1.

Cell Membrane
CELLS
 lipid bilayer
• vary in size
 Hydrophillic heads
• vary in shape
a. Phosphate group
• vary in function
b. Polar
• measured in micrometers
c. Water-loving

 Hydrophobic tails
d. Lipid tails
e. Nonpolar
f. Water-fearing

 Amphipathic
g. hydrophobic + hydrophilic
h. Ex. Soap – traps oil and
• Hypothetical cell grease and dissolves in
water
• Major parts
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane (plasma
membrane)

• Intracellular Fluid
o Fluid inside the cell

• Extracellular Fluid
o Fluid outside

the cell
• Interstitial Fluid
o Fluid in

between cells
 2. Cytoplasm (Cytosol + Organelles)

Cells: Organelles
Cell Organelles: Endomembrane System
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Vesicles

Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Continuous with the nuclear
membrane
• provides passages throughout
much of the cell that function in
transporting, synthesizing, and
storing materials Endoplasmic Reticulum

 Rough ER • Continuous with the nuclear

membrane
o Studded with numerous
ribosomes (bumpy) • provides passages throughout
much of the cell that function in
o Ribosomes – site of protein transporting, synthesizing, and
synthesis storing materials
 Smooth ER  Rough ER
o Lacks these ribosomes
o Studded with numerous
o Synthesis of lipids
ribosomes (bumpy)
o Ribosomes – site of protein
synthesis
 Smooth ER
o Lacks these ribosomes
o Synthesis of lipids
Golgi Apparatus
• sorting, modifying, and shipping
off the products that come from
the rough ER
• 2 sides:
• Cis face - receives products
in vesicles from ER
• Trans face - release
products after being
repackaged into new
vesicles to be transported Cell Organelles: Golgi Apparatus
in or out of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
• group of flattened,
Lysosomes membranous sacs (cisternae)
• "suicide sacs" which safely destroy
• modifies, packages, and
anything the cell no longer wants
or needs transports proteins
Autophagy – self-eating
• Cell digesting its own
structures
• Break down foreign material
• WBC phagocytize bacteria
then transport into a
lysosome to be digested
Phagocytosis – ingesting and
eliminating foreign particles
Cell Organelles: Transport From Nucleus Cell Organelles: Peroxisomes
To Membrane
Peroxisomes:
• Membranous sacs containing
enzymes
• Function:
• Lipid metabolism
• Chemical detoxification –
neutralize poisons like
alcohol and free radicals
Reactive Oxygen Species
• Free radicals- can easily oxidize
other molecules causing
cellulardamage and even cell death
Cell Organelles: Mitochondria • Ex. OH, H2O2, Superoxide
• plural = mitochondria
• “energy transformer” of the cell Cytoskeleton
OR “of the cell”
Microfilaments and microtubules
• consist of an outer lipid bilayer
membrane as well as an additional form cytoskeleton of cell
inner lipid bilayer membrane • thin rods and tubules
powerhouse
• support cytoplasm
Inner Membrane
• allows for movement of organelles
• Highly folded making greater
surface area = cristae
• Where biochemical reaction of 3 Filaments
cellular respiration occur
• Converts energy stored (Glucose) Microfilaments
into ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) • Actin – primary component
a usable o Important in cell division
o Large component of muscle
tissues
Intermediate filaments
• Important in cell-to-cell junctions
• Anchors organelles together
• Keratin – primary component
o Resist tension (pulling
apart)
Microtubule – thickest CENTRIOLES
• Maintain cell shape and structure • Paired, rod-shaped bodies near
• Resist compression nucleus.
• Tubulin – primary component
• Made of microtubules in pinwheel
array.
• Generate microtubules and direct
mitotic spindle formation during
cell division.

Cell Organelles: Cell Nucleus

• control center of cell

• contains the cell’s DNA (blueprint)
• Nuclear envelope (membrane)
• porous double membrane
• separates nucleoplasm
from cytoplasm
(*eukaryotes only)
• Nucleolus

Microtubules • dense collection of RNA

and proteins
2 Types of Cellular Appendaged
• site of ribosome production
• Cilia – move rhythmically moving
waste materials in airways like • Chromatin
dusts, mucus and bacteria and egg
• fibers of DNA and proteins
cells in the fallopian tube
• stores information for
• Flagellum – larger than cilium and
synthesis of proteins
specialized in cell locomotion
• Sperm cell – the only
flagellated cell in humans.
It propels itself towards the
egg cell
 DNA Central Dogma
DNA • A theory stating that genetic
information flows only in one
• Deoxyribonucleic acid
direction, from DNA to RNA to
• Blueprint for the cell structure and protein, or RNA directly to protein.
physiology
• helical
Chromosomes
• DNA+Proteins
• Condensed form of chromatins
Chromatin
• Composed of DNA and associated
DNA Replication
proteins
• copying of DNA that occurs
Histones
before cell division can take place
• DNA is wrapped around these
Transcription
proteins
• synthesis of a strand of mRNA
Nucleosome
• mRNA is like a transcript, or copy,
• Single wrapped DNA-histone
of the gene’s DNA code.
complex
Translation
• Multiple Nucleosome appear like
beads • protein synthesis

CELL
Somatic Cell
• Body cell
• All human cells EXCEPT sperm cell
and egg cell
 • contain two copies of each of their
chromosomes

Germ Cell
• Sperm and egg cells

MITOSIS
CELL CYCLE • Prophase
• Metaphase
• series of changes a cell undergoes • Anaphase
from the time it forms until the • Telophase
time it divides

2 Major Divisions Cell Cycle

• Interphase – nondividing
• Gap 1
• Synthesis
• Gap 2
• Mitosis – division of genetic
material
* Cytokinesis – cytoplasmic
division

Cell Cycle: Interphase

Interphase
• G0 – resting (temporarily or
permanently)
• Gap 1 – preparatory for cell
division again
• Synthesis – DNA replication
• Gap 2 – preparatory phase for
mitosis
 CELL CYCLE: CONTROL

Checkpoint
• G1 checkpoint – cell must be ready
for DNA synthesis to occur
• G2 checkpoint – cell must be fully
prepared for mitosis
• M checkpoint – metaphase
checkpoint ensures all sister
chromatids are properly attached
to the microtubules and are lined
up at the metaphase plate before
separation

Mitosis Vs Meiosis