgs.

Note: We will annotate ‘extortion’ as a TRANSFER-MONEY Event only when the

amount of money is explicitly specified.

Note: The transfer of stock is not taggable as a TRANSFER-MONEY Event,

even when it is expressed in terms of a monetary value.

Examples

The charity was suspected of giving money to Al Qaeda.

The organization survives on donations.

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 The organization is living on borrowed funds. (resultative)

Actors and singers also on the flight held a benefit concert in Baghdad
Saturday evening, with most of the $13 cover charge to be donated to
support the Palestinian uprising.

I'd like to see them accept his offer,'' said Jean Dolan, 59, a retired singing
instructor who borrowed about $10,500 to buy Eircom shares in the IPO
in July 1999.

** I paid $9 for the movie ticket. (not taggable)

5.4 BUSINESS
5.4.1 START-ORG

A START-ORG Event occurs whenever a new ORGANIZATION is created.

Note: The creation of an ORGANIZATION is annotated as a START-ORG Event

only when the ORGANIZATION is newly-created. The establishment of
independence (GPE) or the spin-off of a subsidiary (ORGANIZATION) will not
be annotated as a START-ORG Event.

Note: When an ORGANIZATION opens new branch office, this will be annotated
as a START-ORG Event.

Note: When a new ORGANIZATION results from the merger of two pre-existing
ORGANIZATIONS, this will be annotated as a START-ORG Event.

Examples

Joseph Conrad Parkhurst, who founded the motorcycle magazine Cycle

World in 1962, has died.

British Airways PLC plans to sell Go, its profitable cut-price subsidiary
launched two years ago, the company said Monday.

We have done about 10 days of solid work across Michigan. Workers

fighting for right to organize.

5.4.2 MERGE-ORG

A MERGE-ORG Event occurs whenever two or more ORGANIZATION Entities

come together to form a new ORGANIZATION Entity. This Event applies to any

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kind of ORGANIZATION, including government agencies. It also includes joint
ventures.

Note: The temporary closure of Organizations or their Facilities will not be

annotated as END-ORG Events.

Examples

In July, Bank of America said it planned to cut as many as 10,000 jobs as

it changes its focus from growing through mergers to becoming more
profitable through use of technology and operating efficiency.

Three U.S. banks, Chase Manhattan and its merger partner J.P. Morgan
and Citibank, which was involved in moving about $100 million for Raul
Salinas de Gortari, brother of a former Mexican president, to banks in
Switzerland, are also expected to sign on, according to UBS.

Talks on a long-planned merger with KLM Royal Dutch Airlines collapsed

in September.

In a drastic measure earlier this month, government-controlled creditor

banks named 52 financially weak companies that should be shut down or
merged for sale.

Parkhurst later merged with another company that owned Road & Track
to become Bond/Parkhurst Publishing.

The drug companies passed the final regulatory hurdle to their $72 billion
merger, which will create the world's largest pharmaceutical company.

5.4.3 DECLARE-BANKRUPTCY

A DECLARE-BANKRUPTCY Event will occur whenever an Entity officially

requests legal protection from debt collection due to an extremely negative
balance sheet.

Examples

Orange County had previously filed Chapter 11 in 1995.

The bankrupt MCI-Worldcom... (resultative)

Southern California Edison says it may have to file for bankruptcy unless
government officials can offer some relief.

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 In April of last year, the CR Company began bankruptcy procedures and
the debt compensation rate of all its assets was only 5%.

5.4.4 END-ORG

An END-ORG Event occurs whenever an ORGANIZATION ceases to exist (in

other words ‘goes out of business’).

Examples

The company folded in 2002.

5.5 CONFLICT
5.5.1 ATTACK

An ATTACK Event is defined as a violent physical act causing harm or damage.

ATTACK Events include any such Event not covered by the INJURE or DIE
subtypes, including Events where there is no stated agent. The ATTACK Event
type includes less specific violence-related nouns such as ‘conflict’, ‘clashes’,
and ‘fighting’. ‘Gunfire’, which has the qualities of both an Event and a weapon,
should always be tagged as an ATTACK Event, if only for the sake of
consistency. A ‘coup’ is a kind of ATTACK (and so is a ‘war’).

Note: For Events that where a single common trigger is ambiguous between the
types LIFE (i.e. INJURE and DIE) and CONFLICT (i.e. ATTACK), we will only
annotate the Event as a LIFE Event in case the relevant resulting state is clearly
indicated by the construction.

The above rule will not apply when there are independent triggers. For example
in:

Three Palestinians were shot dead.

there are two Events:

Ev1: shot (CONFLICT.ATTACK)

Ev2: dead (LIFE.DIE)

Note: The generic concepts typically represented by the strings ‘terrorism’ and
‘terrorist activities’ will be taggable as ATTACK Events. However, those
represented by the string ‘military operations’ will not.

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Note: The resulting damage caused by an ATTACK Event is not itself taggable
as an ATTACK Event.

Examples

U.S. forces continued to bomb Fallujah.

A car bomb exploded in central Baghdad.

Another exchange of gunfire in Gilo...

Sunday night's clashes…

...a possible coup.

Israel retaliated with rocket attacks and terrorists blew a hole in a United
States warship in Yemen.

A car bomb exploded Thursday in a crowded outdoor market in the heart

of Jerusalem, killing at least two people, police said.

Men in civilian clothes in the crowd began firing with AK-47 assault rifles
and a 45-minute gun battle broke out.

A number of demonstrators threw stones and empty bottles at Israeli

soldiers positioned near a Jewish holy site at the town's entrance.

5.5.2 DEMONSTRATE

A DEMONSRATE Event occurs whenever a large number of people come

together in a public area to protest or demand some sort of official action.
DEMONSTRATE Events include, but are not limited to, protests, sit-ins, strikes,
and riots.

Examples

Thousands of people rioted in Port-au-Prince, Haiti over the weekend.

The union began its strike on Monday.

Protesters rallied on the White House lawn.

The rioting crowd broke windows and overturned cars.

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 A crowd of 1 million demonstrated Saturday in the capital, San'a,
protesting against Israel, the United States and Arab leaders regarded as
too soft on Israel.

In Ramallah, around 500 people took to the town's streets chanting

slogans denouncing the summit and calling on Palestinian Authority leader
Yasser Arafat not to take part in it.

For weeks Italian Jewish groups, World War II veterans and leftist political
parties have staged protests against a meeting between the pope and
Haider, arguing that a papal encounter would lend the Austrian politician
legitimacy.

More than 40,000 workers were back at their jobs Thursday following a 1-
day walkout that closed social welfare offices and crippled public medical
services. During the work stoppage Wednesday, local residents were
unable to register marriages or get documents for real estate transactions.

5.6 CONTACT
5.6.1 MEET

A MEET Event occurs whenever two or more Entities come together at a single
location and interact with one another face-to-face. MEET Events include talks,
summits, conferences, meetings, visits, and any other Event where two or more
parties get together at some location.

Note: To qualify as a MEET Event, a set of mentions must refer to an occurrence

in which it is clear that the meeting is physically located somewhere. In other
words, the meeting must be known to be face-to-face in order for it to be
taggable as a MEET Event. A direct consequence is that the following are not
taggable:

** GM is in talks with Chrysler to Purchase Jeep.

** Talks are at a standstill, but 4,000 striking drivers have promised to

respond to the latest management offer, Thursday.

It is not clear that these talks are all (face-to-face) meetings, so we cannot tag
this example.

Note: Affairs and long-term relationships do not count as MEET Events.

Examples

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 Bush and Putin met earlier this week to discuss Chechnya.

China, Japan, the United States, and both Koreas will hold a meeting this
month.

Seven Lebanese Druze representatives out of eight who met under the
leadership of representative Walid Jumblatt called on "youths in our
Islamic Arab faction to actively join the heroic Palestinian Intifada against
Israeli occupation and its agents, and to expose its means and methods."
Only representative Talal Arslan did not attend the meeting.

Tommy would again be summoned to meet prosecutors on Wednesday.

Owens complained to Defense Secretary William Cohen, prompting a

meeting Friday between the governor and Gen. John Coburn,
commander of the Army Material Command.

Mr. Erekat is due to travel to Washington to meet with US Secretary of

State Madeleine Albright and other US officials attempting to win a
ceasefire. Mrs. Albright has already met with Israel's acting foreign
minister.

Egypt condemned Israel's attacks today and said it has the approval of
other Arab states to host a summit with the Palestinians and Israelis only
if the violence stops.

Eyewitnesses reported that Palestinians demonstrated today Sunday in

the West Bank against the Sharm el-Sheikh summit to be held in Egypt
tomorrow Monday.

5.6.2 PHONE-WRITE

A PHONE-WRITE Event occurs when two or more people directly engage in

discussion which does not take place ‘face-to-face’. To make this Event less
open-ended, we limit it to written or telephone communication where at least two
parties are specified. Communication that takes place in person should be
considered a MEET Event. The very common ‘PERSON told reporters’ is not a
taggable Event, nor is ‘issued a statement’. A PHONE-WRITE Event must be
explicit phone or written communication between two or more parties.

Examples

John sent an e-mail to Jane.

All three parties discussed the matter in a teleconference Thursday.

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 John called Jane last night.

All else being equal, Duane Roelands would prefer to dash off short
instant text messages to co-workers and friends with the service offered
by Microsoft _ the one he finds easiest to use.

People can communicate with international friends without the hefty

phone bills.

Unlike the telephone, people can discreetly interact with others _ or

decide not to.

Beware of a number of non-taggable look-alikes:

** John received an e-mail. (not taggable)

** Smith told reporters... (not taggable)

** Hamas issued a statement... (not taggable)

** The group announced... (not taggable)

** Bush spent most of the day on the telephone and in meetings, moving
ahead at lightning speed putting together his administration. (not
taggable)

5.7 PERSONELL

All PERSONNEL Events can have an POSITION attribute. The object populating
the POSITION-ARG slot in a PERSONNEL Event will be a VALUE of type JOB-
TITLE, which consists of a string taken from within the scope of the Event.

For example, in:

Mary Smith joined Foo Corp. as CEO in June 1998,

the POSITION-ARG of the Event is the JOB-TITLE Value populated by the string
‘CEO’.

A complete description of the role that a POSITION-ARG plays in a

PERSONNEL Event is provided in Section 6.8 below. The manner in which
Values are annotated is provided in the Values Guidelines.

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Note: While layoffs will be annotated as END-POSITION Events, in general we
will not annotate large-scale economic trends in employment such as ‘a loss of
jobs’ or ‘job creation’.

5.7.1 START-POSITION

A START-POSITION Event occurs whenever a PERSON Entity begins working

for (or changes offices within) an ORGANIZATION or GPE. This includes
government officials starting their terms, whether elected or appointed.

Note: In general we will not annotate large-scale economic trends in

employment such as a ‘job creation’.

Examples

Foo Corp. hired Mary Smith in June 1998.

Mary Smith joined Foo Corp. in June 1998.

Bill Clinton started office on January 20, 1993.

In 1997, the company hired John D. Idol to take over as chief executive.

An issue in that strike is a management plan to hire more part-time drivers

and limit overtime pay.

The question of which party controls the Texas Senate is especially

important this year because the Senate will redraw congressional and
legislative districts and could elect the next lieutenant governor if Gov.
George W. Bush is elected president and is succeeded by Lt. Gov. Rick
Perry.

5.7.2 END-POSITION

An END-POSITION Event occurs whenever a PERSON Entity stops working for

(or changes offices within) an ORGANIZATION or GPE. The change of office
case will only be taggable when the office being left is explicitly mentioned within
the scope of the Event. This includes government officials ending terms, whether
elected or appointed.

Note: While layoffs will be annotated as END-POSITION Events, in general we

will not annotate large-scale economic trends in employment such as ‘a loss of
jobs’.

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Examples

Georgia fired football coach Jim Donnan Monday after a disappointing 7-4
season that started with the Bulldogs ranked No. 10 and picked to win the
SEC East, his players said.

Richard Jr. had 14 months, before he was laid off in October.

The question of which party controls the Texas Senate is especially

important this year because the Senate will redraw congressional and
legislative districts and could elect the next lieutenant governor if Gov.
George W. Bush is elected president and is succeeded by Lt. Gov. Rick
Perry.

5.7.3 NOMINATE

A NOMINATE Event occurs whenever a PERSON is proposed for a START-

POSITION Event by the appropriate PERSON, through official channels.

Examples

The president nominated Rep. Mark Foley (R-Fla.) to head the

commission.

The recently nominated Foley said... (resultative)

Presidential elections, including the one just ended, routinely include

discussions on how a new chief executive's nominations to fill vacant
positions might change the court's philosophical bent.

One of those difficult-to-dislodge judges was John Marshall, nominated

by Adams to be chief justice.

Gore holds a degree from the university, and is one of about 500 people
nominated for the job.

5.7.4 ELECT

An ELECT Event occurs whenever a candidate wins an election designed to

determine the PERSON argument of a START-POSITION Event.

Examples

Greg Lashutka was elected mayor of Columbus in 1993.

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 The newly elected mayor... (resultative)

Shareholders elected Sheila Johnson to a second term on the Board of

Directors.

``We have a strong interest in supporting Yugoslavia's newly elected

leaders as they work to build a truly democratic society,'' Clinton said.

The question of which party controls the Texas Senate is especially

important this year because the Senate will redraw congressional and
legislative districts and could elect the next lieutenant governor if Gov.
George W. Bush is elected president and is succeeded by Lt. Gov. Rick
Perry.

Many other Israelis have turned away from the man they elected just 18
months ago.

There is an election dispute, a tie vote as a matter of fact.

5.8 JUSTICE

Many JUSTICE Events can have a CRIME-ARG attribute. As with the

POSITION-ARG in PERSONNEL Events, these argument slots will be filled by
Values.

A complete description of the role that a CRIME-ARG plays in a JUSTICE Event

is provided in Section 6.1 below. The manner in which Values are annotated is
provided in the Values Guidelines.

Please note that some JUSTICE Event subtypes seem to permit actions by non-
state (extra-governmental) ORGANIZATION Entities. For example, one can
imagine tagging the release of hostages by some paramilitary or terrorist group
as a JUSTICE.RELEASE Event. As the name of the containing type suggests,
this will not be permissible. We will only annotate as JUSTICE Events those
occurrences that can be tied to the legal system of some taggable GPE Entity.

5.8.1 ARREST-JAIL

A JAIL Event occurs whenever the movement of a PERSON is constrained by a

state actor (a GPE, its ORGANIZATION subparts, or its PERSON
representatives).

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An ARREST Event occurs whenever a state actor (GPE, ORGANIZATION
subpart, or PERSON representative) takes official custody of a PERSON Entity
for the purposes of evaluating legal liability in a criminal activity.

ARREST-JAIL Events can have a CRIME-ARG attribute filled with a string from
the text. For example:

Scott Peterson was arrested for the murder of his wife.

In the above example, the CRIME-ARG is a CRIME Value populated by the

string ‘murder’. A complete description of the role that a CRIME-ARG plays in a
JUSTICE Event is provided in Section 6.9 below.

Note: ‘Serving a sentence’ will be annotated as an ARREST-JAIL Event.

Examples

Since May, Russia has jailed over 20 suspected terrorists without a trial.

The jailed suspects demanded to speak to a lawyer. (resultative)

...where Pope is incarcerated. (resultative)

Asked what he had done to attract attention since he was incarcerated,

Chapman recalled a 1987 interview with People magazine, for which he
received $5,000, according to news reports at the time.

Abu Talb, the last major prosecution witness, has been jailed in Sweden
for attacks against Jewish and American targets in Europe.

The youngest son of ex-dictator Suharto disobeyed a summons to

surrender himself to prosecutors Monday and be imprisoned for
corruption.

Florida police arrested James Harvey in Coral Springs on Friday.

A judicial source said today, Friday, that five Croatians were arrested last
Tuesday during an operation targeting a number of war criminals
suspected of involvement in the killing of around 50 Serbian civilians in
1991.

A court of appeals on Tuesday suspended Gen. Augusto Pinochet's house

arrest while it studied a judge's explanation for indicting the former
dictator on homicide and kidnapping charges.

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 Canadian authorities arrested two Vancouver-area men on Friday and
charged them in the deaths of 329 passengers and crew members of an
Air-India Boeing 747 that blew up over the Irish Sea in 1985, en route from
Canada to London.

5.8.2 RELEASE-PAROLE

A RELEASE Event occurs whenever a state actor (GPE, ORGANIZATION

subpart, or PERSON representative) ends its custody of a PERSON Entity. This
can be because the sentence has ended, because the charges are dropped, or
because parole has been granted.

Examples

Harvey was released the following day.

.
The newly freed prisoners... (resultative)

Russian President Vladimir Putin says he will pardon and release

American businessman Edmond Pope.

5.8.3 TRIAL-HEARING

A TRIAL Event occurs whenever a court proceeding has been initiated for the
purposes of determining the guilt or innocence of a PERSON, ORGANIZATION
or GPE accused of committing a crime.

A HEARING Event occurs whenever a state actor (GPE, ORGANIZATION

subpart, or PERSON representative) officially gathers to discuss some criminal
legal matter.

A TRIAL-HEARING Event can have a CRIME attribute filled by a string from the
text. It is important that the PROSECUTER-ARG be a state actor (GPE,
ORGANIZATION subpart or PERSON representing them).

Examples

Jenna Raleigh will be tried in a military court.

Clinton also touched on the matter of American Edmond Pope who is

being tried in a closed court in Russia on charges of spying.

And so the case is being tried in federal court, where prosecutors can,
and say they will, seek the death penalty.

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 A Palestinian terrorist began his testimony Friday in the trial of two
Libyans accused of bombing Pan Am Flight 103, describing his role in
attacks against Israel in the 1970s.

The trial resumed this week after a month of delays following the
disclosure that new evidence surfaced on another group, the Damascus-
based Palestinian Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command.

Clinton also touched on the matter of American Edmond Bob who is being
tried in a closed court in Russia on charges of spying.

Stewart's hearing will be held on Monday in the superior court.

Midway through the hearing, Chief Justice Renquist seemed to scold his
colleagues for being too talkative when he made an unusual offer to the
lawyer representing Florida's Attorney General.

At a preliminary hearing Friday afternoon, Sauls made it clear he would

take a no-nonsense approach to the trial.

5.8.4 CHARGE-INDICT

A CHARGE Event occurs whenever a PERSON, ORGANIZATION or GPE is

accused of a crime by a state actor (GPE, an ORGANIZATION subpart of a GPE
or a PERSON representing a GPE).

An INDICT Event occurs whenever a state actor (GPE, ORG subpart of a GPE or
PERSON agent of a GPE) takes official legal action to follow up on an
accusation.

A CHARGE-INDICT Event can have a CRIME-ARG attribute filled by a string

from the text.

Examples

Joy Fenter was indicted by a grand jury on eleven counts of mail fraud.

Milosevic, who has been indicted by the international war crimes tribunal
in The Hague, Netherlands, cannot leave Yugoslavia without risking arrest
and extradition.

Guzman indicted Pinochet, holding him responsible for the actions by the
``Caravan of Death,'' a military party that killed 73 political prisoners

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 shortly after the 1973 coup in which Pinochet ousted Marxist President
Salvador Allende.

In an eight-count indictment, the men were charged with using suitcases

packed with explosives to bomb two Air-India jets on the same day, June
23, 1985.

Ryan Mathers was charged with reckless endangerment.

Appointed to the federal bench in 1979, he was charged two years later
with conspiracy to accept a bribe in a case he presided over in Miami.

Bagri was also charged with trying to murder Tara Singh Hayer, editor of
The Indo-Canadian Times, North America's largest Punjabi newspaper, in
1998.

5.8.5 SUE

A SUE Event occurs whenever a court proceeding has been initiated for the
purposes of determining the liability of a PERSON, ORGANIZATION or GPE
accused of committing a crime or neglecting a commitment. It can have a
CRIME attribute filled by a string from the text. It is not important that the
PLAINTIFF-ARG be a state actor (a GPE, an ORGANIZATION subpart or a
PERSON representing them).

Examples

Donald Crutchfield filed suit against Toys 'R' Us in 1997.

Five years there, $30 million. U.S. victims of terrorism have been able to
sue foreign governments since 1996.

Brentwood Academy responded with a lawsuit that has made its way to
the U.S. Supreme Court, where arguments will be made Wednesday.

5.8.6 CONVICT

A CONVICT Event occurs whenever a TRY Event ends with a successful

prosecution of the DEFENDANT-ARG. In other words, a PERSON,
ORGANIZATION or GPE Entity is convicted whenever that Entity has been found
guilty of a CRIME. It can have a CRIME attribute filled by a string from the text.
CONVICT Events will also include guilty pleas.

Examples

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 Martha Breckenridge was convicted of two counts of manslaughter.

Tommy, a multimillionaire with a playboy image and love of fast cars, is

the first member of Suharto's family to be convicted of graft.

It found him guilty of enriching himself through a property deal with the
state's main food supply agency.

A Russian court convicted Pope Wednesday on espionage charges and

sentenced him to 20 years in prison.

5.8.7 SENTENCE

A SENTENCE Event takes place whenever the punishment (particularly

incarceration) for the DEFENDANT-ARG of a TRY Event is issued by a state
actor (a GPE, an ORGANIZATION subpart or a PERSON representing them). It
can have a CRIME-ARG attribute filled by a CRIME Value and a SENTENCE-
ARG attribute filled by a SENTENCE Value.

Note: Serving a sentence will be annotated as an ARREST-JAIL Event.

Examples

She was sentenced to life without parole.

Hutomo ``Tommy'' Mandala Putra, 37, was sentenced to 18 months in

prison on Sept. 22 by the Supreme Court, which overturned an earlier
acquittal by a lower court.

A Russian court convicted Pope Wednesday on espionage charges and

sentenced him to 20 years in prison.

46-year-old Abu Talib was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1990 in

Sweden for terrorist acts in Amsterdam, Copenhagen and Stockholm
between 1985 and 1986.

Solomon could be sentenced to up to 211 years in prison.

5.8.8 FINE

A FINE Event takes place whenever a state actor issues a financial punishment
to a GPE, PERSON or ORGANIZATION Entity, typically as a result of court
proceedings. It can have a CRIME attribute filled by a string from the text.

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Please note that settlements between two parties will not be annotated as FINE
Events, but rather as TRANSFER-MONEY Events. This will be true even when
the settlement is brought about by some other JUSTICE Event (such as a SUE
Event).

Examples

Ms. Brooks, who could go to prison and will certainly be heavily fined has
agreed to turn state's evidence, turning against her boss.

It fined the school $3,000 and banned its football program.

The company was ordered to pay a fine of $300,000.

5.8.9 EXECUTE

An EXECUTE Event occurs whenever the life of a PERSON is taken by a state

actor (a GPE, its ORGANIZATION subparts, or PERSON representatives). It
can have a CRIME attribute filled by a string from the text.

Examples

David Goran was executed by lethal injection in March 1987.

Twelve executed prisoners have been posthumously exonerated.

She recently sold the film rights to her latest book, ``Saints and Villains,''
about Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the German theologian executed by the Nazis
for plotting against Hitler.

Bush said he might change his mind if he did not think that executions
saved lives.

5.8.10 EXTRADITE

An EXTRADITE Event occurs whenever a PERSON is sent by a state actor from

one PLACE (normally the GPE associated with the state actor, but sometimes a
FACILITY under its control) to another place (LOCATION, GPE or FACILITY) for
the purposes of legal proceedings there.

Wherever the ORIGIN-ARG is not explicitly stated, the slot will not be filled.

Examples

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 The former leader was extradited to Burkina Faso.

Milosevic, who has been indicted by the international war crimes tribunal
in The Hague, Netherlands, cannot leave Yugoslavia without risking arrest
and extradition.

In the end, Milosevic may even prefer extradition to The Hague rather
than stay here and face our justice,'' said opposition leader Zarko Korac.

Kimes' main demand was that his mother not be extradited to California,
where the two face the death penalty on charges they killed a former
business associate.

5.8.11 ACQUIT

An ACQUIT Event occurs whenever a trial ends but fails to produce a conviction.
This will include cases where the charges are dropped by the PROSECUTOR-
ARG.

Examples

Chase was acquitted after a trial in the Senate.

He was acquitted by a jury in 1983, but a panel of judges reopened the

case four years later, accusing him of both the original crime and lying
about it under oath.

5.8.12 APPEAL

An APPEAL Event occurs whenever the decision of a court is taken to a higher

court for review.

Example

Defense attorneys said they will appeal.

5.8.13 PARDON

A PARDON Event occurs whenever a head-of-state or their appointed

representative lifts a sentence imposed by the judiciary.

Example

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 Russian President Vladimir Putin says he will pardon and release
American businessman Edmond Pope.

6. Event Arguments
Event arguments will be taggable only when they occur within the scope of the
corresponding Event. This is another way of saying that any taggable Event
argument will occur in the same sentence as the trigger word for its Event.

6.1 Introduction to Event Arguments

We begin with a brief discussion of the different kinds of things that we will call
Arguments.

1. Event Participants:

Most Event arguments will be participants in the Event. These will be taggable
Entities that are somehow involved in the Event. For each type and subtype of
Event, there will be a specific set of participant roles that can be filled. The
following subsections indicate what the possible participant roles are for each
Event subtype, and how to interpret each.

2. Event Attributes:

In addition to participants, there are two kinds of attributes that can be associated
with Events (as arguments).

a. Event-Specific Attributes:

This kind of attribute will include CRIME-ARG, SENTENCE-ARG and POSITION-

ARG. The relevant argument slot can be filled by certain Values identified within
the scope of the Event (CRIME, SENTENCE and JOB-TITLE, respectively). For
a complete discussion of Value annotation, please see the Values Guidelines.

The complete list of Event-Specific Attributes, their associated Event types, their
associated Value types and their interpretations is as follows:

Attribute Event Type Value Interpretation

CRIME-ARG JUSTICE CRIME The crime for
which the Justice
Event has been
undertaken

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POSITION-ARG PERSONNEL JOB-TITLE The job which
the
PERSONNEL
Event is
concerned with
SENTENCE- JUSTICE.SENTENCE SENTENCE The sentence
ARG that has been
leveled against
the
DEFENDANT-
ARG following
conviction

b. General Event Attributes:

These attributes are described with arguments such as PLACE-ARG and TIME-
ARG which will readily apply to most (if not all) Events and be interpreted in
precisely the same way each time.

The complete list of General Event Attributes and their interpretations is as

follows:

Attribute Interpretation
PLACE-ARG Where the Event takes place
TIME-ARG When the Event takes place

There will be some (Event-specific) participants that may be easily confused

with these attributes. For example, the ORIGIN-ARG and DESTINATION-ARG
in TRANSPORT-ARTIFACT Events are themselves ‘places’, but have their own
specialized interpretation and should not be confused with the PLACE-ARG that
is seen in other Events. We will clarify each of these cases as they emerge in
our presentation of Event participants below.

A caveat: Attributes and Participants are all just Arguments

In the subsections which follow, we have included all possible arguments

(participants and both kinds of attributes) in the same table. We will refer to
these two properties of Events collectively as arguments.

6.1.1 Basic Rules for Event Argument Taggability

The present section describes the basic rules to be used in making decisions
about Argument taggability for Events.

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The Primary Rule of Event Argument Annotation:

We will only tag as Arguments those Entities and Values that occur within
the scope of the Event. In addition, we select the Entities and Values that
are in the closest syntactic proximity to the event trigger.

Arguments and Modality:

We will annotate arguments regardless of the modal certainty of their

involvement in the indicated Event.

In the following example, ‘Einhorn’ will be an argument (AGENT-ARG) in the

expressed DIE Event.

Einhorn was accused of killing Maddux

And in the following example, the Entity Mention ‘militants’ is taggable as an

argument in the ATTACK Event expressed by ‘attack’::

India blamed Islamic militants for the attack

Reasonable Reader Rule:

An Entity or Value will be accessible as an argument in a given Event only

if there is no reasonable interpretation of the sentence in which the
argument is not involved (at the world defined by the respective modality).

Shared Arguments:

In the case where an Entity or Value is clearly an argument to one Event

mention in the sentence, but also applies quite reasonably to another
Event mention in the sentence, it should be annotated as an argument of
both Event mentions.

In the following examples, the argument underlined should attach to both

mentions in bold.

The explosion in Lahore caused a fire that burned makeshift stalls and
wounded 36 people.

Bombs went off in three Pakistani cities Monday, injuring 45 people.

Carruth, 26, could be executed if convicted of masterminding the

shooting.

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6.1.2 Event Arguments and Sub-Events

Sometimes, an Event will be mentioned along with a number of its Sub-Events:

1. Six murders occurred in France, including the assassination of Bob

and the killing of Joe.

2. Six men were murdered, including Bob (in Paris) and Joe (in Reims).

In cases where an event is mentioned in the same scope as some of its taggable
Sub-Events, we will mark all possible valid arguments of the larger event except
when those arguments are understood as more directly applicable to any of the
sub-events.

As such, we get:

1. Six murders occurred in France, including the assassination of Bob

and the killing of Joe.

Anchor Arguments
Ev1: murders France
Ev2: assassination Bob
France
Ev3: killing Joe
France

2. Six men were murdered, including Bob (in Paris) and Joe (in Reims).

Ev1: murdered six men

Bob
Joe
Paris
Reims

6.1.3 Some Comments with Regard to TIME-ARG Attributes

The TIME-ARG is actually a set of seven Roles defined in the Timestamp

Guidelines. The process of assigning these Roles to TIMEX2 annotations will be
referred to as timestamping. For a complete discussion of how each of these
Roles is defined, please consult the definitions found in the Timestamping
Guidelines.

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The rules regarding scope for the annotation of Timestamps will be the same as
for other Arguments. Specifically:

1. We will only annotate as TIME-ARGs those applicable TIMEX2

mentions which occur within the extent of the relevant Event Mention.

2. We will annotate as TIME-ARGs only those TIMEX2 expressions which

satisfy the Reasonable Reader Rule.

Additionally, we will employ the following decision rule for the cases which
remain unclear even after the application of rules (1) and (2).

Additional Decision Rule for Timestamps:

Whenever the TIMESTAMP might apply to several Events equally well, we

will assume that the TIMEX2 mention attaches only to the most
syntactically local Event, unless there is clear evidence to the contrary
from the context.

6.1.4 A note about PLACE-ARG:

An Entity mention is taggable as a PLACE-ARG even if the Event happens at or

near the place in question.

A car bomb went off outside army headquarters

6.1.5 Examples Formatting

In the examples in the subsections to follow, triggers are indicated in bold and
the relevant arguments are indicated using bold font and square brackets.

All of the arguments available to each Event subtype will be presented in each
table as follows:

First-Arg ENTITY Description of First-Arg [first-arg example] text

TYPES trigger
Second- ENTITY Description of Second-Arg [second-arg example]
Arg TYPES text trigger
Third-Arg ENTITY Description of Third-Arg [third-arg example] text
TYPES trigger

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6.2 LIFE
6.2.1 BE-BORN

BE-BORN Events have one participant slot (PERSON-ARG) and two attribute
slots (TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Person- PER The person who is born [john robert bond] was
Arg born in england.
Time-Arg TIME When the birth takes place
Place- GPE Where the birth takes place john robert bond was
Arg LOC born in [england].
FAC

6.2.2 MARRY

MARRY Events have one participant slot (PERSON-ARG) and two attribute slots
(TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Person- PER The people who are married [ames] recruited her as
Arg an informant in 1983,
then married [her] two
years later.
Time-Arg TIME When the marriage takes ames recruited her as an
place informant in 1983, then
married her [two years
later].
Place-Arg GPE Where the marriage takes We were married in
LOC place [Spain]
FAC

6.2.3 DIVORCE

DIVORCE Events have one participant slot (PERSON-ARG) and two attribute
slots (TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Person- PER The people who are divorced the Princess confided in
Arg him a great deal,
especially in the years
preceding [her] divorce
from the [heir] to the
throne in 1996.
Time-Arg TIME When the divorce takes place the Princess confided in

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 him a great deal,
especially in the years
preceding her divorce
from the heir to the throne
in [1996].
Place- GPE Where the divorce takes place
Arg LOC
FAC

6.2.4 INJURE

INJURE Events have three participant slots (AGENT-ARG, VICTIM-ARG, and

INSTRUMENT-ARG) and two attribute slots (TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Agent-Arg PER The attacking agent / The [Two Palestinians]

ORG one that enacts the harm were killed as they
GPE staged a drive-by
ambush on an Israeli
jeep in the Gaza Strip
near the Israeli
settlement of Gush
Katif Saturday
afternoon, and two
Israeli soldiers were
wounded, one
critically.

Victim-Arg PER The harmed person(s) Two Palestinians were

killed as they staged a
drive-by ambush on an
Israeli jeep in the Gaza
Strip near the Israeli
settlement of Gush
Katif Saturday
afternoon, and [two
Israeli soldiers] were
wounded, one
critically.

Instrument- WEA The device used to inflict the

Arg VEH harm

Time-Arg TIME When the injuring takes Two Palestinians were

place killed as they staged a
drive-by ambush on an

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 Israeli jeep in the Gaza
Strip near the Israeli
settlement of Gush
Katif [Saturday
afternoon], and two
Israeli soldiers were
wounded, one
critically.

Place-Arg GPE Where the injuring takes Two Palestinians were

LOC place killed as they staged a
FAC drive-by ambush on an
Israeli jeep in the Gaza
Strip near [the Israeli
settlement of Gush
Katif] Saturday
afternoon, and two
Israeli soldiers were
wounded, one
critically.

6.2.5 DIE

DIE Events have three participant slots (AGENT-ARG, VICTIM-ARG, and

INSTRUMENT-ARG) and two attribute slots (TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Agent-Arg PER The attacking agent / The Canadian authorities

ORG killer arrested [two
GPE Vancouver-area men]
on Friday and charged
them in the deaths of
329 passengers and
crew members of an
Air-India Boeing 747
that blew up over the
Irish Sea in 1985, en
route from Canada to
London.

Victim-Arg PER The person(s) who died Canadian authorities

arrested two
Vancouver-area men
on Friday and charged

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 them in the deaths of
[329 passengers and
crew members of an
Air-India Boeing 747
that blew up over the
Irish Sea in 1985, en
route from Canada to
London].

Instrument- WEA The device used to kill

Arg VEH

Time-Arg TIME When the death takes place Canadian authorities

arrested two
Vancouver-area men
on Friday and charged
them in the deaths of
329 passengers and
crew members of an
Air-India Boeing 747
that blew up over the
Irish Sea in [1985], en
route from Canada to
London.

Place-Arg GPE Where the death takes place Canadian authorities

LOC arrested two
FAC Vancouver-area men
on Friday and charged
them in the deaths of
329 passengers and
crew members of an
Air-India Boeing 747
that blew up over [the
Irish Sea] in 1985, en
route from Canada to
London.

Note: While the AGENT-ARG is available for DIE Events, it is not required.
Agenthood is not criterial for us, so we will tag all deaths, leaving the AGENT-
ARG slot empty wherever necessary.

Agent-Arg PER The attacking agent, the

ORG killer
GPE

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 Victim-Arg PER The person who died We watched the state
funeral in montreal today
for canada's former prime
minister pierre trudeau,
[who] died last week at
80.
Instrument- WEA The device used to kill
Arg VEH
Time-Arg TIME When the death takes place We watched the state
funeral in montreal today
for canada's former prime
minister pierre trudeau,
who died [last week] at
80.
Place-Arg GPE Where the death takes place
LOC
FAC

6.3 MOVEMENT

6.3.1 TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT Events have six participant slots (AGENT-ARG, ARTIFACT-ARG,

VEHICLE-ARG, PRICE-ARG, ORIGIN-ARG, and DESTINATION-ARG) and one
attribute slot (TIME-ARG).

For the arguments of TRANSPORT Events, we will adopt the following

conventions:

1. Any vehicle used in the Event will be annotated as VEHICLE-ARG;

2. Any artifact other than the vehicle doing the transporting will be
annotated as ARTIFACT-ARG;

3. Any passenger on a vehicle will be annotated as ARTIFACT-ARG;

4. Any person moving about by some unspecified means will be annotated

as ARTIFACT-ARG (e.g. He fled the state);

5. Any Entity explicitly directing the movement of another Entity will be

annotated as AGENT-ARG, including pilots and drivers.

Special case: any general mention of the people in a vehicle will be

annotated as ARTIFACT-ARG (even if the group might include a
driver/pilot)

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 Agent-Arg PER The agent responsible The Palestinian leaders also
ORG for the transport warned that [Israel] must
GPE Event. remove its soldiers from the
outskirts of Palestinian cities.
Artifact-Arg PER The person doing the The Palestinian leaders also
WEA traveling or the artifact warned that Israel must
VEH being transported remove [its soldiers] from
the outskirts of Palestinian
cities.
Vehicle-Arg VEH The vehicle used to
transport the person or
artifact
Price-Arg NUM The price of
transporting the
person or artifact
Origin-Arg GPE Where the The Palestinian leaders also
LOC transporting originated warned that Israel must
FAC remove its soldiers from [the
outskirts of Palestinian
cities].
Destination- GPE Where the
Arg LOC transporting is directed
FAC
Time-Arg TIME When the transporting
takes place

6.4 Transaction
6.4.1 TRANSFER-OWNERSHIP

TRANSFER-OWNERSHIP Events have five participant slots (BUYER-ARG,

SELLER-ARG, BENEFICIARY-ARG, ARTIFACT-ARG, and PRICE-ARG) and
two attribute slots (TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG)

This type will be used both for sales of ‘items’ (VEHICLE, WEAPON and
FACILITY) and of ORGANIZATIONS.

Buyer-Arg PER The buying agent the [man] accused of killing

ORG seven people near Boston on
GPE Tuesday got his guns in
Massachusetts
Seller-Arg PER The selling agent
ORG

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 GPE
Beneficiary PER The agent that His brother bought [him] a
-Arg ORG benefits from the new car.
GPE transaction
Artifact-Arg VEH The item or the man accused of killing
WEA ORGANIZATION that seven people near Boston on
FAC was bought or sold Tuesday got [his guns] in
ORG Massachusetts
Price-Arg MONE The sale price of the The giant luxury
Y ARTIFACT-ARG conglomerate LVMH-Moet
Hennessy Louis Vuitton, …,
has offered to acquire Donna
Karan International for [$195
million] in a cash deal...
Time-Arg TIME When the sale takes
place
Place-Arg GPE Where the sale takes the man accused of killing
LOC place seven people near Boston on
FAC Tuesday got his guns in
[Massachusetts]

6.4.2 TRANSFER-MONEY

TRANSFER-MONEY Events have four participant slots (GIVER-ARG,

RECIPIENT-ARG, BENEFICIARY-ARG, and MONEY-ARG) and 2 attribute slots
(TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Giver-Arg PER The donating agent

ORG
GPE
Recipient- PER The recipient agent I'd like to see them accept his
Arg ORG offer,'' said Jean Dolan, 59, a
GPE retired singing instructor
[who] borrowed about
$10,500 to buy Eircom
shares in the IPO in July
1999.
Beneficiary PER The agent that
-Arg ORG benefits from the
GPE transfer
Money-Arg MONEY The amount given, I'd like to see them accept his
donated or loaned offer,'' said Jean Dolan, 59, a
retired singing instructor who
borrowed about [$10,500] to

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 buy Eircom shares in the IPO
in July 1999.

Time-Arg TIME When the amount is

transferred
Place-Arg GPE Where the
LOC transaction takes
FAC place

6.5 BUSINESS
6.5.1 START-ORG

START-ORG Events have two participant slots (AGENT-ARG and ORG-ARG)

and two attribute slots (TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG)

Agent- PER The agent responsible for the [British Airways PLC]
Arg ORG START-ORG Event (the plans to sell Go, its
GPE ‘founder’) profitable cut-price
subsidiary launched two
years ago, the company
said Monday.
Org-Arg ORG The ORGANIZATION that is British Airways PLC
started plans to sell [Go, its
profitable cut-price
subsidiary] launched
two years ago, the
company said Monday.
Time- TIME When the Event takes place British Airways PLC
Arg plans to sell Go, its
profitable cut-price
subsidiary launched
[two years ago], the
company said Monday.
Place- GPE Where the Event takes place
Arg LOC
FAC

6.5.2 MERGE-ORG

MERGE-ORG Events have one participant slot (ORG-ARG) and two attribute
slots (TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

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 Org-Arg ORG The ORGANIZATIONs that are [Parkhurst] later
merged merged with [another
company] that owned
Road & Track to become
Bond/Parkhurst
Publishing.
Time- TIME When the merger takes place
Arg
Place- GPE Where the merger takes place
Arg LOC
FAC

6.5.3 DECLARE-BANKRUPTCY

DECLARE-BANKRUPTCY Events have one participant slot (ORG-ARG) and two

attribute slots (TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Org-Arg ORG The ORGANIZATION declaring [Orange County]

PER bankruptcy declared bankruptcy in
GPE 1995.
Time- TIME When the bankruptcy is Orange County declared
Arg declared bankruptcy in [1995].
Place- GPE Where the declaration takes
Arg LOC place
FAC

6.5.4 END-ORG

END-ORG Events have one participant slot (ORG-ARG) and two attribute slots
(TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Org-Arg ORG The ORGANIZATION that is [The Serb Parliament]

ended has agreed to dissolve.
Time- TIME When the Event takes place
Arg
Place- GPE Where the Event takes place
Arg LOC
FAC

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6.6 CONFLICT
6.6.1 ATTACK

ATTACK Events have three participant slots (ATTACKER-ARG, TARGET-ARG

and INSTRUMENT-ARG) and two attribute slots (TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Attacker- PER The attacking/instigating agent A number of

Arg ORG [demonstrators]
GPE threw stones and
empty bottles at
Israeli soldiers
positioned near a
Jewish holy site at
the town's entrance.
Target-Arg PER The target of the attack A number of
ORG (including unintended targets) demonstrators
VEH threw stones and
FAC empty bottles at
WEA [Israeli soldiers]
positioned near a
Jewish holy site at
the town's entrance.
Instrument- WEA The instrument used in the A number of
Arg VEH attack demonstrators
threw [stones and
empty bottles] at
Israeli soldiers
positioned near a
Jewish holy site at
the town's entrance.
Time-Arg TIME When the attack takes place
Place-Arg GPE Where the attack takes place A number of
LOC demonstrators
FAC threw stones and
empty bottles at
Israeli soldiers
positioned near [a
Jewish holy site at
the town's
entrance].

Decision Rules: Distinguishing PLACE-ARG from TARGET-ARG

1. GPE and LOCATION Entities can only be tagged as PLACE-ARGs.

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 2. A FACILITY or VEHICLE Entity will always be tagged as a TARGET-
ARG, unless the Entity in question is not a plausible TARGET of such an
ATTACK Event (e.g. one does not shoot a café or stab a building) or there
is a more explicit target that is also a legal participant of some mention of
the ATTACK Event (e.g. if a gunman shoots a woman in her Mercedes,
the woman is a more explicit target than her car).

Note: The more explicit TARGET-ARG must be a legal participant of the

ATTACK in question, so if a café bombing kills three people, ‘three people’ is
only a participant of the DIE Event, not the ATTACK Event itself, so ‘café’ is still a
TARGET of the ATTACK.

Given these rules, some examples would be as follows.

the bombing in Baghdad (Place)

the bombing in the café (Target)

in Baghdad (Place), the café (Target) was bombed

the terrorists attacked the café (Target)

the café (Place) stabbings

gunfire in the café (Place)

the gunmen shot the businessman (Target) in the café (Place)

the car (Target) exploded in the parking garage (Place)

the parking garage (Target) explosion

the car (Target) bomb

the café (Target) bombing killed three people

6.6.2 DEMONSTRATE

DEMONSTRATE Events have one participant slot (ENTITY-ARG) and two

attribute slots (TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Entity- PER The demonstrating agent [More than 40,000

Arg ORG workers] were back at
their jobs Thursday
following a 1-day

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 walkout that closed
social welfare offices
and crippled public
medical services.
Time- TIME When the demonstration takes
Arg place
Place- LOC Where the demonstration takes
Arg GPE place
FAC

6.7 CONTACT
6.7.1 MEET

MEET Events have one participant slot (ENTITY-ARG) and two attribute slots
(TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG)

Entity-Arg PER The agents who are meeting [Mr. Erekat] is due to
ORG travel to Washington to
GPE meet with [US Secretary
of State Madeleine
Albright and other US
officials] attempting to
win a ceasefire.
Time-Arg TIME When the meeting takes
place
Place-Arg GPE Where the meeting takes Mr. Erekat is due to
LOC place travel to [Washington]
FAC to meet with US
Secretary of State
Madeleine Albright and
other US officials
attempting to win a
ceasefire.

6.7.2 PHONE-WRITE

PHONE-WRITE Events have one participant slot (ENTITY-ARG) and one

attribute slot (TIME-ARG)

Entity-Arg PER The communicating agents [People] can

ORG communicate with
GPE [international friends]

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 without the hefty phone
bills.
Time-Arg TIME When the communication takes
place

6.8 PERSONNEL
6.8.1 START-POSITION

START-POSITION Events have two participant slots (PERSON-ARG and

ENTITY-ARG) and three attribute slots (POSITION-ARG, TIME-ARG and
PLACE-ARG).

Person- PER the employee In 1997, the company

Arg hired [John D. Idol] to
take over as chief
executive.
Entity- ORG the employer In 1997, [the company]
Arg GPE hired John D. Idol to
take over as chief
executive.
Position- JOB The JOB-TITLE for the position In 1997, the company
Arg being started hired John D. Idol to
take over as [chief
executive].
Time-Arg TIME When the employment In [1997], the company
relationship begins hired John D. Idol to
take over as chief
executive.
Place- GPE Where the employment
Arg LOC relationship begins
FAC

6.8.2 END-POSITION

END-POSITION Events have two participant slots (PERSON-ARG and ENTITY-

ARG) and three attribute slots (POSITION-ARG, TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Person- PER the employee Georgia fired football

Arg coach [Jim Donnan]
Monday after a
disappointing 7-4 season
that started with the

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 Bulldogs ranked No. 10
and picked to win the
SEC East, his players
said.
Entity- ORG the employer [Georgia] fired football
Arg GPE coach Jim Donnan
Monday after a
disappointing 7-4 season
that started with the
Bulldogs ranked No. 10
and picked to win the
SEC East, his players
said.
Position- JOB The JOB-TITLE for the position Georgia fired [football
Arg being ended coach] Jim Donnan
Monday after a
disappointing 7-4 season
that started with the
Bulldogs ranked No. 10
and picked to win the
SEC East, his players
said.
Time-Arg TIME When the employment Georgia fired football
relationship ends coach Jim Donnan
[Monday] after a
disappointing 7-4 season
that started with the
Bulldogs ranked No. 10
and picked to win the
SEC East, his players
said.
Place- GPE Where the employment
Arg LOC relationship ends
FAC

6.8.3 NOMINATE

NOMINATE Events have two participant slots (PERSON-ARG and AGENT-ARG)

and three attribute slots (POSITION-ARG, TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Person- PER the person(s) nominated One of those difficult-to-

Arg dislodge judges was
[John Marshall],
nominated by Adams to
be chief justice.

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 Agent- PER the nominating agent One of those difficult-to-
Arg ORG dislodge judges was
GPE John Marshall,
FAC nominated by [Adams]
to be chief justice.
Position- JOB The JOB-TITLE for the position One of those difficult-to-
Arg being nominated to dislodge judges was
John Marshall,
nominated by Adams to
be [chief justice].
Time-Arg TIME When the nomination takes
place
Place- GPE Where the nomination takes
Arg LOC place
FAC

6.8.4 ELECT

ELECT Events have two participant slots (PERSON-ARG and AGENT-ARG) and
three attribute slots (POSITION-ARG, TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Person- PER the person elected [Greg Lashutka] was

Arg elected mayor of
Columbus in 1993.
Entity- PER the voting agent(s)
Arg ORG
GPE
Position- JOB The JOB-TITLE for the Greg Lashutka was
Arg position being nominated to elected [mayor of
Columbus] in 1993.
Time-Arg TIME When the election takes place Greg Lashutka was
elected mayor of
Columbus in [1993].
Place- GPE Where the election takes Greg Lashutka was
Arg LOC place elected mayor of
FAC [Columbus] in 1993.

6.9 JUSTICE
6.9.1 ARREST-JAIL

ARREST-JAIL Events have two participant slots (PERSON-ARG, and AGENT-

ARG) and three attribute slots (CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

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 Person-Arg PER the person who is jailed or [Abu Talb, the last
arrested major prosecution
witness], has been
jailed in Sweden for
attacks against Jewish
and American targets in
Europe.
Agent-Arg PER the jailer or the arresting [Florida police]
ORG agent arrested James Harvey
GPE in Coral Springs on
Friday.
Crime-Arg CRIME The CRIME for which the Abu Talb, the last major
PERSON-ARG is being prosecution witness, has
jailed or arrested been jailed in Sweden
for [attacks against
Jewish and American
targets in Europe].
Time-Arg TIME When the person is arrested Florida police arrested
or sent to jail James Harvey in Coral
Springs on [Friday].
Place-Arg GPE Where the person is Abu Talb, the last major
LOC arrested or where they are prosecution witness, has
FAC in jail been jailed in [Sweden]
for attacks against
Jewish and American
targets in Europe.

6.9.2 RELEASE-PAROLE

RELEASE-PAROLE Events have two participant slots (PERSON-ARG and

ENTITY-ARG) and three attribute slots (CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG and PLACE-
ARG).

Person- PER the person who is released Russian President

Arg Vladimir Putin says he
will pardon and release
[American
businessman Edmond
Pope].
Entity- PER the former captor agent(s) [Russian President
Arg ORG Vladimir Putin] says he
GPE will pardon and release
American businessman

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 Edmond Pope.
Crime- CRIME The CRIME for which the
Arg released PERSON was
being held
Time-Arg TIME When the release takes place
Place- GPE Where the release takes
Arg LOC place
FAC

6.9.3 TRIAL-HEARING

TRIAL-HEARING Events have three participant slots (DEFENDANT-ARG,

PROSECUTOR-ARG and ADJUDICATOR-ARG) and three attribute slots
(CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Defendant- PER the agent on trial Clinton also touched

Arg ORG on the matter of
GPE American Edmond
Pope [who] is being
tried in a closed court
in Russia on charges
of spying.
Prosecutor- PER The prosecuting agent
Arg ORG
GPE
Adjudicator- PER the judge or court Clinton also touched
Arg ORG on the matter of
GPE American Edmond
Pope who is being
tried in [a closed
court] in Russia on
charges of spying.
Crime-Arg CRIME The CRIME for which the Clinton also touched
DEFENDANT-ARG is being on the matter of
tried American Edmond
Pope who is being
tried in a closed court
in Russia on charges
of [spying].
Time-Arg TIME When the trial takes place At a preliminary
hearing [Friday
afternoon], Sauls
made it clear he would
take a no-nonsense
approach to the trial

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 Place-Arg GPE Where the trial takes place Clinton also touched
LOC on the matter of
FAC American Edmond
Pope who is being
tried in a closed court
in [Russia] on
charges of spying.

6.9.4 CHARGE-INDICT

CHARGE-INDICT Events have three participant slots (DEFENDANT-ARG,

PROSECUTOR-ARG and ADJUDICATOR-ARG) and three attribute slots
(CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Defendant- PER the agent that is indicted [Joy Fenter] was

Arg ORG indicted by a grand
GPE jury on eleven counts
of mail fraud.
Prosecutor- PER the agent bringing charges Joy Fenter was
Arg ORG or executing the indictment indicted by [a grand
GPE jury] on eleven counts
of mail fraud
Adjudicator- PER the judge or court
Arg ORG
GPE
Crime-Arg CRIME The CRIME for which the Joy Fenter was
DEFENDANT-ARG is being indicted by a grand
indicted jury on [eleven counts
of mail fraud].
Time-Arg TIME When the indictment takes Appointed to the
place federal bench in 1979,
he was charged [two
years later] with
conspiracy to accept a
bribe in a case he
presided over in
Miami.
Place-Arg GPE Where the indictment takes
LOC place
FAC

6.9.5 SUE

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SUE Events have three participant slots (PLAINTIFF-ARG, DEFENDANT-ARG
and ADJUDICATOR-ARG) and three attribute slots (CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG
and PLACE-ARG).

Plaintiff-Arg PER The suing agent [Donald Crutchfield]

ORG filed suit against Toys
GPE 'R' Us in 1997.
Defendant- PER The agent being sued Donald Crutchfield filed
Arg ORG suit against [Toys 'R'
GPE Us] in 1997.
Adjudicator- PER the judge or court
Arg ORG
GPE
Crime-Arg CRIME The CRIME (or offense) for
which the DEFENDANT-
ARG is being sued
Time-Arg TIME When the suit takes place Donald Crutchfield filed
suit against Toys 'R' Us
in [1997].
Place-Arg GPE Where the suit takes place
LOC
FAC

6.9.6 CONVICT

CONVICT Events have two participant slots (DEFENDANT-ARG and

ADJUDICATOR-ARG) and three attribute slots (CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG and
PLACE-ARG).

Defendant- PER The convicted agent(s) A Russian court

Arg ORG convicted [Pope]
GPE Wednesday on
espionage charges
and sentenced him to
20 years in prison.
Adjudicator- PER The judge or court [A Russian court]
Arg ORG convicted Pope
GPE Wednesday on
espionage charges
and sentenced him to
20 years in prison.
Crime-Arg CRIME The CRIME for which the A Russian court
DEFENDANT-ARG has convicted Pope
been convicted Wednesday on
[espionage] charges

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 and sentenced him to
20 years in prison.
Time-Arg TIME When the conviction takes A Russian court
place convicted Pope
[Wednesday] on
espionage charges
and sentenced him to
20 years in prison.
Place-Arg GPE Where the conviction takes
LOC place
FAC

6.9.7 SENTENCE

SENTENCE Events have two participant slots (DEFENDANT-ARG and

ADJUDICATOR-ARG) and four attribute slots (CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG PLACE-
ARG and SENTENCE-ARG).

Defendant- PER The agent who is [46-year-old Abu

Arg ORG sentenced Talib] was sentenced
GPE to life imprisonment in
1990 in Sweden for
terrorist acts in
Amsterdam,
Copenhagen and
Stockholm between
1985 and 1986.
Adjudicator- PER The judge or court
Arg ORG
GPE
Crime-Arg CRIME The CRIME for which the 46-year-old Abu Talib
PERSON-ARG is being was sentenced to life
sentenced imprisonment in 1990
in Sweden for
[terrorist acts in
Amsterdam,
Copenhagen and
Stockholm between
1985 and 1986].
Sentence-Arg SEN The sentence 46-year-old Abu Talib
was sentenced to [life
imprisonment] in
1990 in Sweden for
terrorist acts in
Amsterdam,

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 Copenhagen and
Stockholm between
1985 and 1986.
Time-Arg TIME the time of the sentencing 46-year-old Abu Talib
Event was sentenced to life
imprisonment in
[1990] in Sweden for
terrorist acts in
Amsterdam,
Copenhagen and
Stockholm between
1985 and 1986.
Place-Arg GPE Where the sentencing takes 46-year-old Abu Talib
LOC place was sentenced to life
FAC imprisonment in 1990
in [Sweden] for
terrorist acts in
Amsterdam,
Copenhagen and
Stockholm between
1985 and 1986.

6.9.8 FINE

FINE Events have three argument slots (ENTITY-ARG, ADJUDICATOR-ARG

and MONEY-ARG) and three attribute slots (CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG and
PLACE-ARG).

Entity-Arg PER the Entity that was fined [The company] was
ORG ordered to pay a fine of
GPE $300,000.
Adjudicator- PER the Entity doing the fining
Arg ORG
GPE
Money-Arg NUM The amount of the fine The company was
ordered to pay a fine of
[$300,000].
Crime-Arg CRIME The CRIME (or offence) for
which the ENTITY-ARG is
being fined
Time-Arg TIME When the fining Event
takes place
Place-Arg GPE Where the fining Event
LOC takes place
FAC

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6.9.9 EXECUTE

EXECUTE Events have two participant slots (PERSON-ARG and AGENT-ARG)

and three attribute slots (CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Person- PER The person executed [David Goran] was

Arg executed by lethal
injection in March 1987.
Agent- PER The agent responsible for
Arg ORG carrying out the execution
GPE
Crime- CRIME The CRIME for which the
Arg PERSON-ARG is being
executed
Time-Arg TIME When the execution takes David Goran was
place executed by lethal
injection in [March
1987].
Place- GPE Where the execution takes
Arg LOC place
FAC

6.9.10 EXTRADITE

EXTRADITE Events have four participant slots (AGENT-ARG, PERSON-ARG,

DESTINATION-ARG and ORIGIN-ARG) and two attribute slots (CRIME-ARG
and TIME-ARG).

PER the extraditing agent

Agent-Arg ORG
GPE
Person-Arg PER The person being In the end,
extradicted [Milosevic] may even
prefer extradition to
The Hague rather than
stay here and face our
justice,'' said
opposition leader
Zarko Korac.
Destination- GPE Where the person is In the end, Milosevic
Arg LOC extradited to, the destination may even prefer
FAC extradition to [The
Hague] rather than

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 stay here and face our
justice,'' said
opposition leader
Zarko Korac.
Origin-Arg GPE The original location of the In the end, Milosevic
LOC person being extradited may even prefer
FAC (rare … only when explicitly extradition to The
mentioned) Hague rather than
stay [here] and face
our justice,'' said
opposition leader
Zarko Korac.
Crime-Arg CRIME The CRIME for which the
PERSON-ARG is being
extradited
Time-Arg TIME When the extradition takes
place

6.9.11 ACQUIT

ACQUIT Events have two participant slots (DEFENDANT-ARG and

ADJUDICATOR-ARG) and three attribute slots (CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG and
PLACE-ARG).

Defendant- PER The agent being acquitted [He] was acquitted by

Arg ORG a jury in 1983, but a
GPE panel of judges
reopened the case four
years later, accusing
him of both the original
crime and lying about it
under oath.
Adjudicator- PER the judge or court He was acquitted by
Arg ORG [a jury] in 1983, but a
GPE panel of judges
reopened the case four
years later, accusing
him of both the original
crime and lying about it
under oath.
Crime-Arg CRIME The CRIME of which the
DEFENDANT-ARG is being
Time-Arg TIME When the acquittal takes He was acquitted by a
place jury in [1983], but a
panel of judges

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 reopened the case four
years later, accusing
him of both the original
crime and lying about it
under oath.
Place-Arg GPE Where the acquittal takes
LOC place
FAC

6.9.12 PARDON

PARDON Events have two participant slots (DEFENDANT-ARG and

ADJUDICATOR-ARG) and three attribute slots (CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG and
PLACE-ARG).

Defendant- PER The agent being pardoned [Pope] was

Arg ORG released today after
GPE receiving a pardon
from Russian
President Vladimir
Putin.
Adjudicator- PER the state official who does Pope was
Arg ORG the pardoning released today after
GPE receiving a pardon
from [Russian
President Vladimir
Putin]
Crime-Arg CRIME The CRIME of which the
DEFENDANT-ARG is being
pardoned
Time-Arg TIME When the pardon takes
place
Place-Arg GPE Where the pardon takes
LOC place
FAC

6.9.13 APPEAL

APPEAL Events have three participant slots (DEFENDANT-ARG,

PROSECUTOR-ARG and ADJUDICATOR-ARG) and three attribute slots
(CRIME-ARG, TIME-ARG and PLACE-ARG).

Defendant- PER The defendant The defendant said

Arg ORG [he] will appeal.

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 GPE
Prosecutor- PER The prosecuting agent
Arg ORG
GPE
Adjudicator- PER The judge or court
Arg ORG
GPE
Crime-Arg CRIME The CRIME which is the
subject of the appeal
Time-Arg TIME When the appeal takes
place
Place-Arg GPE Where the appeal takes
LOC place
FAC

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