1 Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

It can be separated into fractions.

(a) Which of these mixtures shows formulae of substances that could be in the
gaseous fraction of crude oil?
(1)
A C2H4, C3H8, C4H10O
B C2H4, C3H7Br, C4H10
C C2H6, C3H8, C4H10
D C2H6, C3H7Br, C4H10O

(b) Figure 3 shows the percentages of the fractions in crude oil from three different
oil wells.

percentage of fraction in crude oil from

fraction oil well A oil well B oil well C

gases 1 6 9

petrol 2 15 24

kerosene 6 14 20

diesel oil 7 10 16

fuel oil 26 28 30

bitumen 58 27 1

Figure 3

(i) State which oil well contains the greatest combined total of diesel oil and
fuel oil.
(1)

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(ii) State which oil well produces a crude oil containing the highest percentage of
the high boiling point fractions.
(1)

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 (c) Fractions of crude oil contain alkanes.
A sample of decane, C10H22, cracked using the apparatus in Figure 4.

porous pot gas containing

ceramic wool
ethene
soaked in decane

heat heat
water

Figure 4

(i) Explain how ethene is produced using the apparatus in Figure 4.

(3)

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(ii) One molecule of decane produced two molecules of propene, C3H6, and
one molecule of product Z.

C10H22 → 2C3H6 + product Z

What is the formula of product Z?

(1)
A C4H8
B C4H10
C C7H14
D C7H16
(iii) When decane undergoes complete combustion, a mixture of carbon dioxide
and water is formed.
Complete the balanced equation for this reaction.
(2)

2C10H22 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ O2 → ........................ CO2 + ........................ H2O

(Total for Question 1 = 9 marks)

2 (a) Gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil and bitumen are the fractions obtained
from crude oil by fractional distillation.
Identify the fraction described in each of the following statements.
(i) This fraction is more difficult to ignite than most other fractions and is used as
a fuel in large ships.
(1)
name of fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................
(ii) This fraction is obtained from the top of the fractionating column.
(1)
name of fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................
(iii) This fraction has a higher boiling point than kerosene and is used as a fuel for
some cars.
(1)
name of fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................
(b) When hydrocarbon fuels are burnt, several different products can be formed.
Which of these cannot be a product of burning hydrocarbon fuels?
Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A carbon
B carbon dioxide
C hydrogen
D water
 (c) Carbon monoxide gas, CO, can be formed when methane, CH4, undergoes
incomplete combustion.
(i) Balance this equation for the incomplete combustion of methane by putting
numbers in the spaces provided.
(2)
2CH4 + ................ O2 → 2CO + ................ H2O
(ii) Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas and can cause death.
Explain how carbon monoxide can cause death.
(2)

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. .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(d) Biofuels are produced from plants.

Explain a problem caused by growing plants to produce biofuels.
(2)

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(Total for Question 2 = 10 marks)

3 Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into fractions.
A fractionating column is used for the process.
The diagram shows a fractionating column and the fractions obtained when crude oil
is fractionally distilled.

fraction

gases
petrol
kerosene
diesel oil

crude oil fuel oil

bitumen

(a) Which of the following statements is true?

Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

(1)
A fuel oil has a lower boiling point than petrol
B kerosene is more viscous than bitumen
C molecules in diesel oil are larger than molecules in petrol
D diesel oil is easier to ignite than petrol

(b) Some fractions obtained from crude oil are cracked to produce alkenes.
(i) Explain what is meant by cracking.
(2)

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 (ii) One alkene obtained is ethene.
The diagram shows the structure of a molecule of ethene.

H H
C C
H H

Ethene is unsaturated.
Ethene is a hydrocarbon.
Explain why ethene is described as an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
(3)

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(iii) Describe what you would see when a sample of ethene is shaken with
bromine water.
(2)

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(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

4 (a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

Crude oil is a mixture of mainly

(1)
A alkenes
B carbon and hydrogen
C hydrocarbons
D polymers

(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

Fuel oil is used as a fuel in

(1)
A aircraft engines
B car engines
C cooking stoves
D power station furnaces

(c) (i) Methane, CH4, is a gas that can be used as a fuel.

During complete combustion, it burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
and water.
Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of methane.
(3)

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 (ii) The table shows the amount of heat energy produced when different masses
of methane and octane are burnt.

fuel mass burnt / g heat energy released / kJ

methane 16 896
octane 114 5472

When 1 g of methane is burnt, 56 kJ of heat energy is produced.

Calculate the heat energy produced when 1 g of octane is burnt.
(1)

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heat energy produced = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

(iii) State two factors that make a good fuel.
(2)

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(Total for Question 4 = 8 marks)

5 The picture shows a gas water heater.
The fuel used in this heater is natural gas which is mainly methane.

(a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

Natural gas is a good fuel because

(1)
A supplies of it will never run out
B it always burns with a yellow flame that is easily seen
C it produces no waste gases on complete combustion
D it produces no solid waste on complete combustion

(b) The complete combustion of fossil fuels releases gases into the atmosphere.

Explain how these gases could cause an increase in the temperature of the Earth.
(2)

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(c) Biofuels, made from plants, can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels.
(i) State an advantage of replacing fossil fuels with biofuels made from plants.
(1)

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 (ii) Explain a disadvantage of replacing fossil fuels with biofuels made from
plants.
(2)

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*(d) Incomplete combustion of methane can occur in gas heaters such as the one
shown in the photograph.

Explain how incomplete combustion occurs and the problems it can cause.
(6)

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.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 12 marks)