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ADAPTIVE TEACHING GUIDE

MET # History of the Atomic Model

Lesson # 2. History of the Atomic Model

Prerequisite Content-knowledge:

Students should already familiar with the structure of the atom as, ideally, this would allow students to be journey science has taken to reach its current understanding.

Prerequisite Skill: Reasoning and thinking Skills

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Prerequisites Assessment: Think-Pair-Share

1. What is the smallest part of matter?
2. What is an atom?
3. What area the three main parts of an atom?
4. Where are these parts located in an atom?
5. What does it mean if an atomic particle has an electrical charge?
Pre-lesson Remediation Activity:

1. For Students with Insufficient Level on Prerequisite Content-knowledge and/or Skill(s):

Pen and paper activity to assess student’s pre-requisite content knowledge and level of readiness.

2. For Students with Fairly Sufficient Level on Prerequisite Content-knowledge and/or Skill(s):
They will take a pen and paper activity to determine their correct understanding of the pre requisites.

Introduction:

This part must articulate the following:

1. time frame a student is expected to finish in learning the lesson (and where to contact the teacher when concerns arise)

Time Frame: 2 days (120 minutes 1 hour/day of engagement)

2. the knowledge (RUA) the student is expected to gain from learning the topic/lesson

After the lesson, students will be able to:

• Define the atom.

• Describe the structure of the atom, as well as the history of the theorization of this structure.

3. Context where the student is going to apply his/learning (In what PAA/EFAA and personal use?)

• Atoms are extremely important structures that make up all the materials on earth. Atoms are in our bodies and they bond together to form molecules, which make up matters. Atomic
models help them visualized the interior of atoms and molecules, and thereby predicting properties of matter.
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4. Overview of the Lesson

• Atoms are very tiny . They could not be seen before scanning tunneling microscopes were invented in 19fil. However, the idea of atoms goes back to ancient Greece. That’s where this
brief history of the atoms begins. You can watch the video about the history of atoms. URL: https://www.youtube.comwatch?v=9B3DDY27ZtE

Student’s Experiential Learning: (Note: Use the Flexible Learning Activity Identified for the topic/lesson relative to the General Enabling Teaching Strategy)

This section is intended for the presentation guide of the lesson proper. It must highlight the chunking of the topic into essential concepts through the use of formative questions.

Chunk 1

John Dalton ( 1766- 1644). John Dalton was an English chemist. His ideas form the atomic theory of matter.

• All elements are composed (made up) of atoms. It is important to divide or destroy an atom.
• All atoms of the same elements are alike. (One atom of oxygen is like another atom of oxygen.)
• Atoms of different elements are different. (An atom of oxygen is different from an atom of hydrogen.)
• Atoms of different elements combine to form a compound. These atoms have to be in definite whole number ratios.

J.J Thomson was an English scientist.

• He discovered the electron when he was experimenting with gas discharge tube.
• He noticed a movement in a tube. He called in a movement cathode rays. The rays move from the negative of the tube to the positive end.
• He realized that the rays were made of negatively charged particles-electrons.

Formative question : Answer the following questions below.

1. What is the name of John Dalton’s theory?

2. What are elements made of?
3. The ratio of atom in HCl is: a 1:3 b. 2:1 c. 1:1
4. What did J.J Thomson discover?
5. Why do electrons move from the negative end of the tube to the positive end?

Chunk 2

Lord Earnest Rutherford 1671-1937)

Earnest Rutherford conducted a famous experiment called the gold foil experiment. He used a thin sheet of gold foil. He also used special equipment to shoot alpha particles (positively
charged particles) at the gold foil. Most particles passed straight through the foil like the foil was not there. Some particles went straight back or ere deflected (went in another direction as
if they had hit something. The experiment shows:

• Atoms are made of a small positive nucleus; positive nucleus repels (pushes away) positive alpha particles
• Atoms are mostly empty space
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Niels Bohr (early 1900s): Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist.

• He proposed a model of atom that is similar to the model of the solar system.
• The electrons go around the nucleus like planets orbit around the sun. all electrons have their energy levels- a certain distance from the nucleus.
• Each energy level can hold a certain number of electrons. Level 1 can hold 2 electrons, level 2- fi electrons, level 3- 1fi electrons, and level 4- 32 electrons. The energy of electrons goes
up from level 1 to other levels. When electrons release (lose) energy they go down a level.
• When electrons absorb (gain) energy, they go to a higher level.

Formative question

1. Why is Rutherford’s experiment called the gold foil experiment?

2. What happened to the alpha particles as they hit the gold foil?
3. How did he know that the nucleus was positively charged?
4. Why could Bohr’s model be called a planetary model of the atom?
5. How many electrons can the fourth energy level hold?

Chunk 3

Summary of the Atom

• The smallest part of the elements is called an atom.

• Each atom (of an element) is different in structure from other atoms (of other elements)
• An atom can be divided in smallest subatomic particles: Protons, Neutrons and electrons
• The nucleus is the center of an atom. It contains protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus.
• Electrons occupy a certain energy level (of a certain size.)
• Once the energy level is full, a new level begins.
• Within each of these levels are special types of orbitals. These depend on the energy level.
• Each orbital can contain two electrons energy levels. Within these energy shells are different shape of orbital.

Formative question

What did you learn?

Synthesis

• Create a timeline detailing the important events and scientists in the history of the Atomic Model.
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RUA of a Student’s Learning:

The learners will identify the key features of current and historical models an compose a short essay about one of the scientists who contributed to the development of the atomic model.

Post-lesson Remediation Activity:

Watch a video (https://www.youtube.com?watch?v=thnDxFdkzZs&t=227s) about the history of atomic model.

Students well the answer some questions below relating to the video.

Complete each after watching the vide. Read each summary before answering the questions.

Democritus was a Greek philosopher who proposed the idea that matter is made of tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles that that he called atomos, from which the English word atom
(meaning indivisible) is derived. He did not have the necessary equipment to his idea by using controlled experiments, and his ideas were eventually rejected.

1. Describe Democritus’s atom ____________________________________________.

2. Why were Democritus’s ideas rejected? ___________________________________.
3. 3. Draw a picture of Democritus’s atom.

John Dalton (1766-1844):

John Dalton was an English Chemist. He studied numerous chemical reactions, making careful measurements and observations. He determined mass ratios of elements involved in those
reactions.

• All elements are composed of atoms. It is impossible to divide or destroy an atom.

• All atoms of the same elements are alike. (One atom of oxygen is like another atom of oxygen).
• At of different elements are different. (An atom of oxygen is different from an atom of hydrogen.)
• Atoms of different elements combine to form a compound. These atoms have to be in definite whole number ratios. For example, water is a compound made up of two atoms of hydrogen
and 1 atom of oxygen (a ratio of 2:1). Three atoms of hydrogen and 2 atoms of oxygen cannot combine to make water.
1. According to Dalton, what are elements made of? _________________________________________.
2. An atom of hydrogen and an atom of carbon are __________________________________________.
3. Two atoms of hydrogen are __________________________________________________________.
4. What are compounds made of? _______________________________________________________.
5. Draw a picture of Dalton’s atom.
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J.J Thomson (late 1800s):

J.J Thomson was an English scientist. He was experimenting with gas discharge tubes when he noticed a movement in the tube. He called the movement cathode rays. The rays moved
from the negative end of the tube to the positive end. When he held a negative metal plate near the cathode ray was deflected away. No matter which gas he put into the tube, he always
made the same observations. He realized that the rays were made of negatively charged particles-electrons. His plum pudding model describes the atom as a sphere of positively
charged “pudding”, with positive electrons evenly distributed throughout, like plums in the pudding.

1. Why are cathode rays deflected away from a negatively charged metal plate? ________________________________________.
2. Why do cathode rays move from the negative end of the tube to the positive end? ____________________________________.
3. What are cathode rays made of? ________________________________________.
4. Why did Thomson see cathode rays which every element tested? ______________________________________________.
5. Draw a picture of Thomson ‘s atom.

Earnest Rutherford (1871-1937)

Earnest Rutherford conducted a famous experiment called the gold foil experiment. He used a thin sheet of gold foil. He also used special equipment to shoot alpha particles (positively
charged particles) at the gold foil. Most particles passed straight through the foil like the foil was not there. Some particles went straight back or ere deflected (went in another direction as
if they had hit something. The experiment shows:

• Atoms are made of a small positive nucleus; positive nucleus repels (pushes away) positive alpha particles
• Atoms are mostly empty space
1. What is the charge of an alpha particle? ____________________________________________.
2. Why Rutherford’s experiment is called the gold foil experiment? _________________________.
3. How did he know that an atom was mostly empty space? ______________________________.
4. How did he know that the nucleus was positively charged? _____________________________.
5. Rutherford’s atom is called the nuclear atomic model. Draw a picture of it.
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