PHYSICS

PROJECT FILE
BY AMMAR
XII-C

REFRACTIVE INDEX
OF WATER AND
COPPER SULPHATE
 -
The ACKNOWLEDGE
successful completion of any
task would be incomplete without
MENT-
mentioning the names of the
person who helped it make it
possible I take this opportunity to
express my gratitude in few words
and respect to all those who helped
in the completion of this project.
It is my humble pleasure to
acknowledge my deep sense of
gratitude to my Physics teacher
Mrs. Bindu Sunil for her valuable
support constant help and guidance
at each and every stage without
 -INDEX-
 INTRODUCTION
 SPEED OF LIGHT
 SNELL’S LAW
 EXPERIMENT
AIM
APPARATUS
REQUIRED
THEORY
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
PRECAUTIONS
SOURCES OF
ERROR
 -
 During the 1600s, the Dutch
mathematician Willebrord Snell
succeeded in developing a law that
defined a value related to the ratio of
INTRODUCTI
the incident and refracted angles,
which has been termed the bending.
 power or refractive index of a
substance.
 The stick in water appears to be
bent because light rays reflected from
the stick are abruptly bent at the air-
water interface before reaching our
eyes. To his disappointment, Snell
never discovered the reason for this
refraction effect.
 The first laboratory instrument to
 -SPEED OF

LIGHT-
Refractive index measurement is a
measurement of the speed of light in a medium.
The speed of light (usually denoted by c) is
2.99792458 m/s in vacuum.
 The refractive index (n) of a medium is
defined as the ratio of speed of light in vacuum
(c) in to that in the medium (v).
 The speed of light in a medium depends on
the medium itself, temperature, and wavelength.
Due to the wavelength dependency, the
refractive index is measured with
monochromatic light. Velocity of
Index light in vacuum
of refraction

Velocity of
light in the
medium
 -SNELL’S
LAW-
Snell’s law is defined as,
“The ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is a constant, for the light of
a given color and for the given pair of
media”.
Snell’s law tells us the degree of
refraction and relation between the angle
of incidence, the angle of refraction and
refractive indices of given pair of media.
We know that light experiences
the refraction or bending when it travels
from one medium to another medium.
Snell’s law predicts the degree of the
bend. It is also known as the law of
refraction. In 1621, Willebrord Snell
 The following is a diagrammatic
representation

Snell’s law formula is expressed as:

sin i
=Constant=µ
sin r

Where i is the angle of The normal on the surface

incidence and r is the angle is used to gauge the angles
of refraction. This constant that the refracted ray
value is called creates at the contact
the refractive index of the point. n1 and n2 are the
second medium with two different mediums that
respect to the first. will impact the refraction.
 -EXPERIMENT-
 Aim

To find out the refractive indices of

different liquids using a hollow prism.

 Apparatus Required
 Hollow Glass Prism
 Water
 Copper Sulphate
 Bell Pins
 Drawing Board
 Half-Meter Ruler
 White Sheet Of Paper
 Graph Paper
 Protractor
 -THEORY-
A prism is a transparent optical element with flat,
polished surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be made
from any material that is transparent including glass,
plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used to break light up
into its constituent spectral colors.
Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light
into components with different polarizations.

The refractive index of the liquid Is given by the formula:

Where ;
n= refractive index of the liquid.
A = angle of prism
Dm =the angle of minimum
deviation
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of refraction
Dm =(i-r1) + (e-r2) = i + e – A
Where ;
r1 = angle of refraction inside the prism
r2 = angle of incidence inside of the prism
e = angle of emergence
 -PROCEDURE-
 Fix a white sheet of paper on the
drawing board with help of drawing
pins.
 Fill the hollow prism with water.
 Keep the prism and mark the outline
of it as ABC.
 Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
 Draw the angle of incidence in
accordance with the normal PQ and
place 2 pins so that they appear to be in
the straight line.
 Place the prism filled with given
sample of liquid ,on the marked outline
ABC.
 Now take the pins and place them on
the side AC so that all the 4 pins appear
to be in same line.
 Remove the prism and draw the line
joining the points so obtained.
 Mark the diagram as shown in the
figure.
 Repeat this with different angle of

-
OBSERVATI
 WATER
S. No. A (Angle of i (Angle of d (Angle of
the prism) incidence) deviation)

1. 60 30 27

2. 60 35 23

3. 60 40 20

4. 60 45 22

5. 60 50 25

6. 60 55 30
 WATER
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

COPPER
SULPHATE
S. No. A (Angle D (Angle I (Angle of
of the of incidence)
prism) deviation)

1. 60 30 24

2. 60 35 22

3. 60 40 20

4. 60 45 21

5. 60 50 24

6. 60 55 29
 COPPER SULPHATE
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-
PRECAUTION
 Angle of incidence should lie
between 35-60 degrees.
 -SOURCES OF
ERROR-
 Pin pricks may be thick.
 Measurement of angles may be
 -
BIBLIOGRAP
HY-
• en.wikipedia.org
• https://www.quora.com/
• https://iopscience.iop.org/
article/