SSC GK

SSC GK BATCH 2.0

Chemistry
Metal and Non-metal
Lecture :- 3
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 C
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METALS AND NON-METALS

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 Difference between Metals and Non-Metals
-

Property Metals Non-metals

I
Physical State Generally exists in solid state They exists in solid and

C
Except: Hg (liquid at room gaseous state
temp.) Except: Br (liquid)
Ga: 30 C
.

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Cs: 28.5 C

Lustre They have shining surface They lack luster

Except: lead (dull Except: Iodine, diamond, and

Hardness
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appearance)

Are hard in nature

graphite

Are soft in nature

A
Except: Na, K, Cs, Hg, Ga, Zn Except: Diamond is the
(soft metals, can be cut by hardest natural substance
knife) known
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Pen
Ductile Beaten into sheets Au and Ag They are not malleable
Ductility are more malleable
Except: Hg, Na, K, Zn

one
Malleable Drawn into wire, Au and Ag They lack ductility
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Malleability more ductile I

Except: Hg, Na, K, Zn Metal with highest
conductivity
Melting and They have high melting and Low melting and boiling point
Boiling point boiling point Except: Diamond, Graphite,
High BP = 5650 C (Rhenium Si, C, B
-

- Re)
Except: Hg
Density They have high density Have low density

...
Except: Na and K (they float Except: Diamond
on water)
Highest density: Osmium
Are brittle
Brittleness They are hard Except: gases
Except: Zn

C
Do not form
Alloy-formation Stainless steel is alloy of Ni, Except: Carbon is allowed

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Cr, and Fe with iron to form steel
German Silver: Cu, Zn and Ni

Thermal and Are good conductor of heat Bad conductor of heat and
electrical Except: Lead and Hg electricity
conductivity Except: graphite which is a

Sonority
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They are sonorous
good conductor of electricity

Are not sonorous

A
Types of ion Cation Anion
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Nature of oxides Basic in nature Acidic in nature

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Chemical Properties of Metals

Reaction of metal with oxygen (burning in air or formation of oxides)

Almost all metals combine with oxygen (or air) to metal oxides

Metal + Oxygen Metal Oxide

+ HCl AlCl + H O
 Generally, metal oxides are basic in nature

Reaction of metal with oxygen

-

Exception:
-

Some metal oxides such as Aluminium oxide, Zinc oxide show both acidic and basic behaviour,

C
↑

such metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salt and water are
called amphoteric oxides

SS
·
Metal oxide + Acid -Salt + water
·
Non-metal oxide + Base - Salt +
water

R
Order of reactivity of metal with oxygen:
1. Different metals react with oxygen at different rates
2. Sodium and potassium react vigorously with oxygen catch fire if left open that’s why
A
kept in kerosene oil
3. At room temp. the surface of magnesium and aluminium are covered with thin layer of
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oxide which prevents the metal from further oxidation. They burn in air only by heating
4. Zinc burns only on strong heating
5. Iron burns in the form of fillings
6. Gold and Silver do not react with oxygen even at high temp.
PA
Reactivity Series
-

TRICK
-

I Cold water

C
Na
Reacts vigorously
=>

Car
Heat Mangi

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Al
Hot water
Zn
Steam Ferrari
Phir bhi
Kya

L
R Mili
Ag
Audi
->

Hy
A
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-
FIG React aso
d
X H
-

d ans Metals -> d Acid

I H2 evolve sted It Its they don’t

Reaction of metal with water

-
PA

-
Metal react with water and produce a metal oxides and hydrogen gas. Metal oxides that
are soluble in water dissolves in it further to form metal hydroxide

I
All the metals do not react with water as the metals placed lower in the reactivity series
are less reactive towards water

-
Metal + Water -> Metal Hydroxide
 ·
Gold (Au) -> dissolves in Aqua Regia
↓
HCl : HNO3
3:1

C
SS
-
Reaction of Metal with acid:
-

R
Except few less reactive metals (such as Cu, Hg, Ag, Au, Pt, etc.), all metals react with dilute
A
sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid to produce salt and hydrogen gas
Salt

i
Metal + Dilute Acid Salt + Hydrogen

...
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MASH Hydrogen gas

Metal Acid

Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid. This is due to strong
oxidising nature of nitric acid. It oxidises the H, produce to water and itself get reduced to
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any of the nitrogen oxide excep

(N, NO
(NO, O, NO).
, N O).But
22 But magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) react with
dilute HNO to evolve H gas

-
 Reaction of metals with solutions of other metal salt

Metal I + Metal2Salt -> Metal I Salt + Metal2

-
↑
Metal I is more reactive

C
-
Metal2 is less reactive

Reaction with Oxygen:

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-

/
Non-metals do not react with water, steam or dilute acid
-
The reason is that they act as an electron acceptor and cannot H+ ions of acids to reduce
them to hydrogen gas
- But on heating, readily form oxides or salts with conc. acids

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A
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Reaction between Metals and Non-metals Ionic Bond Formation:

I
PA

H -
H
↓
Sharing of e
-
->

e donor
- ↓ ↓
e acceptor
-

Covalent bond (weak bond)

!
Transfer of e -> Electrovalent bond (ionic bond)
↳ ionic compounds (very strong)
 C
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I R
A
Ionic bond formation

Properties of Ionic Compound:

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1. Physical nature: Ionic compounds are hard crystalline solids because of strong force of
- -

attraction between the positive and negative ions. These compounds are generally brittle
and break into pieces when pressure is applied

2. Melting and Boiling point: these compounds have high melting and boiling points as large
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as the amount of energy is required to break strong inter-ionic attraction

3. Solubility: these compounds are soluble in water (polar solvent) and insoluble in organic
- -

solvents (non-polar solvent) like kerosene, benzene, ether, petrol, etc.

4. Conduction of electricity: the conduction of electricity through a solution involves #

-
move t
movement
of charged particle. Ionic and electrovalent compounds are good conductors of electricity,
but they conduct electricity either in molten form or in their aqueous solution
 K
Na
Ca Electrolysis
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe

C
Reduction with Carbon
Pb
Cu

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Ag
Native state
Au

Extraction of Metals from Ores

-
R Metal + Impurities -Gangue
A
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- High % of Fe
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 C
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k ↓
Heating in very
limited O Heating in

"I
- -

abundance of O2

With Carbon
R
A
-
Refining -> Electrolytic refining
Electrolysis reaction:
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Pure metal -> Cathode

↑
=
NaCl
t
Cathode: Na + e - Na
/
/
-

Anode: 2Cl -> Cl + 2e

=z
->

-
Impure metal -> Anode

I
Metal Salt -> Electrolyte
PA

-
3MnO + 4Al ->2Al23
2 O + 3Mn

I
Thermite process: Fe23
O + Al -> Fe + Al23
O
↓ ↓ ↓
More reactive
Heat evolve Railway tracks join
↓
Exothermic
↓
Displacement
 Corrosion
- -

1. Iron ->Brown (Iron Oxide)

2. Copper Green (Copper Carbonate)
3. Silver -
Black (Silver Sulfide)

C
Alloying
- -

I Alloy: homogenous mixture/solution of two or more metals/non-metals

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90% 10%

R 30%
: 70%
BCUZ
A
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Rolled gold Cu + Al

Gold (Au)
↓
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22 carat
↓ ↓
22 parts 2 parts
A X ↓
Au Cu Ag
I
Alloys have low conductivity compared to their respective metals

Galvanisation/Anodising

*
Zinc coating Aluminium layering done electrolytically
done physically

C
Purest form of Iron: Wrought iron

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Soft silvery metal, with low density that reacts vigorously with water and corrodes quickly in
air and has atomic no 3: Lithium (white gold)

Element used to make coils in water heaters: Nichrome

R
Metal earlier called Wolframite and has the highest melting point: Tungsten (W)

Element found in water and responsible for cancer: Arsenic

A
NO (nitrate): Blue baby syndrome
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- Gallium is used in LED semiconductor technology

/ Silicon dioxide: it has high melting point

Potash alum ->KAl(SO42 ) .12H2O ->Metal sulphate, composed of potassium, aluminium, and

-
sulphate ions in the ratio 1:1:2-Plays an important role as a flame retardant, a mordant and
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as astringent

The process in which a carbonate ore is heated strongly in the absence of air to convert it
into metal oxide is called Calcination

-
Fool’s gold: Pyrite

/ Boron is an example of metalloid

-
Gypsum: CaSo. 2H O
4 2
·
Celestine: SrSO4 . 2H O
2
↑ Epsom salt: MgSo42
.7H O
- Constantan is an alloy of copper and nickel

-
· is a combination of cobalt and chromium
Talon ore
Talonite ore

- Amalgam: Hg

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