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Questions
Q1.

Figure 8 shows one molecule of each of four different substances, A, B, C and D.

Figure 8

(i) Substance C can be formed by burning an element in oxygen.

Write the word equation for this reaction.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Consider substances A, B, and D.

Give the letters of the two substances that can be formed by burning an element in
oxygen.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 2 marks)

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Q2.

Propene can be produced by the cracking of some hydrocarbons obtained from crude oil.

The equation shows the cracking of one molecule of decane to produce one molecule of
butene and one molecule of another product.

(i) Calculate the values of x and y in CxHy.

(2)
x = ........................................ , y = ........................................

(ii) State the total mass of products formed if 25 g of decane is cracked in this way.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 3 marks)

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Q3.

Crude oil is found in the Earth's crust.

In January 2015 the United Kingdom produced 850 000 barrels of crude oil per day. 45% of
this crude oil was fuel oil.

Calculate the number of barrels of fuel oil present in the 850 000 barrels of crude oil.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

........................................................... barrels

(Total for question = 3 marks)

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Q4.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box ( ). If you change your mind
about an answer, put a line through the box ( ) and then mark your new answer with
a cross ( ).

(i) Which statement about the members of the alkane homologous series is correct?
(1)
A they show a trend in chemical properties
B their boiling point decreases as the molecules get larger
C the molecular formula of neighbouring compounds differs by CH3
C their viscosity increases as the molecules get larger
(ii) Which one of the following hydrocarbons belongs to the same homologous series as
octane, C8H18?
(1)
A C4H6
B C4H8
C C4H10
D C4H12

(iii) Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of octane, C8H18.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q5.

1 mole of pentadecane can be cracked to form 1 mole of octane, C8H18, and 1 mole of
propene, C3H6, and 2 moles of another product.

Complete the balanced equation for this reaction by adding the formula of the missing
product.
(1)
C15H32 → C8H18 + C3H6 + 2 .............................................................

(Total for question = 1 mark)

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Q6.

When fuels such as diesel oil are burned, the high temperatures produced can
cause nitrogen and oxygen in the air to form the pollutant nitrogen dioxide.

Complete the balanced equation for the reaction.

(2)
N2 + 2O2 → ..........................................................................................

(Total for question = 2 marks)

Q7.

The structure of a molecule of ethene is shown in Figure 8.

(i) Figure 9 shows the incomplete dot and cross diagram for a molecule of ethene.

Complete Figure 9 to show the electrons of the double bond.

(1)
(ii) The incomplete combustion of ethene in air produces water as one of the products.
Give the name of another product of the incomplete combustion of ethene.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 2 marks)

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Q8.

Methane is a hydrocarbon fuel.

(i) Complete the word equation for the complete combustion of methane in oxygen.
(2)
methane + ....................................................................... → water +
......................................................................

(ii) The incomplete combustion of methane can produce carbon and carbon monoxide.
Give the reason why carbon and carbon monoxide are produced in the incomplete
combustion of methane.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 3 marks)

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Q9.

Crude oil is a complex mixture of substances.

When crude oil is separated into fractions, the amount of each fraction obtained rarely
matches the demand for that fraction.

Figure 9 shows the relative amounts of six of the fractions present in a crude oil and the
relative demand for each of these fractions.

Figure 9

Cracking is used to match the relative amount of a fraction of crude oil to the demand for that
fraction.

(i) Use the information in Figure 9 to give the name of the fraction that is most likely to need
to be cracked.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
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(ii) In a cracking reaction, reactants are heated to form products.

This reaction is endothermic.
On the axes provided, draw the reaction profile of this reaction.
Label the energy of the reactants, the energy of the products and the activation energy of
the reaction.
(3)

(iii) Dodecane, C12H26, can be cracked to form useful products.

Complete the equation for the cracking of dodecane by filling in the formula of the single
molecule needed to balance the equation.
(1)

(Total for question = 5 marks)

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Q10.

Crude oil is found in the Earth's crust.

When crude oil is separated into fractions, the amount of each fraction obtained rarely
matches the demand for that fraction.

Figure 7 shows the relative amounts of four of the fractions obtained from a crude oil and the
relative demand for each of these fractions.

Figure 7

State the fraction for which the relative amount obtained exceeds the relative demand.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 1 mark)

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Q11.

Cracking involves the breaking down of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller
hydrocarbon molecules.

(i) Octane, C8H18, can be cracked to produce one molecule of ethene, C2H4, and one
molecule of CxH14.

C8H18 → C2H4 + CxH14

Determine the value of x in the molecule of CxH14.
(1)

x = ...........................................................

(ii) Dodecane is a large hydrocarbon molecule.

When one molecule of dodecane is cracked the products are one molecule of octane and
one molecule of butene.
dodecane → octane + butene
Calculate the maximum mass of octane that could be produced when 340 g of dodecane
is cracked in this reaction.
(relative formula masses: dodecane = 170, octane = 114)
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

mass of octane = ........................................................... g

(Total for question = 3 marks)

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Q12.

*Petrol and diesel are used as fuels for cars.

The emissions from three similar sized cars were investigated.
The first car was the oldest, had no catalytic converter and used petrol.
The other two cars were only a few years old.
One of these was fitted with a catalytic converter and used petrol and the other car used
diesel.

Figure 9 shows the emissions in grams for each kilometre travelled by these three cars.

Discuss and compare the impact on the environment of the emissions from these three cars
using the information from Figure 9.
(6)

(Total for question = 6 marks)

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Q13.

Crude oil can be separated into different fractions.

Draw one straight line from each fraction to a use of that fraction.
(3)

(Total for question = 3 marks)

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Q14.

* Diesel oil can contain impurities of sulfur.

Burning diesel oil containing impurities of sulfur can result in acid rain.
Acid rain is harmful to the environment.

Explain how acid rain is formed and the harm it can do.

(Total for question = 6 marks)

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Q15.

Explain how the greenhouse effect is caused by the gases produced by the complete
combustion of diesel oil.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 3 marks)

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Q16.

A student carried out an experiment to prove that candle wax, a hydrocarbon, produces
carbon dioxide and water vapour when it burns.

The equipment used is shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11

The gas produced from the burning candle is drawn through the apparatus.
The limewater turned milky showing that carbon dioxide had been formed.

A small amount of a colourless liquid condensed in boiling tube X.

The student claimed that this proved that burning candle wax produced water.
The teacher said the apparatus had been set up incorrectly and therefore this conclusion
about water was not valid.

Explain how the student could modify the equipment to prove that water is produced by
burning candle wax.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 2 marks)

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Q17.

An impure hydrocarbon fuel is burned in the apparatus in Figure 7.

When the fuel is burned

• the funnel becomes hot

• a colourless liquid forms in tube A
• the indicator in tube B changes colour to show an acidic gas.Explain these
observations.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 3 marks)

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Q18.

Pentadecane, C15H32, is a hydrocarbon and is used as a fuel.

The incomplete combustion of pentadecane produces carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas.

(i) Explain why the incomplete combustion of pentadecane can produce carbon monoxide
as one of the products.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how carbon monoxide behaves as a toxic gas.

(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 4 marks)

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Q19.

Methane gas, CH4, was burned using the apparatus shown in Figure 13.

Explain why water droplets form on the bottom of the beaker of cold water.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 2 marks)

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Q20.

Crude oil is found in the Earth's crust.

Which of the statements about crude oil is correct?

(1)
A crude oil is a finite resource
B crude oil is a mixture of the elements hydrogen and carbon
C all of the molecules in crude oil contain rings of carbon atoms
D crude oil is used in cars as a fuel

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Q21.

Figure 8 shows one molecule of each of four different substances, A, B, C and D.

Figure 8

State the formula of a molecule of substance B.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 1 mark)

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Q22.

Crude oil is found in the Earth's crust.

(i) Use a word from the box to complete each of the sentences about the fractional
distillation of crude oil.

Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
(2)

(ii) Complete this sentence by underlining the correct answer in the box.
(1)

(Total for question = 3 marks)

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Q23.

Crude oil is a complex mixture of substances.

Most of the substances in crude oil are alkanes.

(i) Which of the following is the general formula of an alkane?

(1)
A CnH2n
B CnH2n + 1
C CnH2n − 1
D CnH2n + 2

(ii) Explain why alkanes are described as hydrocarbons.

(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 3 marks)

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Q24.

Figure 8 shows some information about the composition of pollutant exhaust gases from the
engines of two different vehicles.

(i) Give two ways in which the data in Figure 8 shows that the diesel engine is more
damaging to the environment than the petrol engine.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain, using information from Figure 8, one way in which the diesel engine is less
damaging to the environment than the petrol engine.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 4 marks)

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Q25.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box ( ). If you change your mind
about an answer, put a line through the box ( ) and then mark your new answer with
a cross ( ).

Figure 8 shows one molecule of a compound obtained from crude oil.

(i) Give the names of the two elements in this molecule.

(2)
...........................................................

...........................................................

(ii) What is the molecule in Figure 8?

(1)
A an oxide
B a chain molecule
C a fullerene
D a ring molecule
(iii) What is the relative formula mass of the compound in Figure 8?
(relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12)
(1)
A 13
B 42
C 44
D 96

(Total for question = 4 marks)

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Q26.

Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.

Crude oil can be separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation.

Figure 10 shows a fractional distillation column and the fractions produced when crude oil is
distilled.

(i) Name the fraction in Figure 10 that is used to surface roads.

(1)
...........................................................

(ii) Name the fraction in Figure 10 that contains hydrocarbons with the lowest boiling point.
(1)

...........................................................

(Total for question = 2 marks)

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Q27.

Crude oil is a complex mixture of substances.

Figure 8 shows a graph of the boiling points of some alkanes against the number of carbon
atoms in one molecule of each alkane.

Figure 8

Explain the pattern shown by this graph.

(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 2 marks)

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Q28.

Diesel oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be obtained from crude oil.

State the name of the process used to separate diesel oil from crude oil.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 1 mark)

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Q29.

Most of the fuels used today are obtained from crude oil.

Figure 14 shows the formulae of a molecule of butane and of a molecule of pentane. Butane
and pentane are neighbouring members of the same homologous series.

(i) Explain, using these formulae, why butane and pentane are neighbouring members of
the same homologous series.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Butane has the formula C4H10.

Calculate the mass of carbon in 100 g of butane.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
(relative atomic masses: H = 1.00, C = 12.0;
relative formula mass: C4H10 = 58.0)
You must show your working.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

mass of carbon = ........................................................... g

(iii) Butane burns completely in air to form carbon dioxide and water.
Write the word equation for this reaction.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 7 marks)

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Q30.

Most of the fuels used today are obtained from crude oil.

Crude oil is separated into several fractions by fractional distillation.

Two of these fractions are kerosene and diesel oil.

(i) State a use for each of these fractions.

(2)
kerosene

.............................................................................................................................................

diesel oil

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Figure 13 shows where the fractions kerosene and diesel oil are produced in the
fractionating column.

Kerosene is obtained higher up the column than diesel oil.

Kerosene and diesel oil fractions have slightly different properties.
Choose a property.
State how this property for kerosene compares with the property for diesel oil.
(1)
property

.............................................................................................................................................

comparison

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 3 marks)

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Q31.

The structure of a molecule of propane is shown as

Propane can burn completely in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.

(i) Write the word equation for this reaction.

(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Propane is a fuel.

Give the reason why fuels are burned.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 3 marks)

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Mark Scheme
Q1.

Q2.
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Q3.

Q4.
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Q5.

Q6.

Q7.
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Q8.

Q9.
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Q10.

Q11.
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Q12.
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Q13.
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Q14.

Q15.
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Q16.

Q17.

Q18.
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Q19.

Q20.

Q21.

Q22.
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Q23.

Q24.
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Q25.
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Q26.

Q27.

Q28.
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Q29.
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Q30.

Q31.