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MBM (11M013) Unit I, Lesson 4 (New)

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MBM (11M013) Unit I, Lesson 4 (New)

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Raja Murugan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Mechanical Behavior of Materials

(11M013)

Unit I - Lesson 4

Dr. Jayalakshmi (ME)


16 Dec 2016

1
2. Evocation
3. Contents & Objectives
 Twinning, Properties of Dislocation, Dislocation Geometry and
Crystal Structure
General Objective
Students will understand properties of dislocations & twinning in crystalline materials.

Specific Objectives
Students will be able to
1. Explain properties of dislocations. (S, E)
2. Identify the influence of dislocations on slip/deformation process. (S, E)
3. Explain twinning (S,E)
4. Differentiate slip & twinning (S, E)

3
3. Twinning
Twinning:
Results when a portion of the crystal takes up an orientation that is related to
the orientation of the rest of the untwinned lattice a definite, symmetrical way.

The twinned portion of the crystal is a mirror image of the parent crystal.
The plane of symmetry b/w the two portions is called the twinning plane.
4
3. Twinning

Blue lines twin planes


Red circles lattice configurations before twining
Solid black circles lattice configurations after twining
- Structurally, twin planes within one crystal are usually
parallel to each other as they index to the same crystal plane.
3. Twinning
3. Difference Between Slip & Twinning
3. Difference Between Slip & Twinning

Mechanical/deformation and Annealing Twins


4. Properties of Dislocations
Dislocation Stress Fields
The crystal lattice in the vicinity of a dislocation is distorted (or strained).
The stress field around a dislocation is responsible for several important
interactions with the environment. These include,
1) An applied shear stress on the slip plane exerts a force on the dislocation line,
which responds by moving or changing shape.
2) Interaction of the stress fields of dislocations in close proximity to one another
results in forces on both which are either repulsive or attractive.
3) Edge dislocations attract & collect interstitial impurity atoms dispersed in the
lattice. This phenomenon is especially important for carbon in iron alloys.

Dislocation Energies
Forces Between Dislocations
Kinks
Crystal Structure
Dislocation Velocities
4. Properties of Dislocations
4. Properties of Dislocations
5. Dislocation Geometry and Crystal Structure
Slip in fcc crystals occurs along the close packed plane
Slip plane is {111}, and Slip direction is <110>
FCC crystals have 12 slip systems, e.g. Aluminium, Copper

Slip in bcc crystals occurs along the close packed plane


Unlike fcc, there are no truly close-packed planes in the bcc crystal structure
Thus, a slip system in bcc requires heat to activate
Some bcc materials (e.g. α-Fe) can contain up to 48 slip systems
e.g. in Iron -
There are 6 slip planes {110}, each with 2 <111> directions (12 systems)
There are 24 {123} & 12 {112} planes each with one <111> direction
(36 systems + 12 systems , i.e. total of 48 slip systems)
Slip in hcp crystals is much more limited than in bcc and fcc crystal structures
In hcp crystals, slip occur on the densely packed basal {0001} planes along <1120> directions
The activation of other slip planes depends on various parameters, e.g. the c/a ratio
There are only 3 independent slip systems on the basal planes, for arbitrary plastic
deformation additional slip or twin systems needs to be activated
Hence requires higher CRSS and results in the brittle behavior of hcp polycrystals
Eg. Zinc, Magnesium, Titanium
5. Partial Dislocations

Partial Dislocations are a decomposed form of dislocations that occur


within a material.

1. Shockley Partials (glissile/mobile dislocations)


2. Frank Partials (sessile/immobile dislocations)

1. Shockley Partial Dislocations refer to a pair of dislocations which can


lead to the formation of stacking faults.
- This pair of partial dislocations can enable dislocation motion by
allowing an alternate path for atomic motion.

2. Frank Partial Dislocations are sessile, or immobile.


Becomes obstacles for the movement of other dislocations.

13
5. Stacking Fault

A stacking fault is a one or two layer interruption in the stacking


sequence of the crystal structure.

These interruptions carry a certain stacking-fault energy (SFE)

Stacking Fault Regular


Change in sequence Structure
ABC..AB..AC..ABC ABC..ABC..

14
5. Stacking Fault
The width of stacking fault depends on the balance between
- repulsive force between two partial dislocations &
- attractive force due to the surface tension of the stacking fault
The equilibrium width is determined by the stacking-fault energy.

High SFE - Narrow SF


Low SFE - Wide SF

When the SFE is high, the dissociation of a perfect dislocation into two partial
is unlikely and the material deforms only by dislocation glide. (e.g. Al, Mg)

When the SFE is low, the mobility of dislocations in a material decreases.


Lower SFE materials display wider stacking faults and have more difficulties
for cross-slip and climb. (e.g. Ag)
15
6. Mindmap
7. Summary
 In twinning, the atoms above the twin plane move in a co-ordinated
manner so as to produce the shape change, and also produce a mirror
image of the crystal across the twin plane.

 Twinning occurs when there are restricted slip systems.

 The properties of dislocation include stress fields and energy, shape of


a dislocation and velocity of dislocation.

 The velocity of dislocation depends strongly on applied shear stress.

Ref: Courtney (Pages 100-120)


17
8. Assessment
Multiple Choice Questions
1. ‘Twinning’ occurs
(a)When there are 3 number of slip systems (b) when there are 5
number of slip systems (c) when there are restricted slip systems
(d) when there are large number of slip systems.
2. Twinning is an important deformation process
(a)At high temperature (b) at low temperature (c) in elastic region
(d) under creep.
3. Slip occurs in
(a) Loosely packed slip planes (b) close packed atomic planes
(c) random direction (d) the direction of point defects.

Higher Order Question


Explain the deformation by twinning process.
Differentiate between slip and twinning.
Mention the difference between annealing twins and mechanical twins.
18
8. Assessment

 What is twinning?
 How does twinning occur?
Mention the properties of dislocations.
 What are partial dislocations?
What is a stacking fault?

Why do tin cans make noise when they are crushed?

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