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Onyenma Somto Ich 2024

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19 views5 pages

Onyenma Somto Ich 2024

Great

Uploaded by

Zinomanchi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Results of Heavy Metals(mg/100g)

parameters Sample code


Unripe Unripe
Plantain Plantain
pulp back
Mercury Nil Nil
Manganese 2.633 2.684
Cobalt 2.684 2.685
Lead 0.0862 0.0687
Nickel 0.0685 0.0682
Cadmium 0.0862 0.0686
Chromium 0.0683 0.0686
Copper 0.0682 0.0682
Arsenic Nil Nil
Selenium 2.680 2.685

Determination of heavy metals were done using APHA, 2015

Determination of Lead

Lead was determined at a wavelength of 283.3 nm by using UV- visible spectrophotometry.

The analyte sample was placed at the curvette, while standard curve were. 1.598g of lead nitrate

was dissolved in about 200ml of water containing 1.5ml of conc. nitric acid and diluted to

1000ml of metal free water to give 1ml = 1mg lead. A series of standards ranging from 1mg to

5mg were prepared from the stock and a standard graph was made.

And was calculated as follows:

Absorbance of sample ×Concentration of standard solution × Dilution factor


Absorbance of standard solution× Sample volume

Determination of Nickel
1.273g of nickel oxide was dissolved in a minimum quantity of 10% HCl and diluted to 1000ml
with distilled water to give 1ml = 1mg of nickel. A series of standards ranging from 1mg to 5mg
were prepared from the stock and analyzed. The absorbance was determined using Uv-visible
spectrophotometer. And was calculated as follows:

Absorbance of sample ×Concentration of standard solution × Dilution factor


Absorbance of standard solution× Sample volume

Determination of Cadmium

Cadmium was determined at a wavelength of 228.8 nm by using UV- visble


spectrophotometry. The analyte sample was placed at the curvette, while standard curve were
prepared 1.000 g of cadmium metal is dissolved in minimum volume of 1+1 HCl and made up
to 1000ml with distilled water to give 1ml = 1mg of cadmium. A series of standards ranging
from 1mg to 5mg are prepared from the stock and analysed. And was calculated as follows:

Absorbance of sample ×Concentration of standard solution × Dilution factor


Absorbance of standard solution× Sample volume

Determination of Mercury

Mercury was determined at a wavelength of 213.9 nm by using UV- visible spectrophotometry.


The analyte sample was placed at the curette, while standard curve were prepared 1.000g of
Mercury metal was dissolved in 20ml of 1+1 HCl and diluted to 1000ml in distilled water, to
give 1ml = 1mg of Mercury. A series of standards ranging from 1mg to 5mg are prepared from
the stock and analysed. And was calculated as follows:

Absorbance of sample ×Concentration of standard solution × Dilution factor


Absorbance of standard solution× Sample volume

Determination of Arsenic

Arsenic was determined at a wavelength at 324.7 nm by using UV- visble spectrophotometry.

The analyte sample was placed at the curvette, while standard curve were prepared 1g of Arsenic

salt dissolved in 15ml of 1+1 nitric acid and diluted to 1000ml to give 1ml = 1mg Arsenic. A
series of standards ranging from 1mg to 5mg are prepared from the stock and a standard graph

prepared.

And was calculated as follows:

Absorbance of sample ×Concentration of standard solution × Dilution factor


Absorbance of standard solution× Sample volume

Determination of Manganese

Dithizone method was used for manganese determination. About 2.5 ml of 0.2 M acetate buffer

and 0.5 ml of 0.1 N sodium thiosulphate were added to 5 ml of mineral ash sample solution. The

pH was adjusted to 4 – 5.5 and 5 ml of dithizone solution was added. The mixture was shaken

for 4 minutes and allowed to stand to separate. The supernatant was decanted away and the

remaining read at 535 nm (AOAC, 1995). Manganses was calculated as follows:

Absorbance of sample ×Concentration of standard solution × Dilution factor


Absorbance of standard solution× Sample volume

Determination of Selenium

Selenium was determined at a wavelength of 248.3 nm by AAS with aspiration of the sample
into an oxidising air-acetylene flame. Under standard conditions, iron produces 1% absorption at
0.12 mg/L and a linear response up to about 5 mg/L.

Standard iron solution: 1g of selenium was dissolved in 50ml of 1+1 nitric acid and diluted
to 1000ml with distilled water to give 1ml = 1mg of selenium . A series of standards ranging
from 1mg to 5mg were prepared from the stock and analysed. And was calculated as follows:

Absorbance of sample ×Concentration of standard solution × Dilution factor


Absorbance of standard solution× Sample volume
Determination of Chromium

Total chromium was determined at a wavelength of 357.9 nm by atomic absorption with


aspiration of sample into a reducing air-acetylene flame. Under standard concentrations,
chromium produces 1 % absorption at 0.25 mg/L and is detectable down to 0.003 mg/L.

2.828g of potassium dichromate was dissolved in about 200ml of distilled water, with 1.5ml of
conc. nitric acid and made up to 1000ml with the same to give 1ml = 1mg of chromium. A series
of standards ranging from 1mg to 5mg were prepared from the stock and analysed.

And was calculated as follows:

Absorbance of sample ×Concentration of standard solution × Dilution factor


Absorbance of standard solution× Sample volume

Determination of Copper

Copper was determined at a wavelength at 324.7 nm by AAS with aspiration of the sample into
an oxidising air-acetylene flame. When the aqueous sample is aspirated, the sensitivity for 1%
absorption is 0.1 mg/L and the detection limit is 0.01 mg/L.

1g of copper salt was dissolved in 15ml of 1+1 nitric acid and diluted to 1000ml to give 1ml =
1mg copper. A series of standards ranging from 1mg to 5mg were prepared from the stock and a
standard graph prepared.

And was calculated as follows:

Absorbance of sample ×Concentration of standard solution × Dilution factor


Absorbance of standard solution× Sample volume

Determination of Cobalt

5 cm3 of the samples, some drops of 1 M NaOH (for adjustment to pH 9.0-10.0) and 5 cm3

0.02% dithizone in chloroform were consecutively placed in 100 cm3 separating funnels. The

systems were left to extract for 1 min. adequate quantity of HCl (1:1) (for adjustment of pH 1.0-
2.0) and 2 cm3 4 M thiocyanate solutions were added to the organic phase. Re-extraction for 1

min was accomplished. The organic phase was discharged, while 1 M NaOH (for pH 3.0-4.0),

0.6 cm3 1.5x10 -2 M INT and 2 cm3 saturated solution of ascorbic acid (for masking of the

interfering ions) were added to the aqueous phase. Distilled water was supplemented to a volume

of 20 cm3 . Extraction with 3 cm3 1,2- dichloroethane for 30 s was accomplished.

After the stratification of both phases, the organic was filtered through a paper filter, placed in a
cuvette, b 1 cm, and photometered at λ 630 nm. A blank, not containing a the sample, was also
analyzed for reliability of the experimental results. And was calculated as follows:

Absorbance of sample ×Concentration of standard solution × Dilution factor


Absorbance of standard solution× Sample volume

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