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Solved Syllabus For Mid Exam Manufacturing Automation

Manufacturing Automation

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Faheem Abbas
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29 views

Solved Syllabus For Mid Exam Manufacturing Automation

Manufacturing Automation

Uploaded by

Faheem Abbas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solved Syllabus for Mid Exam Manufacturing Automation

Joints and their types in industrial robots


In industrial robots, joints refer to the points where two or more mechanical components are
connected together, allowing the robot to move and perform tasks. There are several types of joints
commonly used in industrial robots, including:
1. Revolute joint: This joint rotates around an axis, allowing the robot to move in a circular
motion. Revolute joints are commonly used in robot arms to create a series of rotating links.
2. Prismatic joint: This joint allows the robot to move in a straight line along a linear axis.
Prismatic joints are often used in robot arms and other types of machinery to create linear
movements.
3. Spherical joint: This joint allows the robot to move in all directions, similar to a ball and
socket joint in the human body. Spherical joints are often used in robot arms and end-
effectors to provide flexibility and range of motion.
4. Cylindrical joint: This joint combines the features of a revolute and prismatic joint,
allowing the robot to move in a linear and rotary motion. Cylindrical joints are often used
in machine tools and other manufacturing equipment.
5. Planar joint: This joint allows the robot to move along a two-dimensional plane, such as
up and down or side to side. Planar joints are commonly used in pick-and-place robots and
other types of machinery.
6. Universal joint: This joint allows the robot to move in two perpendicular directions, similar
to a ball and socket joint but with a restricted range of motion. Universal joints are often
used in manufacturing equipment and other types of machinery.

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Closed-loop control system and an open-loop control system with Example
Answer: A closed-loop control system is one in which the output variable is compared with an
input parameter using a feedback loop, and any difference between the output and input is used to
drive the output into an agreement with the input. By contrast, an open loop control system operates
without the feedback loop, so there is no verification that the control action has been correctly
carried out.

Examples
Example: A thermostat controlling the temperature of a room is an example of a closed-loop
control system. The thermostat senses the actual temperature of the room, compares it to the
desired temperature, and adjusts the heating or cooling system to maintain the desired temperature.
Example: A washing machine with a timer setting is an example of an open-loop control system.
Once the washing cycle is set, the machine automatically runs the same cycle repeatedly, without
adjusting the wash cycle based on the actual cleanliness of the clothes.

What is decision-making in a programmed work cycle? And what are two


reasons why decision-making is required in a programmed work cycle?
Answer: Decision-making in programmed work cycles involves making choices to optimize the
manufacturing process for quality, efficiency, flexibility, safety, and cost-effectiveness.
Two reasons why decision-making is required are: (1) to optimize the work cycle, such as
determining the production speed and quality control methods; (2) to adapt to changing
circumstances, such as modifying the work cycle for changes in product design or customer
demand. (3) There are variations in the starting work units, and decisions must be made about
adjustments in the work cycle to compensate.

The five levels of automation in a production plant can be categorized as


follows:
1. Device level: This is the lowest level of automation that involves individual devices or
sensors, such as switches or pressure sensors, that control and monitor specific aspects of
the manufacturing process.
2. Machine level: At this level, individual machines or equipment are automated using
programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or other control systems. These systems allow the
machines to operate autonomously, without human intervention.

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3. Cell or system level: This level involves integrating multiple machines or equipment into
a production cell or system. This allows for more coordinated and efficient manufacturing,
as the equipment can work together to complete a specific task or produce a specific
product.
4. Plant level: At this level, the entire plant or factory is automated using manufacturing
execution systems (MES) or other production control systems. This allows for real-time
monitoring and control of the entire production process, from scheduling and resource
allocation to quality control and inventory management.
5. Enterprise level: This is the highest level of automation that involves integrating all
aspects of the manufacturing process with other business functions such as logistics, supply
chain management, and financial management. This allows for more coordinated and
optimized decision-making across the entire enterprise.

What is programmable automation and what are some of its features?


Programmable automation refers to the use of computer-controlled machines or systems in
manufacturing processes to automate production operations. It involves the use of a programmable
logic controller (PLC) or other computer systems to control and monitor the operation of machines
or equipment.
Some features of programmable automation include:
1. Flexibility: Programmable automation allows manufacturers to quickly and easily
reconfigure their production processes to accommodate changes in product specifications
or demand.
2. Accuracy: With programmable automation, manufacturers can achieve a high degree of
accuracy and precision in their production processes, reducing errors and improving
product quality.
3. Efficiency: By automating production processes, manufacturers can reduce labor costs and
increase production output, resulting in higher productivity and profitability.
4. Integration: Programmable automation systems can be integrated with other systems or
equipment, such as sensors or robotic arms, to create a fully automated production line.
5. Maintenance: Programmable automation systems are often designed to require minimal
maintenance and repair, reducing downtime and improving reliability.
Overall, programmable automation is a powerful tool for modern manufacturers, helping them to
increase efficiency, reduce costs, and improve product quality.

Decision Implementers
Ladder logic
Ladder logic is a graphical programming language commonly used in programmable logic
controllers (PLCs) for industrial automation and control applications. It is based on a ladder-like
diagram that represents the electrical wiring and relay logic of traditional electromechanical
control circuits, making it easy to understand and use. In ladder logic, input and output signals are
represented as rungs on a ladder, and various types of contact and coil symbols are used to
implement logic functions such as AND and OR gates. Ladder logic is flexible, robust, and widely
used in various industries to control machinery, processes, and other equipment.

What is a ladder logic diagram?


Answer: A ladder logic diagram shows the various logic elements and other components along
horizontal lines or rungs connected on either end to two vertical rails. The diagram has the general
configuration of a ladder, hence its name. The elements and components are contacts (representing
logical inputs) and loads, also known as coils (representing outputs).

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