II.

LIMITS 41
<U7 u™ (rc + l ) - ( r c - l ) .. 3 ä
v? - 100^2 + 1
2 4 8
- ^ ( , + l) + ( n - l F
2 4 7
·η^ 2 1 0 0 * + lg» ·
3 2
0 . Q 1000rc + 3w Λ Ε Λ ( + i ) 4 _ ( n _ i)4
w
2 4 9
·η^^-ιοοη3+ι·
250
\ iEUi)4
h
+ i,--iy4-

25ΐ
· ^ ! Γ ί ! ! ί ; ~ ϋ : · 252. lim ( 3
/^+y-~ï.

{ Υ Ϊ
253. Um . 254. Hm ^ + + »>' .
6
}/n + ι

255. Hm ^ - ^ + l + 3
^ n
e 5 3
V« + 6ra + 2 - / n ' + 3re + 1

256. Hm +
VV + 2 - V» + 3
1

257. Um , χ ,•' ,. 258. Um fe±S! +g + !î!.

„..«, (n + 2)! — (n + 1)!

1 + 1+ 5 + ...
260. nHm -
— ι + 1 + - + ... + —
T T T
3 9 ^3"
261. Hm \ (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n).

n^oo ^ n + 2 2J
2 6 3 . Hm p - 2 + 3 - 4 + . . . - 2 ^

^ • • H ï V i V - •· + 5 Γ Π 5 ϋ ) ·

2β5
· US ( ô + » 7 6 + • · • + ( i s m s W + T ) ) •
42 PROBLEMS ON A COURSE OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

n
2 - 1 267. lim 2" — 1
266. lim
2" + 1
2« + 1

Functions of a Continuous Argument

Find the limits in problems 268-304:
χ2 + 5 3 3 1
268. Km 2
269. lim f * - * + i
+
X-.2 * - 3
2
χ * - 3
270. lim 2 7L Ü 2
L1U.1 · ™ + * + 1 "
X-I ι —
™ ν
272. hm
Λ #
2
—ό
χ
2* + 1 χ- ρ
Χ_*Ι χ —χ 273. Hm ^ Z T ^ T V '
3
n nA ,. (χ - 1) / 2 - x 8* — 1
274. hm - 2
275. Hm -^ΓΖ^ΤΪ '
X-1 a —1
3
a; + χ — 2
276. Urn 3 2 277. H m | — - T Z ^ 3 J
Z\ * — χ — χ + 1
1 1
278. Hm 2 2
X-2 x(x - 2) x — 3* + 2
* + 2 * — 4
279. Hm
X-L
2
* — 5x + 4 + 3(* — 3* + 2)
1 2

280. Hm — (m and η are integers).

Ί
χ—1 * I
z 4
x -\- X * — 5*
281. Hm 2 282. Hm 2
a* — 3* + 1 ^ x — 3x + 1
2 1
* —1 o dΗ Ι· + x - Sx*
2
· S 1 + ^ + 8 ^

- )· ·£ ί ^ ϊ sin
β 286
2 8 5
· £ ( f t t -
2 2
3* ( 2 * — l ) ( 3 * + * + 2)]
287. Hm 2
X-*oo 2x + 1 4a:

(a; + 1 ) » + (x + 2 ) " + . . . + ( » + 100)"

2 8, 8
S * + ίο
10 10
 II. LIMITS 43

Y 1
289. Um f + + ^ . 290. H m +
. 4 Yx* + χ — χ 4
Yx* + 1 — 5Y& + 1
X — + oo — —
5 4
+ 3 + Y2x* — 1
291. lim
X - + ° 8 7
fx + z + 1 —

3 5
292. lim ^ + 3 - ^ 3 + 4
7
fx + 1

293. lim ^ + ^ - ! . . .2 ^9 4 2
- 1
X-0 # X-0 ζ

lAv2 I 1 _ 1 Va; -1—2

295. lim [ZJL——- . 296. Hm χ— 5
X-O γχ* 4 - 1 6 — 4 X-5
297. lim *-V .
X x
298. lim
Yx + h •- yâT

x-i Yχ — ι Λ-Ο ^

299. Hm ^Y - . 2 1
300. Hm - fc^
Χ-0 & Χ-0 #

Ο Λ1 ,. Yx — b — Υα — b . ,,
301. hm - 2 -2 (α > δ ) .
χ-*- CL Χ"* @*
η
302. hm -~
Υχ — 1 (η and m are integers).

V
303*.Um ί ϊ + Ζ ^ 2Ξ ^ . 304. lim " + * ~
X-0 x -\- x ' +\ x χ —1
2
305. How do the roots of the quadratic equation ax +
+ bx + c = 0 vary when b and c remain constant (6 <=h 0)
and a tends to zero ?
Find the limits in problems 306-378:
2
306. Urn (Va + a - Yx). 307. Km(Y& + i-Yx ^!).
44 PROBLEMS O N A COURSE OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

2 2
308. Um ( f x + 1 - x)t. 309. lim χ ()/χ - f 1 - χ).

310. Um (Y(x + α) (χ + b) - χ).

Χ— ±οο

2 2
311. Um {γχ — 2χ — I — / χ — ΐχ~+Ί).
Χ—±°°
3 3
2 2
312. lim (Ϋ(χ + I ) - /(χ - I) ).
Χ - «ο

3^
γ 3
313. lim χ ()/χζ + 1- yχ - ΐ ) .
Χ—οο

,.
314. lim
X-0
sin 3a;
.
0C _ ,. Λ tan fcc
315. lim
Χ^Ο
.
X

0 1 ?/
31b.
sin αχ
lim - — - n- .
x^o sin px ^q
.. tan 2x
317. lim — — — .
x sm ox
sin (ocO
318. lim —. r^-
m (τι
v and m are positiver integers). 6
α^ο (sm a ) '
0 - Λ 2 arc sin χ Λ Ο Λ 2x — arc sin χ
319. hm 0 . 320. hm - — , - .
X-O àx _O 2x -F- arc tanX χ

321. lim 2 . 322. hm

X-0 x ' ' _^O
X x sin 2x
1 + s i n ac !o s
323. lim ^ . 324. lim - *
2
" ° f ( l - cos α ) *-ol-sinx-cosx
t a n as i an ( I c so 2
325. lim T . 326. lim - ~ «>
3 3
«-*o α _ 0 tan α —α sin α
l s h xl
327. l i m i J - - 328. lim ~
X- sin χ tan ;

C 0 S
329. Um , * . 330. Um ^ .
π * x^n S i n 2 X
2
— sinx)
S m a

2
- χs I tan s.
i m I- £ —
331. llim 332. Hm 0
\ J

t I n problems where we indicate χ —> + oo, the cases χ —> + oo

and # —» — oo have to be considered separately.
 Π. LIMITS 4

333. Um (1 - ζ) tan ? . f
334. Hm sin tan

2-1 2 y^a \ 2 2aJ

sin — -
o o K hm
335. τ cosa; — sin χ . 336. hm — \ 6; .
x
π cos 2x „ 1A3 X
^4 "*6 COS X

1 - sin
. a?-
337. lim
x+n Λ X ( X . X\ '

cos - j^cos _ — sm ^J

338. lim (2x tan χ —) .

π I COS X I
C Q
S a C QS
339. lim ( + s) — (g — a?)
x-0 X

C Q
S
340. Urn

s n
i α
341. lim ( + g ) ~ sin (Ο - g )
Χ-Ο tan (a -\- χ) — tan (a — x) "
s 2i n 2
Qj ο τ a — sin θ
342. hm --—ζ .
2 2
a-»ß OL — β

3 43 ij m sin (a + 2h) — 2 sin (a + h) + sin a

Λ-0 A 2

3 44 j. tan (a + 2h) — 2 tan (a + h) + tan α

2
Λ-Ο h
345. lim 2
x-.o sin χ
346. lim Vl + s i n a - f l - j i n *
Χ-*Ο tan χ
Yl + χ sin ÎC — /cos 2#
347. Urn

»-1
46 PROBLEMS O N A COURSE OF M A T H E M A T I C A L A N A L Y S I S

3 3
Λ ΛΛ
349· hm
V i + arc tan 3* — Vi — arc sin 3x
X-O y i — aresin 2x — y 1 + arc tan 2x
Υπ — /arc cos *
350*. lim
Χ—ι Yx + 1

3 5 2
351. lim fr4-T · · Hm i l - JÏ.
x+l
X
353. lim i l + - ) . 354. lim i l + -Y*.

Χ+1

- • - ( ^ Γ ' · · Ϊ ^
8 Γ 5 · Β

357. Um fê±-îf . 358. lim f ^ - l f .

2
359. lim ( ±±JY . 360. lim i l + -X .
+ ^ X 1 J X-*oo ^ X J

361. lim i l + -Γ. 362. lim Κ ~ f + *f ·

c sec 2 2x
363. lim (1 + sin x ) ° * . 364. lim ( 1 + tan iß) .

l n (1 k x
)
365. Um + . 366. lim +
X-O X-O
367. lim {x [ln (a? + a) — ln 3 ] } .

l n X 1
368. lim ~ . 369. lim
X-E # — Β Λ^ϋ ^
p2x 1 pX ρ

370. lim 0 . 371. lim - ,

 II. LIMITS 47

376· lima; (e* — 1). 377. lim (cosh χ — sinh x).

X-*o o X-*±o

378. lim tanh x.

Miscellaneous Limits

Find the limits in problems 379-401 :

ι ax _!_ \\n
379. Um -—n . Δ~ > Consider the cases separately when
Χ—ΣΟ Χ γ~ Ά-
(1) η is a positive integer, (2) η is a negative integer, (3) η
is zero.

380. Urn χ
X - * ± oo

α α
381. lim —x ^ — (a > 0). 382. lim * ~ χ ~ *χ (a > 0).
x ~ ± a oa +l ^±χ,α +α- χ

a r c t a n
383. Um * ™ . 384. Um * .
X-+0O X o X - »Xo

ooK v # + sina; arcsina;

385. hm — . 386. lim .
o χ + cos χ
X-^o . πχ
tan-
S n a s n α
387 Urn ^ ^ + ^A) — 3 * ( + 2A) + 3 sin (a + A) — sin a

2 2
388. hm tan χ (γ2 sin χ + 3 sin a: + 4 —
π
T /sin 2 a; + 6 sin a; + 2 ) .
' —
389. i^cos(l-co
H m S a
);
4
X-0 CC

( a* a* a? \
cos - cos - . . . cos — I
2

391. Hm a; i l — cos - ) .

392. Hm (cos Υχ + 1 — cosYx) ·

X-+oo

( X + 1 7t\
393*.Hm χ arc tan — — — - .
X - oo ^ X + * *)
48 PROBLEMS ON A COURSE OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

( ΊΤ + 1
394. lim χ | arc tan — — , — arc tan
X-+00
χ + 2 x+2)
e
ι. arc sin # —arc tan # /, , I V ,
Λ ΛΛ
395*. hm § . Λ
396. hm 1 + — (η > 0).
χ—0 Χ Χ
χ-—+ ΟΟ ^ Χ J

—
s in ολο τ In cos α;
397*. lim (cos * ) *. 398. hm — ^ —

x
400. Hm (cos χ + sin χ)
399. Hm x-+0
x^o{ x )
x
401. Hm (cos χ -f- α sin δα;) .
X-0

Comparison of Infinitesimals

402. An infinitesimal ^ takes the values

1
_ι _ M _ 1 _ 1
ux — ι, u2 — 2 > z — g > · · ·> — ^ > · · ·*

whilst the corresponding values of infinitesimal vn are

1 1
v 1 _- i ι> v2 _
—2 [f %_
- 3 ! , .. ν π_— 1^ , . . .

Compare w n and vn ; which is of the higher order of smaUness ?

403. The function un takes the values
2
_ 3 _ 8 η —1
^ _ 0, w2 — - , uz — ^ , . . un — ^3 ,..

whilst the corresponding values of vn are

2
5 _ 10 n + 1
V 3
8' ~27'*

Compare these infinitesimals.

404. An infinitesimal un takes the values