EXPERT WORKSHOP SERIES

Basics of Protection - Part III

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Basics of Protection
06: Building a Protection Scheme
Part 1

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Building a protection scheme

Select additional Define required

Select short Select additional
protection redundancy
circuit protection functions
functions & backup

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Building a protection scheme

Select additional Define required

Select short Select additional
protection redundancy
circuit protection functions
functions & backup

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Main protection functions for different components and voltage levels

Duplication of protection
Distance protection
Long overhead
lines

Cables, short Line differential protection

lines
Transfor-
Overcurrent
mers Transformer differential protection
protection
Busbars
Reverse
Interlocing Busbar differential protection

Medium voltage High voltage Extra high voltage

6…10…20…30kV 60…110…220kV > 220kV

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Building a protection scheme

Select additional Define required

Select short Select additional
protection redundancy
circuit protection functions
functions & backup

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Additional protection functions

Breaker Failure Protection Earth Fault Protection Power swing detection

Detects missing circuit breaker Main protection functions have Detects power swings
operation after trip signal limitations to detect earth faults. in transmission systems.
Initiates re-trip and/or busbar trip Dedicated e/f functions allow Can be used to initiate or block
higher sensitivity trip signals

Overload Protection Other functions depending Arc Protection

on application:
Relevant mainly for transformers, Fast detection of arcs inside
• U>, U<
motors, cables. switchgear (combines optical
• I<, load jam, unbalanced load
detection and current)
Protects against over • f>, f<, df/dt
temperature. Requires optical sensors

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Building a protection scheme

Select additional Define required

Select short Select additional
protection redundancy
circuit protection functions
functions & backup

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Additional functions

Synchrocheck Auto recloser Teleprotection

Measures voltage and frequency Automatic reclosing after trip. Logic scheme used together
difference on both sides with distance protection
Applied on overhead lines only
of an open breaker before closing to accelerate tripping
3-pole or 1-pole or 1/3-pole

Measurement & control Synchrophasor measurement Fault locator

Collects measurements Measures voltages and currents Estimates the location of a fault
and status info for control center GPS synchronized and sends on the line or cable based
values to a data concentrator on voltage and current
Issues control commands
phasor measurement unit measurement
Interlocking logic

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Building a protection scheme

Select additional Define required

Select short Select additional
protection redundancy
circuit protection functions
functions & backup

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Basics of Protection
07: Reliability issues in Protection

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Reliability in protection: general statements

Protection failures You cannot reach Economical

may have severe 100% reliability constraints limit
impact the investment

Failures of the protection system We must accept a certain risk The acceptable investment
may result in damage of failures, but we must do our best in terms of equipment
of equipment, injured people, to minimize it. and manpower depends on voltage
or severe blackouts. level and other quantities

→ State of the art solutions and procedures have evolved for protection

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Reliability considerations: Basics

Simple two stage model is often used to describe stochastic outages of electronic
equipment:
In
operation

failure
Time

Definitions used in this context:

• Outage frequency (how many outages per year or per 100 years)
• MTBF (Mean time between failures), MTTR (Mean time to repair)
• Availability (How many % of the time is the device in operation (99,9…%))

But: reality is more complex!

• failure  unwanted trip/missing trip
• stochastic failure  design problem  setting problem

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Dependability vs. security

Dependability: Security:
Ability of the protection system to Ability of the protection not to
operate correctly for in-zone faults operate for out-of-zone faults

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How can we improve the reliability?

• failure  unwanted trip/missing trip

• stochastic failure  design problem  setting problem

• higher reliability of devices • design processes • calculation processes

? ? ?
• redundancy • experience & skill level • training & skill level
• better maintenance • test procedures • regular review of settings
• environmental conditions
• replace old devices

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Basics of Protection
08: Building a Protection Scheme
Part 2

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Building a protection scheme

Select additional Define required

Select short Select additional
protection redundancy
circuit protection functions
functions & backup

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Redundancy: Main- & Backup and Main1 & Main2

Duplication
• Example: Protection of extra high voltage overhead lines

Main protection with local backup

• Example: Over current backup for differential protection

Main protection with remote backup

• Example: Distance protection

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Redundancy in protection

Duplication (Main1 & Main2)

• Two independent systems (both fast and selective) operate in parallel.
• This concept reduces the probability for a missing operation. The probability for a wrong trip
may increase.

Main- and Backup protection

• A short circuit is tripped by the main protection if everything operates correctly.
• If the main protection fails, tripping is done by the backup protection. Limitations in speed
and selectivity are accepted in this case.

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ANSI numbers for protection functions

ANSI Function ANSI Function

21/21N Distance protection 50BF Breaker failure protection
FL Fault locator 51/51N Inverse time o/c protection
25 Synchrocheck 59 Overvoltage protection
27 Undervoltage protection 67/67N Directional o/c protection
32 Directional Power 68/68T Power swing detection
37 Undercurrent, -power 79 Auto reclosing function
46 Unbalanced load protection 81 Over-/Underfrequency
49 Thermal overload protection 85/21 Teleprotection for 21
50/50N Definite time overcurrent 87 Differential protection
50Ns Sensitive e/f protection PMU Phasor measurement unit
50L Load-jam protection

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Example: Medium voltage feeder protection

ANSI Function
50/50N Definite time overcurrent
51/51N Inverse time o/c protection
67/67N Directional o/c protection

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Example: Medium voltage feeder protection

ANSI Function
50/50N Definite time overcurrent
51/51N Inverse time o/c protection
67/67N Directional o/c protection
SOFT Switch onto fault
FL Fault locator
25 Synchrocheck
50BF Breaker failure protection
79 Auto reclosing function

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Example: Medium voltage feeder protection

ANSI Function
50/50N Definite time overcurrent
51/51N Inverse time o/c protection
67/67N Directional o/c protection
SOFT Switch onto fault
FL Fault locator
25 Synchrocheck
50BF Breaker failure protection
79 Auto reclosing function

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Example: Transmission line protection

ANSI Function
21 Distance protection

50/51 Backup overcurrent

67N Dir. ground fault prot.
50 HS Switch onto fault
27/59 U> and U< protection
81 Frequency protection
68 Power swing det./tripping

FL Fault locator
25 Synchrocheck
50BF Breaker failure protection
79 Auto reclosing function
85 Teleprotection

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Example: Two winding transformer protection

Transformer Differential Protection: SIPROTEC 7U785 ANSI Function

Transformer differential
87T
protection

50/51 Backup overcurrent

Bitte besseres Bild einfügen
49 Overload protection

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Protection webinars with Prof. Dr. Lemmer

Links to all webinars of the series

• Basics of protection - Part I • Selectivity in line protection - Part I

https://smartinfrastructure.webinar.siemens.com/protec https://smartinfrastructure.webinar.siemens.com/protec
tion-webinars-with-prof-dr-7/02757b49bb261a5fa2d8 tion-webinars-with-prof-dr-5/6558ca922c82b3eb4bf2

• Basics of protection - Part II • Selectivity in line protection - Part II

https://smartinfrastructure.webinar.siemens.com/protec https://smartinfrastructure.webinar.siemens.com/protec
tion-webinars-with-prof-dr/6631cfa18ed50b85d75d tion-webinars-with-prof-dr-4/384cf172213c84ae5105

• Basics of protection - Part III • Selectivity in line protection - Part III

https://smartinfrastructure.webinar.siemens.com/protec https://smartinfrastructure.webinar.siemens.com/protec
tion-webinars-with-prof-dr-6/6e406db6491e328bd87b tion-webinars-with-prof-dr-3/f49cc95aed089b62efd1

• Selectivity in line protection - Part IV

https://smartinfrastructure.webinar.siemens.com/protec
tion-webinars-with-prof-dr-2/a6f8bceac0d9c3d394f2

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Contact/Disclaimer
Published by Siemens 2024
Smart Infrastructure
Electrification & Automation
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© Siemens 2024
Subject to changes and errors. The information given in this
document/video only contains general descriptions and/or performance
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