CMY282

EXPERIMENT 1 REPORT SHEET TEMPLATE

Name: Ntokozo Mabena

Student number: 22562975

Neutralisation and a salty tale against temperature-Measuring the temperature changes of

neutralisation and dissolution reactions using a cup calorimeter.

Abstract:
The total experiment was carried out to study of the determination of heat of neutralization
between strong acids and strong bases; sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, sodium
hydroxide and sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and acetic acid together with the study of
determining the heat of dissolution of salts; determining heat of dissolution of copper sulfate
pentahydrate and the determination of heat of dissolution of barium chloride dihydrate using
a cup calorimeter.

The heat capacity of the calorimeter was determined by adding distilled water in the cup
calorimeter and measured the temperature changes in 20, 40, 60, and 80 seconds, then
added ice at 276.15 K. The heat capacity of the calorimeter was determined in order to
accurately measure the heat changes during the reactions. In the second part of the
experiment, the heat dissolution of the salts in water using a calorimeter with a stirrer were
calculated.

For each experiment, determination 1 and 2 were carried out to ensure the reliability of the
collected data.

The heat of neutralization between the strong acids and strong bases was negative (∆H<0),
which explains that the reactions were exothermic, the energy is released to the
surroundings, resulting in temperature decrease.

For the second experiment, determination 1 and 2 were carried out to ensure the reliability of
the collected data.
The heat of dissolution of salts using a calorimetric method was positive (Q>0), explaining
that the reaction was endothermic, there was a temperature increase after adding the salts in
the distilled water. the system absorbed energy from the surroundings.

Introduction:

They neutralization and dissolution reactions play a fundamental role in understanding the
thermodynamics of chemical processes and also in health like in biological functions like
maintaining the pH level of blood as the reaction produces neutral products.

This study aims to investigate the determination of the heat of neutralization of the reaction
between a strong acid and strong base and the determination of the heat of dissolution of
salts by using a calorimetric method.

Firstly determine the heat capacity of the calorimeter. There are three objectives in
experiment 1, to determine the heat of neutralization of NaOH and HCl, H2SO4 and
CH3COOH. The heat of neutralisation will represent the heat released or absorbed during the
reaction.

Then for the second experiment of dissolution salts, barium chloride dihydrate and copper sulfate
pentahydrate, the heat (Q) will be calculated, the heat represents the energy absorbed or released
during the reaction.
Results
Part 1:
Standardisation of NaOH

Standardisation Mass Vol [NaOH] Average

HK(C8H4O4) NaOH [NaOH]
(g) (cm3) (M)
1 1.0660 26.32 0.1983 0.1983
2 1.0498 25.92 0.1983

Calculations:

Standardization 1

HKC8H4O4 (aq)+ NaOH (aq) NaKC8H4O4 + H2O

1.0660 𝑔 (𝐻𝐾𝑃) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

X = 0.0051987 mol (HKC8H4O4)
1 204.22 𝑔

Mol ratio NaOH: HKP 1:1

0.0052197 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (HKC8H4O4 ) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)

X = 0.0052197 mol (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)
1 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (HKC8H4O4)

1𝐿
26.32 ml X = 0.02632 L 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
1 000 𝑚𝐿

Molarity:

0.005297 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.1983 M 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.02632 𝐿
 Standardization 2

HKC8H4O4 (aq)+ NaOH (aq) NaKC8H4O4 + H2O

1.0498 (𝐻𝐾𝑃) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

X = 0.005141 mol (HKC8H4O4 )
1 204.22 𝑔

Mol ratio NaOH: HKP 1:1

0.0052197 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (HKC8H4O4 ) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)

X = 0.005141 mol (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)
1 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (HKC8H4O4)

1𝐿
25.92 ml X = 0.02592 L 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
1 000 𝑚𝐿

Molarity:

0.005141 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.1983 M
0.02592 𝐿

0.1983 + 0.1983
Average [NaOH]= = 0.1983 M
2
Standardisation of HCl, H2SO4 and CH3COOH:

▪ HCl

Standardisation Vol HCl Vol NaOH [HCl] Average

(cm3) (cm3) (M) [HCl]
1 5.00 25.05 1.002 1.0022
2 5.00 25.06 1.0024

HCl (aq)+ NaOH(aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O(aq)

STANDARDIZATION 1

Mol ratio NaOH: HCl

0.1983 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) 1𝐿

X X 25.05 ml = 0.004967 mol (NaOH)
𝐿 1000 𝑚𝑙

Mol ratio NaOH: HCl

0.004967 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (NaOH) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝐻𝐶𝑙)

X = 0.004967 mol (𝐻𝐶𝑙)
1 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (NaOH)

1𝐿
5.00 ml X = 0.00500 L 𝐻𝐶𝑙
1 000 𝑚𝐿

0.004967 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Molarity = 0.9934 M
0.00500 𝐿
 STANDARDIZATION 2

HCl (aq)+ NaOH(aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O(aq)

STANDARDIZATION 1

0.1983 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) 1𝐿

X X 25.06 ml (NaOH)= 0.004969 mol (NaOH)
𝐿 1000 𝑚𝑙

Mol ratio NaOH: HCl 1:1

0.004967 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (NaOH) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝐻𝐶𝑙)

X = 0.004969 mol (𝐻𝐶𝑙)
1 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (NaOH)

1𝐿
5.00 ml X = 0.00500 L 𝐻𝐶𝑙
1 000 𝑚𝐿

0.004969 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Molarity = 0.9939 M 𝐻𝐶𝑙
0.005 𝐿

0.9934 + 0.9939
Average [𝐻𝐶𝑙]= = 0.9936 M 𝐻𝐶𝑙
2
▪ H2SO4

Standardisation Vol H2SO4 Vol NaOH [H2SO4] Average

(cm3) (cm3) (M) [H2SO4]

1 5.00 24.96 0.998 0.9992

2 5.00 25.00 1.00

Calculations:

H2SO4 (aq)+ 2 NaOH(aq) Na2SO4 (aq)+ 2 H2O(l)

STANDARDIZATION 1

Mol ratio NaOH: H2SO4 1:1

0.1983 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) 1𝐿 24.96 𝑚𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)

X X = 0.004950 mol
𝐿 1000 𝑚𝑙 1
(HKC8H4O4 )

0.004950 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (NaOH) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (H2SO4 )

X = 0.002475 mol (H2SO4 )
1 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)

1𝐿
5.00 ml X = 0.00500 L H2SO4
1 000 𝑚𝐿

: 0.002475 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Molarity = 0.4950 M H2SO4
0.00500 𝐿
 STANDARDIZATION 2

H2SO4 (aq)+ 2 NaOH(aq) Na2SO4 (aq)+ 2 H2O(l)

Mol ratio NaOH: H2SO4 1:1

0.1983 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) 1𝐿 25.00 𝑚𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)

X X = 0.004958 mol (NaOH)
𝐿 1000 𝑚𝑙 1

0.004958 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (NaOH) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (H2SO4 )

X = 0.002479 mol (H2SO4 )
1 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)

1𝐿
5.00 ml X = 0.00500 L H2SO4
1 000 𝑚𝐿

: 0.002479 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Molarity = 0.4958 M H2SO4
0.00500 𝐿

0.4958 + 0.4950
Average [H2SO4 ]= = 0.4954 M H2SO4
2
▪ CH3COOH

Standardisation Vol CH3COOH Vol NaOH [CH3COOH] Average

(cm3) (cm3) (M) [CH3COOH]
1 5.00 25.49 1.0196 1.0206
2 5.00 25.54 1.0216

Calculations:

STANDARDIZATION 1

CH3COOH(aq)+NaOH(aq)→CH3COONa(aq)+H2O(l)

Mol ratio NaOH: CH3COOH

0.1983 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) 1𝐿

X X 25.49 ml (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) = 0.005055 mol
𝐿 1000 𝑚𝑙

(𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)

0.0052197 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ((𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (CH3COOH)

X = 0.005055 mol (CH3COOH)
1 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ((𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)

1𝐿
5 ml X = 0.00500 L CH3COOH
1 000 𝑚𝐿

: 0.005055 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Molarity = 1.010 M CH3COOH
0.00500 𝐿
 STANDARDIZATION 2

CH3COOH(aq)+NaOH(aq)→CH3COONa(aq)+H2O(l)

Mol ratio NaOH: CH3COOH

0.1983 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) 1𝐿

X X 25.54 ml (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) = 0.005064 mol
𝐿 1000 𝑚𝑙

(𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)

0.005064 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ((𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (CH3COOH)

X = 0.005064 mol (CH3COOH)
1 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ((𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)

1𝐿
5 ml X = 0.00500 L CH3COOH
1 000 𝑚𝐿

: 0.005064 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Molarity = 1.013 M CH3COOH
0.00500 𝐿

0.4958 + 0.4950
Average [CH3COOH]= = 0.4954 M CH3COOH
2
Determination of the heat capacity of the calorimeter.

Table for Determination 1 Table for Determination 2

t (s) T (°C) t (s) T (°C)

0 22.8 0 22.9
20 22.8 20 22.9
40 22.8 40 22.9
60 22.8 60 22.9
80 22.8 80 22.9
Add ice water at 3.0 °C Add ice water at 3.4 °C
0 22.8 0 22.9
20 20.3 20 20.3
40 20.3 40 20.3
60 20.3 60 20.3
80 20.3 80 20.3
100 20.4 100 20.3
120 20.4 120 20.3

Calculations:

CP1 4.184 X Vice water X (TF-Ti)

Cp1 (calorimeter) = TC-Tf

4.184 𝑋 100 𝑋 ( 20.4−3.0)

Cp1 (calorimeter) = = 3 033.4 J/K
22.8−20.4

CP2: 4.184 X Vice water X (TF-Ti)

Cp2 (calorimeter) = TC-Tf

4.184 𝑋 100 𝑋 ( 20.3−3.4)

Cp2 (calorimeter) = 22.9−20.3
= 2 719.6 J/K

3 033.4 + 2 719.6
= 2
= 2 876.5 J/K
Average CP:
Determination of the heat of neutralisation of the reaction between NaOH and HCl, sulphuric
acid and acetic acid.

▪ HCl

Determination 1 Determination 2

t (s) T (°C)
NaOH t (s) T (°C)
0 23.8 NaOH
20 23.7 0 23.8
40 23.7 20 23.8
60 23.7 40 23.8
80 23.7 60 23.8
Add HCl at 23.8 °C 80 23.8
Add HCl at 23.7 °C
0 23.7
20 25.8 0 23.8
40 25.8 20 25.9
60 25.8 40 25.9
80 25.8 60 25.9
100 25.8 80 25.9
120 25.8 100 25.9
120 25.9

Calculation:

ΔneutralisationH = CPTSys

∆TSurr = Tf – Ti = ( 273.15+ 25.8) - (273.15 + 23.7) = 2.1 K

∆TSys = -∆Tsurr

∆TSys = -2.1 K

ΔneutralisationH = CPTSys = (2 876.5)(-2.1) = -6 040.7 J

▪ H2SO4

Determination 1 Determination 2

t (s) T (°C)
NaOH t (s) T (°C)
0 23.1 NaOH
20 23.1 0 23.3
40 23.1 20 23.3
60 23.1 40 23.3
80 23.1 60 23.3
Add H2SO4 at 24.2 °C 80 23.3
Add H2SO4 at__24.2__°C
0 23.1
20 25.8 0 23.3
40 25.8 20 26.0
60 25.8 40 26.0
80 25.8 60 26.0
100 25.8 80 26.0
120 25.8 100 26.0
120 26.0
Calculations:

ΔneutralisationH =

ΔneutralisationH = CPTSys

∆TSurr = Tf – Ti = (273.15+ 25.8) - (273.15 + 23.1) = 2.7 K

∆TSys = -∆Tsurr

∆TSys = -2.7 K

ΔneutralisationH = CPTSys = (2 876.5)(-2.7) = -7 766.6 J

▪ CH3COOH

Determination 1 Determination 2

t (s) T (°C) t (s) T (°C)

NaOH NaOH
0 23.0 0 23.3
20 23.0 20 23.3
40 23.0 40 23.4
60 23.1 60 23.4
80 23.1 80 23.4
Add HCl at 24.4 °C Add HCl at 24.2 °C
0 23.1 0 23.4
20 25.4 20 25.6
40 25.4 40 25.6
60 25.4 60 25.6
80 25.4 80 25.6
100 25.4 100 25.6
120 25.4 120 25.6

Calculation:

ΔneutralisationH = CPTSys

∆TSurr = Tf – Ti = (273.15+ 25.4) - (273.15 + 23.1) = 2.3 K

∆TSys = -∆Tsurr

∆TSys = -2.3 K

ΔneutralisationH = CPTSys = (2 876.5)(-2.3) = -6 615.9 J

 Questions (Part 1)
1. What will the value of ΔH be for the reaction between dilute nitric acid and dilute sodium
hydroxide?

2. Is ΔH of a neutralisation reaction dependent on the concentrations of the electrolytes?

Yes, the the molarity is represented is calculated in more per litre which implies that the
concentration is directly proportional to the moles.
Part 2
Determination of the heat capacity of the calorimeter

Determination 1 Determination 2

t (s) T (°C) t (s) T (°C)

H2O H2O
0 23.5 0 23.6
30 23.5 30 23.5
60 23.5 60 23.5
90 23.5 90 23.5
120 23.5 120 23.5
Add NH4NO3 ( 16.48 g) Add NH4NO3 ( 16.48 g)
0 23.5 0 23.5
20 21.9 20 22.0
40 21.9 40 22.0
60 22.0 60 22.0
80 22.0 80 22.0
100 22.0 100 22.0

Calculations
𝑚𝑋𝑄 (16.48)(26440)
Csys1 = - = - (80.043)(22.0−23.5)
= 3 629.14 J/K
𝑀 𝑋 ∆TSurr

𝑚𝑋𝑄 (16.48)(26440)
Csys2 = - 𝑀 𝑋 ∆TSurr
= - (80.043)(22.0−23.5)
= 3 629.14 J/K

3 629.14 + 3 629.14
= 3 629.14 J/K
2
Average Csys:
Determination of the heat of dissolution of copper sulphate and barium chloride.

▪ CuSO4.5H2O

Determination 1 Determination 2

t (s) T (°C) t (s) T (°C)

H2O H2O
0 23.6 0 23.7
30 23.6 30 23.7
60 23.6 60 23.7
90 23.6 90 23.7
120 23.6 120 23.7
Add CuSO4·5H2O ( 19.3 g) Add CuSO4·5H2O ( 19.3 g)
0 23.6 0 23.7
20 23.3 20 23.4
40 23.3 40 23.4
60 23.3 60 23.4
80 23.3 80 23.4
100 23.3 100 23.4

Calculations

Q1
𝑚𝑋𝑄
Csys1 = -
𝑀 𝑋 ∆TSurr

(19.3) 𝑋 𝑄
3 629.14 = -
249.685 𝑋 (23.3−23.6)

(3 629.14)(249.685) (23.3−23.6)
Q1 == 19.3
= 14.1 kJ

Q2
𝑚𝑋𝑄
Csys2 = - 𝑀 𝑋 ∆TSurr

(19.3) 𝑋 𝑄
3 629.14 = - 249.685 𝑋 (23.4−23.7)

(3 629.14)(249.685) (23.4−23.7)
Q2= 19.3
= 14 kJ

(9 003.8) (9 003.8)
2
= 9 003.8 J
Average Q:
BaCl2.2H2O

Determination 1 Determination 2

t (s) T (°C) t (s) T (°C)

H2O H2O
0 23.7 0 23.8
30 23.7 30 23.7
60 23.7 60 23.7
90 23.7 90 23.7
120 23.7 120 23.7
Add BaCl2·2H2O ( 25.5 g) Add BaCl2·2H2O ( 25.5 g)
0 23.7 0 23.7
20 23.3 20 23.2
40 23.1 40 23.2
60 23.1 60 23.2
80 23.2 80 23.2
100 23.2 100 23.2

Calculations:

Q1
𝑚𝑋𝑄
Csys1 = -
𝑀 𝑋 ∆TSurr

Q1 =
𝑚𝑋𝑄
Csys1 = - 𝑀 𝑋 ∆TSurr

(25.5) 𝑋 𝑄
3 629.14 = - 244.28 𝑋 (23.2−23.7)

(3 629.14)(244.28) (23.2−23.7)
Q= 25.5
= 13.9 KJ

Q2 =
𝑚𝑋𝑄
Csys2 = - 𝑀 𝑋 ∆TSurr

(25.5) 𝑋 𝑄
3 629.14 = - 244.28 𝑋 (23.2−23.7)

(3 629.14)(244.28) (23.2−23.7)
Q= 25.5
= 13.9 KJ

13.9 KJ

Average Q:
Question (Part 2)
How does the heat capacity determined in this experiment compare with that determined in Part 1?

For part 2, the heat capacity is 3 629.14 J/K and for part 1, the heat capacity is
2 719.6 J/K.

For the heat of dissolution the reactants are salt dissolved in water the heat capacity of the
calorimeter will need to account for the heat capacity of the solvent.

References:
K. Onissiphorou, Chemistry Neutralisation in Everyday life | The Chemistry Blog,

https://www.chemicals.co.uk/blog/chemistry-neutralisation-in-everyday-life.