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Week 6 - Summary MEC2405

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Week 6 - Summary MEC2405

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larm0001
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© © All Rights Reserved
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WEEK 6 SUMMARY

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS


OVERVIEW

 Introduce the Second Law of Thermodynamics.


 Some definitions: thermal energy reservoirs, reversible and irreversible
processes, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps.
 Describe the Kelvin–Planck and Clausius statements of the second law
of thermodynamics.
 Introduce the Carnot cycle.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
First law of thermodynamics – Conservation of energy
Second law of thermodynamics – Directionality of processes

A cup of hot coffee does not Transferring heat to a wire will


get hotter in a cooler room. not generate electricity.

These processes cannot occur even though they are not in violation of
the first law.
SOME DEFINITIONS

 Thermal energy reservoir


 Source – Reservoir that supplies energy as heat
 Sink – Reservoir that absorbs energy as heat
 Heat Engine
 Refrigerator/Heat Pump
HEAT ENGINE VS REFRIGERATOR/HEAT PUMPS

HEAT ENGINE REFRIGERATOR/HEAT PUMP

Definition A device that converts heat to A cyclic device that transfers heat
work from TL to TH

Schematic
HEAT ENGINE VS REFRIGERATOR/HEAT PUMPS
HEAT ENGINE REFRIGERATOR/HEAT PUMP

Efficiency Thermal Efficiency Coefficient of Performance (COP)

Governing 2nd Kelvin-Planck Statement Clausius Statement


Law
It is impossible for a cyclic It is impossible to construct a
device to exchange heat with a device that operates in a cycle and
single reservoir and produce a produces no effect other than the
net amount of work transfer of heat from a lower-
temperature body to a higher-
temperature body
THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF HEAT ENGINE

where
QH = heat transfer between cyclic device and high temperature reservoir at TH
QL = heat transfer between cyclic device and low temperature reservoir at TL
KELVIN-PLANCK STATEMENT

It is impossible for a cyclic


device to exchange heat
with a single reservoir and
produce a net amount of
work.

i.e. No heat engine can have a thermal


efficiency of 100%, or
for a power plant to operate, the working A heat engine that violates the
fluid must exchange heat with the Kelvin–Planck statement of the
environment as well as the furnace. second law.
COP OF REFRIGERATOR/HEAT PUMP

𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃
CLAUSIUS STATEMENT

It is impossible to construct a device that


operates in a cycle and produces no
effect other than the transfer of heat
from a lower-temperature body to a
higher-temperature body.

i.e. A refrigerator or heat pump cannot operate unless


it is driven by an external power source, such as an
electric motor. A refrigerator that violates
the Clausius statement of
the second law.
SOME DEFINITIONS

 Reversible Processes
 Easy to analyse
 Idealised models (theoretical limits)

 Irreversible Processes
 Irreversibilities

Irreversible
Heat transfer compression
through a Friction and
temperature renders a expansion
difference is process processes.
irreversible. irreversible.
SOME DEFINITIONS

 Reversible Processes
 Internally reversible
 Externally reversible
 Totally reversible (simple reversible process)

Internally Totally
reversible reversible
THE CARNOT CYCLE

 Best known Reversible Cycle - theoretical ideal cycle, maximum


performance
 Carnot heat engine for closed system such as piston cylinder device
consist of four totally reversible processes:

1-2: Reversible isothermal expansion


2-3: Reversible adiabatic expansion
3-4: Reversible isothermal compression
4-1: Reversible adiabatic compression

 All the processes can be reversed, in which case it becomes the Carnot
refrigeration cycle.
THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE CYCLE

Reversible isothermal expansion Reversible isothermal compression


(process 1-2, TH= constant) (process 3-4, TL= constant) 1-2: Reversible isothermal expansion
2-3: Reversible adiabatic expansion
3-4: Reversible isothermal compression
4-1: Reversible adiabatic compression

Reversible adiabatic expansion Reversible adiabatic compression


(process 2-3, TH to TL constant) (process 4-1, TL to TH constant)
THE CARNOT CYCLE

P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle. P-V diagram of the reversed


Carnot cycle.
THE CARNOT PRINCIPLES
1. The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the
efficiency of a reversible one operating between the same two
reservoirs.
2. The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the
same two reservoirs are the same.
HEAT ENGINE VS REFRIGERATOR/HEAT PUMPS
HEAT ENGINE REFRIGERATOR/HEAT PUMP

Carnot Cycle Thermal Efficiency Coefficient of Performance (COP)

No refrigerator can have a higher


COP than a reversible refrigerator
operating between the same
temperature limits.
QUESTIONS?

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