OSI Model and TCP/IP Stack

Table of Contents
• OSI Model: Layered Architecture
• Properties of OSI Model
• TCP/IP Stack
• OSI Model Layer Functions: Layer to layer communication
• TCP/IP Stack Real World Analogy
• Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation
• Data Encapsulation on sending machine
• Data Decapsulation on receiving machine
• Data encapsulation and decapsulation on
intermediate(forwarding) nodes
• System Call Interface
• Summary of Discussion

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 OSI MODEL
• An ISO guideline/standard/reference that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

• An open system is a set of protocols that allows

any two different systems to communicate
regardless of their underlying architecture.
❖ A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communications.
❖The Open System Interconnection Model is conceptual
model that characterizes and standardizes the
communication functions of a telecommunication system
regardless to its underlying architecture (internal
structure technology).

Theoretical OSI Model

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 OSI MODEL

Key Points of OSI Model:

• Description of networking subsystem
• OSI Model is just a guideline
• Layer is a complete logical functionality of a
networking subsystem
• Each layer is associated with some function
• Functions of layers do not overlap across
multiple layers

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 REFERENCE MODELS
• The TCP/IP reference model.

5
OSI MODEL and TCP/IP Stack

OSI Reference TCP/IP Stack

Model

5 Application Layer

Theoretical OSI Model Practical OSI Model

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OSI Layer Functions

Application: supporting network applications

• FTP, SMTP, HTTP, Ping, Aarogya Setu application
Transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP transport
Network: routing of datagrams from source to destination
• IP, routing protocols network
Link: data transfer between neighboring network elements
• Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi) link
Physical: bits “on the wire”
physical
Key points: TCP/IP Stack
❑No layer is aware of layer above it or below it
❑layers are isolated, with non-overlapping responsibilities.
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 OSI Model Layer Functions: Layer to layer communication

Transport layer
(Process to process delivery) Application
Y
Application
X
Network layer application
(Host to host delivery) transport
application Source to destination delivery network
transport link
network physical
link Data link layer
(Node to node delivery) Destination
physical
Hop by hop delivery machine
Source Node A
(Router) Node D
machine (Switch)
Node B
Node C
Internet
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Summary of Layer Functions

Application
Layer
 TCP/IP Stack real world analogy
Nodes: Addresses:
• Residences MAC Address: House
number
• Railway
station IP Address: House
number, street number,
• Airport • Application: Application->Person,
town, city, state, country,
Message->luggage pin code.
• Any local/
international • Session and presentation: package of Port Address: Luggage
station etc. luggage (encryption/decryption) number, House number,
city, state, country, pin
• Transport layer: Transport courier company code.
• Network layer: company regional office
Application
• establish path from source to the destination
(current residence->railway station/airport-> Destination
new residence)
(new residence)
Message • Routers: Railway station/airport/company
godown.
• Data link layer: Residence to railway station
or airport (hop by hop delivery)
Source • Switches: company local office/godown.
(current residence) • Physical layer: Truck/Train/Plane are
physical medium
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Data Encapsulation
Source (A)
& Decapsulation message M applicatio
Data
Attach header segment Ht M n
Encapsulation
datagram Hn Ht M transport
frame Hl Hn Ht M network
link
physical link

0
1
0

1
1
physical

.
.
Physical link/medium
Switch
A B C D

Destination (D) Hn Ht M network

M applicatio Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M n physical
Hn Ht M transport
Detach header Hl Hn Ht M network Router (B)
Router (C) Encapsulation
link Encapsulation
Dataphysical & &
Decapsulation Decapsulation Decapsulation
 Data Encapsulation on Sending machine
Application Layer Message
Application X
Source (A)
message M applicatio Transport Layer Message AppX, AppY
segment Ht M n
datagram Hn Ht M transport
frame Hl Hn Ht M network Network Layer Message AppX, AppY IP-A, IP-D

link
physical Data Link Layer Message AppX, AppY IP-A,IP-D MAC-A, MAC-B

0
0
0
1
1

0
1
1
Physical Layer
Physical link/medium

App X App Y

A B C D
Data Decapsulation on Receiving machine
Application Layer Message

Application Y
Transport Layer Message AppX, AppY
Destination (D)
message M application
segment Ht M transport
Network Layer Message AppX, AppY IP-A, IP-D
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
Data Link Layer Message AppX, AppY IP-A,IP-D MAC-C, MAC-D physical

0
1
0
0
1
1
0

1
1
.
.
Physical Layer
Physical link/medium
App X App Y

A B C D
 Source (A)
message M applicatio
segment Ht M n
datagram Hn Ht M transport
frame Hl Hn Ht M network
link
Data Encapsulation & physical Hl Hn Ht M link Hl Hn Ht M
Decapsulation on physical

Intermediate Nodes Switch

A B C D
Destination (D) Hn Ht M network
M applicatio Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M n physical
Hn Ht M transport
Hl Hn Ht M network Router (B)
Router (C)
link Encapsulation Encapsulation
physical & &
Decapsulation Decapsulation
System Call Interface & Layer Function
mmap(),
Outgoing getpid(), chmod(),
Application Layer Packet socket(), connect(),

System Call Interface Application

Transport Layer System Call Interface

TCP/IP Suite
Network Layer resides in OS Operating System

Data Link Layer

Hardware
Incoming Physical Layer
Packet

1
1
0
0
1

0
0
1
Physical link/medium
 Thank You

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