COMMUNITY VIEWS ON POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE

A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty
of the College of Criminal Justice
University of Cebu
Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

by

VINCENT IAN O. ARNOCO

JEANN KYLE A. BADAYOS
SHANKY O. JASMIN

May, 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Title Page i
Table of Contents ii

Chapter

I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

Rationale of the Study 1

Theoretical Background 3

THE PROBLEM 20

Statement of the Problem 20

Significance of the Study 20

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 17

Research Environment 18

Research Informants 19

Research Instruments 20

Research Procedures 21

Data Gathering 22

Data Analysis 31
 Ethical Consideration 32

Trustworthiness 34

DEFINITION OF TERMS 37

REFERENCES 38

APPENDICES

A- Transmittal Letter 42

B- Informed Consent Form 52

C- Interview Guide 62

D- Location Map 65

CURRICULUM VITAE 66
 CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM AND IT’S SCOPE
INTRODUCTION

Rationale
A community views on the police public image refers to the collective

views, attitudes, and perceptions held by members of a specific community

towards law enforcement authorities, particularly the local police force. This

perspective encompasses a wide range of factors, including levels of trust,

confidence, and satisfaction with police services, as well as concerns or

criticisms regarding police conduct and behavior.

The community has a variety of perspectives on how the police

officers relating to their duty in general. People’s opinions on how police

officers do their jobs can differ a lot. This is because different cultures,

historical events, and even recent news can all influence how people see the

police. In some places, people generally trust the police to keep them safe.

In other places, people might be more suspicious or even scared of the

police. There are a few reasons why trust in the police can go down. If

people think the police are corrupt, use too much force, or don't catch

criminals, they might lose trust. To build a better relationship between the

police and the community, there are a few things that can be done. Being

open and honest transparency, taking responsibility for actions

accountability, and involving the community in discussions and activities are

all important steps. In the Philippines various provinces have varying

impressions on these officers. The views on the police image have been

mixed. While many people appreciate the efforts of law enforcement in

maintaining peace and order, there have also been concerns raised about

police brutality, extrajudicial killings, and corruption. In the Philippines,

researchers examined the effects of a community policing program on

attitudes towards the police and public safety outcomes. The intervention

combined community engagement with problem-oriented policing.

Researchers found that the intervention had no effect on the main outcomes

of interest including crime victimization, perceptions of insecurity, citizen

perceptions of police, police abuse, or citizen cooperation with the police.

Low legitimacy and lack of trust limit state capacity in providing public

goods and services.

In Tinago, Cebu City, views on the police image can vary among

residents. Some may have positive perceptions of law enforcement,

appreciating their efforts in maintaining peace and order, responding to

emergencies, and combating crime. Others, however, may hold more critical

views, especially regarding issues such as corruption, inefficiency, or

allegations of abuse of power. Efforts to improve police-community

relations, such as community outreach programs and increased transparency,

have been implemented but face ongoing challenges. The police force's

image is influenced by media coverage, with both positive and negative

stories shaping public opinion. Many residents appreciate the police's role in

maintaining peace, especially in high-crime areas. Ultimately, the perception

of the police in Cebu City varies among different communities and

individuals, reflecting a complex relationship between law enforcement and

society.

As a criminology student and a researcher, the purpose of this study is

to provide an overview of published research on the public image of the

police. The researcher feels the excitement to conduct an in-depth study

centered on the Community's views on police public image. The report

covers three types of police images: general perceptions of the police as an

organization or institution, perceptions of police outcomes, and perceptions

of police processes. It also includes the positive, negative views on police

public images and the impacts impact of the Police Public Image on the PNP

relation to the community. The report considers research that reflects on

improving the image of police. It summarizes the findings and discusses the

implications for future research.

Theoretical Background
 This study is anchored on General Strain Theory by Robert Agnew

(1977) and supported by Social Learning Theory by Albert S. Bandura

(1977) along with the Cognitive Theory by Jean Piaget (1952).

According to Robert Agnew, the community's views on police public

image can be influenced by various factors. Agnew's theory suggests that

individuals may experience strain or stress due to the inability to achieve

positively valued goals, the removal of positively valued stimuli, or the

presentation of negatively valued stimuli. This strain can lead to negative

emotions, such as anger or frustration, which may then result in delinquent

or criminal behavior (Agnew, 1992).

Robert Agnew posits that individuals' experiences of strain or stress,

stemming from the inability to achieve valued goals or the exposure to

negative stimuli, can significantly impact their behavior and emotions. In the

context of police public image, this theory can shed light on how the

community perceives law enforcement. Negative interactions with the

police, feelings of unfair treatment, or ineffectiveness of law enforcement

can create strain within the community, leading to negative emotions like

anger and frustration. These negative perceptions can erode public trust in

the police force, especially in communities with a history of discrimination

or mistreatment by law enforcement (Agnew, 1992).

 Moreover, the media's portrayal of police actions and the

dissemination of information about police misconduct can also influence the

community's views on police public image. If the media frequently reports

on instances of police brutality, corruption, or racial profiling, it can

contribute to a negative perception of the police force and erode public trust

(Chermak & Gruenewald, 2006). This can be exacerbated by the lack of

transparency and accountability within police departments, which can

further fuel community resentment and strain.

Bandura's Social Learning Theory provides a comprehensive

framework for understanding how individuals learn behaviors through

observation and imitation, particularly in the context of community views on

police public image. Bandura's theory emphasizes that individuals can

acquire new behaviors by observing others and imitating actions that are

positively reinforced. In the realm of law enforcement, community

perceptions of the police public image can be significantly influenced by the

behaviors exhibited by law enforcement officers. Positive interactions with

the police can foster trust and confidence in law enforcement, while negative

encounters or media coverage of police misconduct can lead to a decline in

public trust and a negative perception of the police force (McLeod, 2016).
 Community views on the police public image are intricately linked to

the social learning processes elucidated in Bandura's theory. The theory

underscores the importance of attention, retention, reproduction, and

motivation in determining whether individuals choose to emulate observed

behaviors. This highlights the significance of observational learning in

shaping community attitudes towards law enforcement and the overall police

public image (McLeod, 2016).

Moreover, Bandura's Social Learning Theory emphasizes the role of

reinforcement and punishment in influencing learning but asserts that

learning is best understood within a social context. The theory posits that

humans naturally learn through observation and that reinforcement and

punishment can impact behavior but do not directly lead to learning. Instead,

mediational processes, such as attention, retention, reproduction, and

motivation, play a pivotal role in determining whether individuals choose to

follow or deviate from observed behaviors. By recognizing the influence of

observational learning on community perceptions of law enforcement, it

becomes evident that social learning processes are instrumental in shaping

the public image of the police within society (McLeod, 2016).

Jean Piaget's Cognitive Theory provides valuable insights into how

individuals develop their reasoning abilities and problem-solving skills,

which can influence their perceptions of the police public image within a

community. Piaget's theory suggests that cognitive development occurs in

distinct stages, with each stage building upon the previous one. As

individuals progress through these stages, they acquire new ways of thinking

and understanding the world around them (Babakr et al., 2019).

In the context of community views on police public image, Piaget's

theory suggests that individuals' perceptions are shaped by their cognitive

development. As community members acquire new information and

experiences related to law enforcement, they assimilate and accommodate

this knowledge into their existing cognitive structures. This process can lead

to the formation of positive or negative attitudes towards the police,

depending on the nature of the information and experiences (Piaget, 1950).

Moreover, Piaget's theory emphasizes the role of social interactions in

cognitive development. As individuals engage with their environment and

interact with others, they acquire new knowledge and perspectives. In the

context of police public image, community members' interactions with law

enforcement and their peers can shape their perceptions of the police. If a

community member observes or hears about negative experiences with the

police from others, they may incorporate these perspectives into their own

cognitive structures, leading to a less favorable view of the police public

image (Borke, 1975). Conversely, positive interactions and experiences

shared within the community can contribute to a more favorable perception

of law enforcement (Hughes & Donaldson, 1979).

Republic Act No. 6713, also known as the "Code of Conduct and

Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees," encompasses various

topics related to public governance, ethics, accountability, and anti-

corruption measures. Scholars have examined the implementation of RA

6713, assessing how government agencies and officials adhere to the ethical

standards outlined in the law and the effectiveness of mechanisms for

enforcing the code of conduct. Studies have also explored how RA 6713

influences the decision-making processes of public officials and employees,

as well as its role in combating corruption within the Philippine government.

Furthermore, research has delved into public perceptions of government

ethics and integrity in relation to the implementation of RA 6713, examining

awareness of the law and its impact on trust in government institutions.

The PNP was established with the passage of Republic Act (RA) 6975

in 1990. It was formally activated on January 29, 1991 coinciding with the

casing of colors or official deactivation of the Philippine Constabulary (PC)

and Integrated National Police (NP), which provided for the rationalized

distribution of manpower to maximize personnel deployment in the street

and communities. To support this strategic formula, the law provided for

complementing benefits to raise the quality of life of every policeman and

policewoman. Consequently, from the establishment of the PNP, police

work has become a high profile, professional, round-the-clock public

service. Its major mandate of peace and order is a basic requirement for the

Philippine's sustainable development. As stated in section 4 and 5 Article II

of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.

In a study sponsored by the Government of Quebec, the police service

was compared to private business organizations whose objectives are

productivity and effectiveness. The premise was held that police

organization must also be effective organizations. The adoption of

community-oriented policing was seen as a possible solution to this

problem. As the research team enunciated, it is important that the very

source of the problem should be dealt with and that very group of people

that the police seek to protect must be actively be involved. This does not of

course remove the traditional reactive approach of the police.

Galino (2002), in his study entitled, "Role Performance of the Police

and the Community as Correlates of Police Community Relations", analyzed

the roles performance of the Baguio City Police Office along the areas of

peace and order maintenance and law enforcement. The author likewise
analyzed the role performance of the Baguio City residents with regards to

crime reporting and information system and their participation in criminal

investigation and judicial process. Moreover, the researcher correlated the

foregoing role performance of the police and the residents to the extent of

police-community relations in Baguio City.

In the study of Rabara (1997) he revealed that the level of

performance of the police in relation to peace and order maintenance, law

enforcement and other variables. The study also evaluated the level of

community cooperation and support in terms of some selected roles of the

citizens in crime prevention and control. Present study is similar to Rabara's

study; it focuses on the performance of police which indicates the

performance in law enforcement and other variables.

 THE PROBLEM

Statement of the problem

This Study aims to delve into the views of the community on the

Police Public Image in Tinago, Cebu, Philippines.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1.) What are the positive views of the informants on the Police

public image?

2.) What are the negative views of the informants on the Police

public image?

3.) How do the informants describe the impact of the Police

Public Image on the PNP relation to the community?

Significance of Study

The researcher is convinced that the results would help the following

persons or agencies both national and local government agencies in terms of

Community's views on police public image in a barangay setting. This study

is beneficial to the following entities:

Community. The data to be gather in this study will serve as an eye

opener to the general public in terms of police public image.

 Philippine National Police (PNP). This study will help the bureau

create a more comprehensive professional development trainings and

seminars to improve their image in the community.

Local Government Unit. This study will be addressing community

perceptions of the police, local government units can contribute to enhancing

public safety. Positive police-public relations can lead to better

communication, cooperation, and ultimately a safer community environment

National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM). This study will

provide insights into public perceptions to align policies and practices with

community expectation.

Local Government Unit (LGU). This study will be addressing

community perceptions of the police, local government units can contribute

to enhancing public safety. Positive police-public relations can lead to better

communication, cooperation, and ultimately a safer community

environment.

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). The study

serves as a resource for the local government sector, offering insights that

can help in decision-making processes related to policing and community

engagement.
 Non-Government Organization (NGO). This study will help to

advocate for policy changes and reforms to improved police community

relations.

The Researchers. This study will widen the knowledge of the

researchers in understanding the Community’s views on police public

image.

Future Researchers. The output of this study may be used as a

reference for future researchers in search of literature regarding the

Community’s views on police public image.

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study employed a qualitative method of research with an aid of a

questionnaire. To inquire the community views on police public image.

Phenomenology is recognized as the appropriate approach to this

present study as it focused on human phenomenon and its importance

especially to criminology as a field of discipline. As this is a qualitative

analysis of narrative data, methods to analyze its data must be quite different

from more traditional or quantitative methods of research. Essentially, you

are focused on meaning, the meaning of the experience, behavior and

narrative (Paley, 2016).

As to Boeije (2009), phenomenology is sometimes considered a

philosophical perspective as well as an approach to qualitative methodology.

It has a long history in several social research disciplines including

psychology, sociology and social work. Phenomenology is a school of

thought that emphasizes a focus on people's subjective experiences and

interpretations of the world. That is, the phenomenologist wants to

understand how the world appears to others. Phenomenological methods are

particularly effective at bringing to the fore the experiences and perceptions

of individuals from their own perspectives, and therefore at challenging

structural or normative assumptions. Adding an interpretive dimension to

phenomenological research, enabling it to be used as the basis for practical

theory, allows it to inform, support or challenge policy and action.

Research Environment

Our study will be conducted in the Cebu City, Philippines, specifically

in Tinago, Cebu City. Cebu, officially the City of Cebu, a 1st class highly

urbanized city in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. It is the

regional center and primate city of Central Visayas and seat of government

of the province of Cebu, but governed independently. The city comprises 80

barangays. These are grouped into two congressional districts, with 46

barangays in the northern district and 34 in the southern district.

The population of barangay Tinago as determined by the 2020 Census

was 6,700, representing 0.69% of the total population of Cebu City. The

population of Tinago has been decreasing over the years, with a population

of 12,193 in 1990, 11,438 in 2000, 9,988 in 2005, 10,336 in 2010, 8,113 in

2015, and 6,719 in 2020. The age group with the highest population in

Tinago is 5 to 9, with 846 individuals.

 Barangay Tinago in Cebu City has undergone significant

transformations and initiatives aimed at improving its environment and

community welfare. Over the years, efforts led by local officials and

community members have focused on revitalizing areas like the Tinago

Creek, once marred by garbage accumulation and informal settlements.

Through projects like the Tinago Riverside Promenade, the barangay has

successfully turned what was once an eyesore into an attractive public space,

demonstrating the impact of community-driven initiatives on enhancing the

local environment and quality of life.

Moreover, Barangay Tinago has been the focus of various

development projects and interventions to address environmental concerns

and enhance living conditions for its residents. Initiatives such as the

assessment of the existing drainage system and land reservation for housing

purposes underscore the barangay's commitment to sustainable urban

planning and infrastructure improvement. These efforts reflect a proactive

approach towards addressing key issues related to drainage, housing, and

environmental sustainability within the community, showcasing a dedication

to creating a more livable and resilient neighborhood.

The Waterfront Police Station 3 has jurisdiction over Barangay

Tinago. These police stations serve as the primary law enforcement agencies
responsible for maintaining public order and safety within their respective

barangays. The community’s interactions and perceptions of these police

stations will be a crucial aspect of our research on the police public image in

these areas.

Research Informants

The informants of this are 10 selected members of barangay Tinago,

Cebu City, who are at least resident for 3 years. These is coming from the

business sector, professional, ordinary individuals and barangay officials in

Tinago, Cebu City. All of the informants are to be individually interview.

These informants can include a diverse range of community members, such

as residents, business owners, religious leaders, and representatives from

various organizations. By engaging with these informants through surveys,

interviews, and focus groups, researchers can gain valuable insights into the

factors influencing community views on the police, including trust,

transparency, perceived favoritism, and communication. The information

gathered from these informants helps identify common concerns, assess

changes in public sentiment over time and in response to specific events, and

ultimately contributes to efforts aimed at improving police-community

relations and enhancing the overall public image of law enforcement

agencies.
Research Instruments

In gathering of data, the researcher will utilize self-made-panel

approached interview guide consisting of the following parts: part 1, positive

views of the informants on the Police public image; part 2, negative views of

the informants on the Police public image; part 3, the impact of the Police

Public Image on the PNP relation to the community.

The researcher will arrange an interview with the informants, explain

the matters of confidentiality, prepare consent forms, will make sure to ask

open-ended questions to the informants.

Research Procedure

According to Miles and Huberman (2013), purposive convenient

sampling was employed to select the informants. Before the interview, the

researchers will explain to the informants the purpose of the study and the

manner by which the interview was done. This study is oriented in

qualitative research where before the interview; the informants signed the

informed consent form. Qualitative research has been described as a

naturalistic study conducted through prolonged contact with field situations

which typically reflect the everyday life and the explicit and implicit rules

that govern that life.

 Qualitative research has been described as a naturalistic study

conducted through prolonged contact with field situations which typically

reflect the everyday life and the explicit and implicit rules that govern that

life (Miles, Huberman and Saldana, 2013).

Data Collection. Prior to the interview, the researchers have written a

transmittal letter duly signed and approved by the Dean of the Criminology

Department addressed to specific places for us to conduct the interviews to

the informants. The data is gathered through interview and with an aide of

the voice recorder. The participants are being asked to answer the questions

honestly and completely and are given the letter and informed consent form

stating that the person was informed of the study. The primary method for

data collection in this research involves semi- structured interviews used to

refine and develop an understanding of how participants view their

situations after experienced on handling checkpoints. Data collection refers

to the survey method that is developed and utilized to obtain information.

The methods that will be utilized in this study are structured interviews

employing close-ended and open-ended questions with the participants who

were deprived of liberty; Observations were conducted by the researcher

ourselves during interview and visits on the areas. In order to keep a proper
record of the observation, a schedule with the following columns were used,

time (days, weeks, and months), place type of event, and subjects.

Data Analysis. Thematic content analysis is utilized to analyze and

cluster interview answers in common themes for interpretation. In this

research, recorded responses to interviews are analyzed deductively to

obtain discrete, key themes that are relevant and specific to individual

categories. This inspection and analysis of the content being provided

through the interview will reveal messages within the content itself.

Thematic code analysis is used to inspect themes which emerge during

analysis for the purpose of gauging the frequency of themes and similarities

between users in use of themes. The following steps were used in analyzing:

The following steps will be used in analyzing: Transcription, the first

step is to transcribe the data from the tape into a paper. The purpose is to

clean and edit the manuscripts by eliminating typographical errors and

contradictions; checking and editing the next step is check and edit

transcripts, prepare data for further analysis; analysis and interpretation

categories were developed, coding and data reduction was completed, and

trends in the data were identified.

 During this process, the researchers take all collected data, including

field notes and interview transcripts, and begin to form a clear understanding

of the information. The researcher will then code the data, conducting

content analysis by looking for specific words from which themes can be

identified. Generalization the findings of individual interviews are

generalized and differences and similarities identified, allowing for the

development of typologies. Verification during this step the researchers

embark on a process of checking the validity of interpretations by going

through the transcripts again. This allows the researcher to verify or modify

hypotheses.

Ethical Consideration

The identities of the participants are treated with confidentiality, and

prior permission is obtained from the participants before the interviews to be

conducted. The researchers also comply with the policy on research, namely

the informed consent form, before conducting the research on community

views on police public image.

Ethical standard prevents against the fabrication or falsifying of data

and therefore, promote the pursuit of knowledge and truth which is the

primary goal of research. Ethical behavior is also critical for collaborative

work because it encourages an environment of trust, accountability and

mutual respect among researchers. This is especially important when

considering issues related to data sharing, co-authorship, copyright

guidelines, confidentiality, and many other issues. Researchers must also

adhere to ethical standards in order for the public to support and believe in

the research. The public wants to be assured that researchers followed the

appropriate guidelines for issues such as human rights, animal welfare,

compliance with the law, conflict of interest, safety, health standard and so

on.

The handling of the ethical issues greatly impacts the integrity of the

research project and can affect whether or not the project receives funding.

Because ethical considerations are so important in research, many

professional associations and agencies have adopted codes and policies that

outline ethical behavior and guide researchers.

Beneficence. The primary objective of the study was to contribute

positively to the well-being of our community. The research sought to bring

attention to the distinctive challenges and needs of these individuals by

providing a platform for their voices, with the potential to influence

favorable policy and systemic changes. Furthermore, participants were

offered post-interview resources and support services.

 Non-maleficence. A central concern is the minimization of potential

harm. Participation will be entirely voluntary, involving a comprehensive

informed consent process that elucidates the study's purpose, potential risks,

and participants' rights, including the ability to withdraw at any point

without consequences. Anonymous data collection and storage procedures

are to be implemented to ensure confidentiality. Sensitive topics will be

approached with empathy and respect, and participants will receive

debriefing and emotional support as needed.

Justice. The study will ensure in maintaining a fair and equitable

research process. The selection will be based on informed consent and

willingness to participate, avoiding predetermined criteria that could

introduce bias. Data analysis will remain attuned to potential power

imbalances, striving to authentically represent participants' experiences.

Autonomy. Respecting participants' autonomy will be upheld

throughout the research process. Informed consent forms will utilize clear

and accessible language, emphasizing participants' right to make informed

decisions about their involvement. Strict avoidance of coercion or undue

influence will be observed. Participants are empowered to control the pace

and content of the interviews and their feedback on the research findings are

actively sought to ensure accuracy and authenticity.

Trustworthiness of Research

Trustworthiness as Sandelowski (1993) mentioned is a matter of

persuasion whereby the scientist is viewed as having made those practices

visible and therefore auditable. Trustworthiness has been further divided into

credibility, which corresponds roughly with the positivist concept of internal

validity; dependability, which relates more to reliability; transferability,

which is a form of external validity; and confirmability, which is largely an

issue of presentation.

Credibility. It is the first aspect or criterion that must be established.

It is seen as the most important aspect or measure in establishing

trustworthiness because credibility essentially asks the researcher to link the

research study’s findings with reality to demonstrate the truth of the research

findings.

Transferability. The researcher will also establish transferability by

providing a robust and detailed account of his experiences during data

collection. The researcher will make explicit connections to the cultural and

social contexts that surround data collection. This means talking about
where the interviews transpired, the general setup of the environment, and

other aspects of data collection that help provide a richer and fuller

understanding of the research setting. Thus, constitutes the idea that the

research study’s findings could apply to other contexts, situations, times, and

population (Guba, 1981).

Dependability. Dependability, on the other hand, is also important to

trustworthiness because it establishes the research study’s findings as

consistent and repeatable. The researcher will aim to verify that the findings

are consistent with the raw data they collected, making sure that if some

other researchers were to look over the data, they would arrive at similar

findings, interpretations, and conclusions about the data. This is important to

make sure that anything will not be missed in the research study, or that the

researcher will not be sloppy or misguided in his or her final report (Guba,

1981).

Confirmability. Guba (1981) posited that confirmability is the last

criterion of trustworthiness the researcher needs to establish in this study.

This criterion has to do with the level of confidence that the research study’s

findings will be based on the participants’ narratives and words rather than

potential researcher biases.

 Reflexivity. Embarking on qualitative research as a novice, my

limited experience in this domain raises the possibility that the quality of

analysis may be affected by my background. The study, focusing on the

views on police public image of the community, demands a keen recognition

of potential personal biases, especially given that I am a woman myself. This

connection introduces a layer of complexity that necessitates a vigilant

reflexivity throughout the research process.

 DEFINITION OF TERMS

For the better understanding of the study the following terms will be

operationally defined.

Positive views of the informants on the Police public image. means

that people who provide information to the police think highly of how the

police are seen by the public, believing they are effective, fair, and

trustworthy.

Negative views of the informants on the Police public image. refers

to the people who provide information to the police think poorly of how the

police are seen by the public, believing they are ineffective, unfair, or

untrustworthy. They may also perceive the police as lacking engagement and

professionalism, which discourages them from cooperating with law

enforcement.
 Impact of the Police Public Image on the PNP relation to the

community. refers to how the way people view the police affects their trust,

cooperation, and overall interactions with the police. A positive image can

lead to better community relations and support, while a negative image can

result in distrust and lack of cooperate

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APPENDIX A
TRANSMITTAL LETTER
 APPENDIX B
INFORMED CONSENT
 University of Cebu Research Office
(032) 255 - 7777 local 183

[Informed Consent for the study on Community Views on Police Public

Image in Brgy. Tinago, Cebu City.]

[Nameof Principal Investigator: Jeann Kyle A. Badayos]

[Name of Organization: University of Cebu]
[Name of Proposal: Community Views on Police Public Image]

This Informed Consent Form has two parts:

● Information Sheet (to share information about the research with
you)
● Certificate of Consent (for signatures if you agree to take part) you
will be given a copy of the full Informed Consent Form

APPENDIX C
INTERVIEW GUIDE
APPENDIX D
LOCATION MAP
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Jeann Kyle A. Badayos

Date of Birth : November 28, 2002

Place of Birth : Cebu City
Contact Number : 09433310962
Email Address : [email protected]

EDUCATONAL BACKGROUND

: University of Cebu - Main

College
: Sanciangko St, Colon, Cebu City
: Present
Secondary Education : University of Cebu - Pri
: J. Alcantara, Cebu City
: March 2020

Secondary Education : Pardo National High School

: Poblacion Pardo, Cebu City
: March 2018

Elementary : Don Vicente Rama Memorial Elementary School

: Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City
: March 2014
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Shanky O. Jasmin

Date of Birth : June 03,2002

Place of Birth : Maravilla, Tabuelan, Cebu
Contact Number : 09454961787
Email Address : [email protected]

EDUCATONAL BACKGROUND

: University of Cebu - Main

College
: Sanciangko St, Colon, Cebu City
: Present
Secondary Education : Juan Pamplona National High School
: Maravilla, Tabuelan, Cebu
: March 2020

Secondary Education : Juan Pamplona National High School

: Maravilla, Tabuelan, Cebu
: March 2018

Elementary : Maravilla Elementary School

: Maravilla, Tabuelan, Cebu
: March 2014
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Vincent Ian O. Arnoco

Date of Birth : April 29, 2003

Place of Birth : Cebu City
Contact Number : 09632738897
Email Address : [email protected]

EDUCATONAL BACKGROUND

: University of Cebu - Main

College
: Sanciangko St, Colon, Cebu City
: Present
: Daantabogon National High School
Secondary Education : Daantabogon, Tabogon, Cebu
: March 2020

Secondary Education : Daantabogon National High School

: Daantabogon, Tabogon, Cebu
: March 2018

Elementary : Daantabogon Elementary School

: Daantabogon, Tabogon, Cebu
: March 2014