unit (3)

Chapter (2)
Universal gravity and circular motion

1 Gravitational law of newton

( A body in the universe attracts any other body by a force, this force is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to square
distance between their center).

∵ F∝ Mm
1
F∝ r
2

Mm Mm
∴F ∝ 2 ∴ F= G 2
r
r r
m
where:- M
G universal constant =6.67 x 10-11

Universal constant
# (It is the gravitional force (Mutual force ) between two bodies each of mass
1 Kg and the distance between their centers equals 1 m)
# G = 6.67 x 10-11
# Its unit:
2 2
N .m
∵ G = Fr = 2 = N.m2/Kg2
Mm Kg
−2 2
Kg. m . s . m
∵ N=Kg.m/s2 ∴ 2 = Kg-1 .m3 .S-2
Kg
# Dimensional formula :- M-1 L3 T-2

-:Give reason
?The attraction force can be detected between celestial bodies
Due to the great mass of them , where F∝ Mm --
 Example (1)

Find the mutual attraction between the sun and Jupiter giving that the mass of the sun is
2x1030 Kg and the mass of Jupiter is 1.89x1027 Kg and the distance between their centers is
7.73x1011 m

?=M= 2x1030 Kg - m=1.89x1027 Kg - r= 7.73x1011 m - G=6.67x10-11 - F

30
2 x 10 x 1.89 x 10
27
Mm
11 2
(7.73 x 10 ) F= G r
2 = 6.67x10-11 ∵

2 -: Gravitational Field

# The gravitational field:-

(The field in which the gravitational force appears).
# The gravitational field intensity (g):-
(The gravitional force acting on a mass of 1 Kg ).
GM
g= r
2 and r = R+h
Where:-
M Mass of earth=5.98x1024 Kg
r The distance away from the center of earth
R Radius of earth = 6378 Km
h The height of point above the surface.
Notice that:-
-:If -:If -:If
The body at the earth’s The body at a height The body at a depth (h)
-:surface (h) above the earth’s belowthe earth’s
-:surface -:surface
r h h

R
GM
r
2 =g
R

GM GM
( R+ h)
2 =g ( R−h)
2 =g
 To compare the acceleration due to gravity for two planets :-
2
g1 M 1 R2
g2 = M 2 R1
2

Example (1)

Amine is at 500 m deep below the surface of earth. Find the acceleration due to gravity inside
-: that mine giving that
G = 6.67x10-11 N.m2/Kg2 - R=6360 - M= 5.98x1024 Kg
−11 24
6.67 x 10 x 5.98 x 10 Gm
3
(6360 x 10 −500)
2 = ( R−h)
2 =g∵

Example (2)

A planet has mass twice that of earth and a diameter twice that of earth. Find the ratio of the
.acceleration due to gravity of the two planets

M1=2Me - R1=2Re
2 2
g M 1 Re 2 M e Re
∵ 1
ge = Me R
2
1
= Me x 4 R
2
e
= 12

3 -:Satellite

 A satellite in its orbit is considered as

an object falls freely towards the earth’s
surface . In spite of this it never reaches
the surface of earth ((Why???))
-- Because at a certain projecting velocity
the projectile (Satellite) falls freely along
curved path at a constant distance away
from the earth’s surface.
 Satellite
An object projected at a certain velocity to rotate in a roughly circular path at a
.constant distance from the earth

The orbital velocity of Satellite

The velocity that makes the satellite orbit the earth in a roughly circular path at a
.constant distance from the earth’s surface

# Finding the orbital velocity of a satellite:-

Mm mv
2
∵ F= G 2 and F=
r r
Mm mv
2
∴G 2 =
r r
∴ v2 =
GM
r
∴ v= √ GM
r
Where:-
M Mass of earth=5.98x1024 Kg.
r The orbit radius .
h The height of the satellite above the surface.
R The radius of earth.
r = R +h

-:Notice that
2 πr
v =The time taken by satellite to complete one revolution T -1
-:What happens if -2
.The satellite stopped and its velocity equal zero )1(
.It would move in a straight line towards the earth and fall down --
.The gravitational force between the earth and the satellite )2(
.It moves in a straight line tangential of the circular path away from the earth --

Example (1)

5
 .T=27.3 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 2.36x106 sec
5 3
2 πr 2 x 3.14 x 3.85 x 10 x 10
V= T = 2.36 x 10
6 = 1025 m/s
2 2 5 3
GM 1025 x 3.85 x 10 x 10
V2= r ∴ M= V r = −11 = 6x1024 Kg ∵
G 6.67 x 10

Example (2)

A satellite rotates around the earth in a roughly circular orbit at a height 940 Km above the
earth’s surface .Calculate the orbital velocity and the time required by the satellite to make a
-: complete revolution around the earth ,knowing that
) .R= 6360 Km - M=6x1024 Kg - G=6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/Kg2(

h=940 Km
r = R+ h
Km = 7.3 x 106 m 7300 = 940 + 6360 =
.V = GrM
2 πr
√ =
√ 6.67 x 10−11 x 6 x 1024
7.3 x 10
2 πr
24 = 7.4 x 103 m/s
2 x 3.14 x 7.3 x 10
6

V= T ∴ T=
V = 7.4 x 10
3 = 6195 Sec ∵

Example (3)

A satellite completes a revolution around the earth in 100 min. If the length of its orbit is 6000
Km, calculate the orbital velocity and the height of the satellite above the surface of the
earth ,knowing that :-(R= 6360 Km )

T=100 min =100x60= 6000 sec

2 π r = 6000x103 m
3
2 πr 6000 x 10
V= T = 6000
= 1000 m/s
3
.2 π r = 6000x10 m 3 ∴ r= 6000 x 10 = 9.55 x 106 m = 9550 Km ∵
2xπ
.r =R+h ∴ h= r- R = 9550 -6360 = 3190 Km ∵

Importance of satellite
 Used in :- Transmitting and receiving the wireless waves.
 Classified according to their applications into:-
 Unit (4)
Chapter (1)
Work and Energy
Work
 (The dot product of the acting force ((F) and the displacement (d) in the
direction of the force )
W= F d cos θ
-- Its unit: - Joule (J) - N.m - Kg.m2/s2
-- Its dimensional formula: - M.L-2.T-2

The joule
The work done by a force of 1 N to move an object through a displacement of 1
.meter in the direction of the force

 Note:-
Although both (F) and (d) are vector quantities, work is a scalar quantity. (G.R)??
-- Because work is the dot product of F and d.

0o 90o 180o

W = Max W = +ve W=0 W = - ve W = - max

F F F
F d
d d d d F

-:Give reason
??Work done when pushing an object forwards is greater than dragging it behind
-:because on pushing:- Because on dragging
The force component (Fsin θ ) The force component (Fsin θ )
act in the direction of object acts opposite to the direction of
weight that increase friction the object weight that decrease friction
θ F sin
F F

θ F sin
W
W

Example (1)

Calculate the work done by the girl who carries a bucket of mass 300 gm to move it through a
displacement 10 m in the horizontal direction. then, calculate the work done by the boy to lift a
.bucket of same mass 10 Cm in the vertical direction
 30o
15m

Energy (The ability to do work)

-- Its unit: - Joule (J) - N.m - Kg.m2/s2

-- Its dimensional formula: - M.L-2.T-2
 1 Kinetic energy

(The energy possessed by the object due to its motion)

 If a force (F) acts on an object of mass (m) at rest to accelerate it at

uniform acceleration (a) to reach velocity (Vf) after moving displacement (d).

V f = V i +2ad
2 2
∵ Vi = 0
2
V
∴ d= 2 af multiplying both sides by (F)
1 F F
∴ Fd = 2 a V 2f ∵ m= a
1
∴ Fd= 2m f
V
2

∵ Fd is work done or energy needed to move the object so it called kinetic

energy K.E
1
∴ K.E= 2
2
m Vf
 Factors affect kinetic energy:-
1- mass of object (m) 2- velocity of the object (V)

2 Potential energy

(It is the energy stored in an object due to its position).

 If object of mass (m) is lifted to a height (h), so work is done on it which
equal:-
W=F h ∵ F= weight = m g ∴ W = mgh

∴ P.E= m g h
 Factors affect potential energy:-
1- object mass (m) 2- height above the ground (h)
3- acceleration due to gravity(g)

Example (1)

.Calculate the kinetic energy of a car of mass 2000 Kg moving at speed 72 Km/h

5
V= 72 x 18 = 20 m/s
1
Vf
2
K.E= 2m∵
 K.E= 2 x 2000 x 20 = 400000 J ∴

Example (2)

. Calculate the work done to lift a body of mass 50 Kg to a height of 2.2 m above the ground

P.E= m g h
x 10 x 2.2 = 1100 J 50 =
Example (3)

Find the mass of a body at the earth’s surface if you know that its potential at a point
.that lies at a distance 5 m from earth’s surface is 980 j. (g= 9.8m/s2)

P.E= m g h ∵
P. E 980
m= gh = 9.8 x 5 = 20 Kg ∴

Example (4)

A machine gun gives 600 shot per minute. If the mass of one shot 49 g and its velocity
.m/s find the kinetic energy generated per second 200

600
Number of shots in a second = 60 = 10 shots
mass of 10 shots = 49 x 10-3 x 10 = 0.49 g
1
V f K.E= m ∵
2
2
1
x 0.49 x 2002 = 9800 J 2=

Example (5)

A car of mass 3x103 Kg and velocity 16 m/s collided with a tree. The tree didn’t move and the
-: car stopped. calculate
.a- The change in car kinetic energy
.b- Work done on the tree when the front part of the car collided with the tree
.c- The force acting on the front of the car to move 50 m
 a- K.E1 = 2 m

Unit (4)
Chapter (2)
Law of Conservation of Energy
 Law of conservation of energy:-
( Energy is neither creat3ed nor destroyed but it converted from one form to another).

 Law of conservation of mechanical energy:-

 ( The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of an object at any point on its
under the effect of gravity only is constant)

# When a body moves from point (1) to

point (2) P.E increase and K.E energy
decrease due to decrease in velocity
((The body decelerate)).