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Definitions - Topic 5 Separate Chemistry 1 - Edexcel Chemistry GCSE

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Definitions - Topic 5 Separate Chemistry 1 - Edexcel Chemistry GCSE

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Definitions and Concepts for Edexcel Chemistry GCSE

Topic 5 - Separate Chemistry 1

Definitions in ​bold ​are for higher tier only

Definitions marked by ‘*’ are for separate sciences only

Definitions have been taken, or modified from the ​Edexcel Specification


for GCSE Chemistry, 1CH0, Issue 3, February 2018

*Actual yield: ​The mass of product obtained from a reaction. It is normally less than the
theoretical yield due to incomplete reactions, side reactions and loss of product in transfer.

*Alloys: ​A metal compound made by combining two or more metals together. This process is
carried out to give the material greater strength or resistance to corrosion.

*Atom economy: ​The measure of the amount of starting materials that end up as useful
products.

*Avogadro’s Law: ​Equal volumes of different gases will contain the same number of
molecules.

*By-product: ​A secondary product made in the reaction of something else.

*Chemical cell: ​A cell which converts chemical energy to electrical energy. They are made
up of two metal electrodes connected by an electrolyte. The cell produces a voltage until one
of the reactants is used up.

*Corrosion: ​The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the


environment. For example, iron rusts when exposed to water and oxygen.

*Dynamic equilibrium: ​Reached by a reversible reaction when the rate of the forward
reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction. At dynamic equilibrium, the
concentration of reactants and products remains constant.

*Electroplating: ​The process of coating a metal with a thin layer of another metal by
electrolysis to improve the metal's corrosion resistance or to improve the metal’s
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appearance.

*Fertiliser: ​A chemical added to soil to increase the fertility, allowing crops to grow more
effectively. They generally contain compounds of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus.

*Fuel cell:​ An electrochemical cell which continuously produces a voltage when supplied
with a fuel and oxygen. The fuel donates electrons at one electrode and oxygen gains
electrons at the other electrode.

*Haber process: ​An industrial process which produces ammonia from the reaction between
nitrogen and hydrogen. The reaction conditions are 450​o​C and 200 atm and it requires an
iron catalyst.

*Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell: ​A fuel cell in which hydrogen and oxygen are the reactants
used to produce a voltage. Water is the only product. The overall reaction for the
hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is: 2H​2​ + O​2​ → 2H​2​O

*Molar volume: ​The volume occupied by one mole of gaseous molecules.

*Molar volume at RTP: ​The volume occupied by one mole of molecules of any gas at
room temperature and pressure. The molar volume at RTP is 24 dm​3​.

*Percentage yield: ​The percentage ratio of the actual yield of product from a reaction
compared with the theoretical yield.

*Sacrificial protection: ​The protection of iron or steel against corrosion by using a more
reactive metal. Zinc is often used as a sacrificial metal.

*Theoretical yield: ​The maximum possible mass of product that can be obtained from a
reaction.

*Titration:​ ​A technique used where a solution of known concentration is used to determine


the concentration of an unknown solution.

*Transition metal: ​A metal found between Group 2 and 3 of the periodic table. Typical
properties include high melting points, high densities, form coloured compounds and catalytic
activity.

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