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L-4/T -lIEEE Date: 16110/2022
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-4/T-I B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 2020-2021
Sub: EEE 439 (Communication Systems II)
Full Marks: 210 Time: 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
All the symbols have their usual meanings. Assume reasonable values for any missing data.
USE SEPARATE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION
SECTION-A
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.
Answer in brief and to the point.

1. (a) Define a matched filter, Describe its properties with brief statements and equations.

Also, mention its purpose of use in telecommunication systems. (10)

(b) Part (i) of Fig. for Q. No. 1(b) shows the input signal g(t), and part (ii) the

corresponding outputsignal, yet), of its matched filter. (15)

'grtf .
..AI-----,
~ ,,':;',:
.~}. '. " '., -, -, .

...•. '~
. Enin1li-' A.
,.i '""'..... ~
r . . ,. _ .,
,.
o .r.
~~''';
\:,:.,;~'~i~-.,.
.. .. ,,,.(l? ~_. _. '•.
:MDhi,"'fi1m~. .. . '.'
. '.~:'?!~~ft):;
,-'~,_ _ .
' ..
d~T;"'.-~~" .
:' -: : •••••. N • "t
'0 r
. :.-'; .. ".... .;111}\ .'~ •..•. ~',:-. :-'"

Fig. for Q. No. IJ;

------ - - ---
(i) Draw the impulse response, h(t), of the matched filtef"for the input signal, get).
(ii) Mention where (at what instant) you should sample the output signal for optimum
detection of the transmitted bit in presence of white noise, and why.
(iii) Suggest how you can design an equivalent matched filter that takes a rectangular
pulse as an input and produces the required portion of the output yet). as shown in
Fig. Q. No. I (b).
(c) For a binary symmetric channel, write down the final expression for probability of bit
error Pe. Sketch the Pe vs Eb/No curve for a binary PCM receiver. Also, explain its

significance. (10)

2. (a) What is lSI? Mention the two main causes ofISI. (5)
Draw the (frequency domain) amplitude response, pet), of the overall channel (ideal
Nyquist channel) and the corresponding output pulse, pet), to be received by the receiver
for achieving zero lSI. With these diagrams, explain the basic principle of achieving zero

lSI. (13)
Also, mention the two practical difficulties with an ideal Nyquists Channel.
Contd P/2
 =2=
EEE439
Contd ... Q. NO.2
(b) Comment with a neat diagram, how the said difficulties can be overcome using a
modified frequency domain channel characteristic with various roll-off factor a or r.
Also, plot the time responses for those roll-off factors. What is the price paid for
overcoming the difficulties in such a scheme? (12)
A binary PAM wave is to be transmitted over a baseband channel with an optimum
bandwidth of 75 kHz. The bit duration is I 0 ~s. Find a raised cosine spectrum that

satisfies these requirements. (5)

3. (a) Answer the following questions: (13)

(i) Draw the complete block diagram of the duobinary transmitter with a precoder.
(ii) Draw the appropriate detector for the above transmitter with decision threshold.
(iii) Determine the output at each stage of the transmitter for the binary data
sequence: {bk} = 11 0 1 0 0 1 O. Assume dk = 1 as an initial value.
(iv) Using the detector in part (ii), determine the received output corresponding to the
given {bk}
(b) What is an optical Fibre? With a neat diagram, describe the principle of light wave
communication through an optical fibre. Can we transmit optical signal with the core
layer only?
Name two optical sources and two optical detectors used popularly in practical
applications. (12)
(c) Define link power budget. Draw the block diagram of an optical power loss model
used for optimizing the link power budget and label each component. An optical
transmitter has an output power of 0.1 mW. It is used with a fibre having NA = 0.25,
attenuation of 6 dBIkm and length 0.5 km. The link contains two connectors of 2 dB
average loss. The receiver has a minimum acceptable power (sensitivity) of -35 dBm.
The designer has allowed a 4 dB margin. Calculate the link power budget and comment
on the performance of the proposed link. (4+6)

4. (a) What is a satellite? Mention the basic principle of how a satellite stays In its
geostationary orbit. (3)
Draw the block diagram of a satellite earth station and describe the functions of each
block from both the transmitter and receiver sides. (8)
Name two popular earth station antennas. With a neat diagram, briefly describe the
operations of anyone of them during signal transmission and reception. (6)
(b) What is attenuation or fade margin in a satellite link? Write down the satellite link
equation for its uplink. (4)
Draw the block diagram of a sateliite transponder and briefly describe the function of
each block. (8)
An earth station operating at 12 GHz with a 10° elevation angle has a 47-dB gain and a
2.5dB loss from the antenna feed to the input of the LNA. The sky noise is 25° K
developing an antenna noise temperature of 240° K. The noise figure of the LNA is 1.5
dB. Calculate the gain over noise temperature, GIT. (6)
Contd P/3
 =3=
EEE439
SECTION -B
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

5. (a) Draw a block diagram of passband data transmission system. (4)

(b) (i) Define Q function. Write the probability density function of a Gaussian random
variable. Express the cumulative density function of a Gaussian random variable in

terms Q function. (2+2+2+6)

(ii) The signal space diagram for BPSK scheme is shown in Fig. for Q. No. 5(b).
Determine the decision regions and the error probability P eM of the optimum receiver
as a function of EtJNo for an AWGN channel (noise mean and variance 0 and No/2
respectively).

• •
-,fE; 0 ,fE;
Fig. for Q. No. 5(b)
----------_._-- -.---

(c) (i) Draw the bit error rate (BER) vs. EblNo curve for M-PSK scheme with M=2, 4, 8,
16 in the one plot and for M-FSK scheme with M=2, 4, 8, 16 in another plot.

(ii) Explain both set of the curves for change in EtJNo and M. (8+4+2+5)
(iii) Explain the reason why QPSK has same bit error rate as BPSK. What is the
specialty of QPSK?
(iv) Draw block diagrams of QPSK transmitter and coherent QPSK receiver.

6. (a) A source emits sixteen equiprobable messages, which are assigned QAM signals s),
S2... SI6, as shown in Fig. for Q. No. 6(a). Determine the decision regions and the error
probability P eM of the optimum receiver as a function of EbINO,where Eb is average bit
energy and the channel is AWGN channel (noise mean and variance are 0 and NoI2,

respectively). . (20)

t
'P2
• • • •
• • • •
• • • • 'P)-

• • • •
Fig. for Q. No. 6(a) I

(b) Explain very briefly the conflict free and non-conflict free multiple access techniques

with suitable examples. (8)

Contd P/4
 ,
,
c

=4=
EEE439
Contd ... Q.No.6
(c) Suppose a cellular system in which the one-way bandwidth of the system is
12.5 Mijz, the channel spacing is 30 kHz, and the guard band at each boundary of the
spectrum is 10kHz. If the cell area is 6 km2, the frequency reuse factor is 7, and 21 the
available channels are used to handle control signaling, calculate the system spectral

efficiency in units of channelsfMHzJkm2• (7)

7. (a) Consider a (7, 4) Hamming code with a Generator matrix given by (18)

1101000
0110100
G=
1110010
1010001
(i) What are the possible codewords of this code?
(ii) Comment on the coder error detection and correction capacity.
(iii) What is the parity check matrix H for this code?
(iv) Create a syndrome table, with errors in one column and syndromes in the other.
(v) Explain if and how the channel decoder corrects e = (0001000).
(b) Define a computer network and mention some of its major applications. With neat
diagrams, briefly describe the various network topologies. What is a firewall and how is

it accomplished in practice? (17)

8. (a) (i) Mention two impacts of multipath wireless propagation channel on digital

transmission. (4+6+8)
(ii) Explain very briefly large scale and small scale fading.
(iii) Describe channel modeling Schemes used for small scale multi path fading.

(b) (i) Explain cell, cluster and frequency reuse terms in cellular communications. (6+4+7)
(ii) Derive the capacity expansion expression obtained by using frequency reuse and
explain its different variations.
(iii) Consider a cellular system in which there are a total of 1001 radio channels
available for handling traffic. Suppose the area of a cell is 6 km2 and the area of the
entire system is 2100 km2. Calculate the system capacity if the cluster size is 7.
Calculate the system capacity if the cluster size is 4. Does decreasing the cluster size
increase the system capacity? Explain the results with respect to part (ii) observation.
L-4/T-1/EEE Date: 12/09/2021
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-4/T-I B.Sc. Engineering Examination 2019-20

Sub: EEE 439 (Communication Systems II)

Full Marks: 210 Time: 2 Hours and 30 Minutes
The Figures in the margin indicate full marks.
USE SEPARATE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION
There are 5 page(s) in this question paper.

SECTION – A
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE
Answer in brief and to the point. All the symbols have their usual meanings

1. (a) Answer the following questions: (6+4+7)

(i) Distinguish between baseband transmission and passband transmission of

digital signals.
(ii) Define a matched filter and mention where and why is it used?
(iii) Mention the frequency domain characteristic, Hopt (f), of a matched filter
matched to an input signal, g(t), and its corresponding time-domain
characteristic, hopt (t). Elaborate the various terms used.

(b) Suppose that the signal, g(t), as shown in Fig. for Q. No. 1(b), is input to its (10+5+3)
matched filter. Now, answer the following questions:

Fig. for Q. No. 1(b).

(i) First, draw the given signal and below it, draw the impulse response of the
matched filter, and also, the corresponding output.
(ii) What equivalent circuit can you use to replace the desired matched filter?
(iii) To detect the received signal, at what instant should you sample the output and
why? (Continued on Page 2)
 =2=

2. (a) What is ISI and what are the main factors that cause ISI? Mention, in a (3+1)
single sentence, the basic technique(s) of reducing the ISI from a digital signal.

(b) Refer to the baseband binary data transmission system shown in Fig. for Q. (6+6+7)
No. 2(b), answer to the following questions:

Fig. for Q. No. 2(b).

(i) For an ideal baseband pulse transmission system, write down the frequency
domain representation, P(f), of an ideal Nyquist’s Channel for zero-ISI in the
absence of noise, where, µ P(f) = G(f) H(f) C(f) and µ is a scale factor.
Also, write down the equation for the corresponding time domain signal, p(t),
which represents the signal at the receiver (y(t) = p(t)). Does it represent a step
response or an impulse response?
(ii) Draw p(t) for {bk} ={1 0 1}. Explain how zero ISI is achieved.
(iii) Mention the two undesirable effects of an ideal Nyquist’s channel and draw
the raised cosine spectra for various values of the roll-off factor, α (or r).

(c) In a binary data transmission using duo-binary pulses, sample values were (8+4)
read at the receiver as follows:
1 2 0 –2 –2 0 0 –2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 –2
(i) Explain if there is any error in detection.
(ii) If there is no detection error, determine the received bit sequence.

What is the main disadvantage of a simple duo-binary transmitter? Mention,

how we can get rid of this problem.

3. (a) Draw the block diagram of a synchronous detection circuit for detecting a (6+5)
BPSK signal and mention how it will affect the detected signal in case of loss
of synchronism. Also, draw the block diagram for a coherent BPSK receiver
with a correlator, and mention how it is different from the synchronous
detector circuit.
(Continued on Page 3)
 =3=

(b) Answer the following questions in brief: (10+6+4+4)

(i) Draw the block diagram of a QPSK modulator including the SIPO.
Assuming standard gray code, show its phase-state diagram. Also, determine
the phase states of the carrier when the bit stream 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 is applied to it.
(ii) Draw the power spectra of M-ary PSK and M-ary FSK signals for M = 2, 4
and 8.
(iii) What is M-QAM? Why is the performance of M–QAM better than M–
PSK?
(iv) Which modulation scheme is used in GSM cellular mobile communication
and why?

4. (a) Why is frequency reuse necessary in mobile communication? (4+12)

With a neat diagram, enumerate the steps of the call set up process from an MS
belonging to a BTS to another MS located in a distant BTS.

(b) Answer the following questions in brief: (4+3+9+3)

(i) What is co-channel interference in cellular mobile communication? What is

the acceptable level of C/I in dB in such an environment?
(ii) Define the co-channel interference reduction factor, q, and comment on its
relation with the parameters.
(iii) Suppose that a mobile operator in Bangladesh has been allocated a 5MHz
bandwidth by the BTRC. Compute the total number of channels for voice and
control in a cluster. If the cluster has 7 cells, suggest a realistic channel
distribution in each cell. Also, calculate the total capacity of the system if the
frequency is re-used 20 times. (Assume GSM standards, where the carrier
separation is 200 kHz and 8 time slots are used per carrier.)
(iv) Does a CDMA mobile operator need to employ a “Frequency Planning
Engineer” for planning its frequency allocation?

(Continued on Page 4)
 =4=

SECTION – B
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.
All the symbols have their usual meanings
Assume reasonable values for missing data.

5. (a) The state transition diagram of a 1/2-rate convolutional coder is shown in (18)
Fig. for Q. No. 5(a). If the received coded sequence is (011011), determine the
transmitted coded sequence using Viterbi decoding.

Fig. for Q. No. 5(a)

(b) The generator matrix G for a (6,3) block code is shown below. (17)

(i) Create a syndrome table showing both error patterns and syndromes.

(ii) If the received coded sequence is (101011), determine whether any error has
occurred during transmission over the channel. If there is any error, determine
the correct coded sequence using syndrome decoding.

6. (a) Briefly explain two techniques to reduce/eliminate the effect of modal (12)
dispersion in optical fiber.

(b) Briefly explain the following statement with proper justifications: (8)

“Long wavelengths are used for transmission over long haul optical links.”
(Continued on Page 5)
 =5=

(c) An optical fiber communication system designer selects a fiber having NA = (15)
0.25 and attenuation of 0.5 dB/km. The link length is 10 km. There are two
connectors, one at the transmitter side and one at the receiver side. Loss per
connector is 1 dB. The link contains also four splices, each of them adds 0.5 dB
loss. The system uses a light source of 1 mW output power. The designer has
not considered any system margin. Determine what should be the receiver
sensitivity for proper operation of the optical fiber link.

7. (a) (i) Compare and contrast star and mesh network topologies. (17)

(ii) Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of layered based architecture

of communication systems.

(b) An FDMA based cellular network with reuse factor 4 has a channel (18)
bandwidth of 180 kHz. The network uses 20 MHz bandwidth for uplink and 20
MHz separate bandwidth for downlink. Assume that there is no guard band in
the system. In uplink, total 11 channels are allocated for control signaling and
the same number channels are allocated in downlink for control signaling. The
network has 500 cells with a total area of 4000 km2. The trunk efficiency of the
system is 0.90. Calculate the system spectral efficiency in channels/MHz/km2
and in Erlangs/MHz/km2.

8. (a) The downlink of an equatorial MEO satellite has the following parameters: (20)
satellite - earth station distance = 14,000 km, frequency band = Ka band, carrier
frequency = 30 GHz, transponder bandwidth = 36 MHz, satellite RF output
power = 100 W, satellite downlink antenna diameter = 0.4m, satellite downlink
antenna gain = 20 dB, atmospheric attenuation = 4 dB, rain attenuation = 8 dB,
Sky noise = 27 oK, loss due to ground reflection = 4 dB, receiver feeder loss = 3
dB, receiver bandpass filter loss = 2 dB, earth station receiver antenna gain =
30dB, and receiver equivalent noise figure = 2 dB. Calculate: (i) the orbiting
period of the satellite, (ii) EIRP of the satellite, and (iii) C/N at the earth station.

(b) Draw a detailed block diagram of a transparent transponder of a satellite. (15)

Then briefly explain the receiver part of this transponder.
--------------- 0 ---------------