IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
A novel approach, the Two-channeled Perceiving Residual Pyramid Networks (TPRPN), enhances
wildlife monitoring with camera trapping, mitigating low image quality and false positives. As human
populations encroach on wildlife habitats, conflicts escalate, endangering both humans and animals. To
address this, a network-based wireless sensor system detects forest fires and alerts nearby communities,
aiding in early intervention. Automated computer perception tools offer a promising solution for
monitoring wildlife in challenging environments, reducing the need for physical field investigations.

1.1 Overview
Monitoring animals in the wild without disturbing them is possible using camera trapping
framework, which is a technique to study wildlife using automatically triggered cameras and produces
great volumes of data. However, camera trapping collects images often result in low image quality and
includes a lot of false positives (images without animals), which must be detection before the
postprocessing step. This paper presents a two-channeled perceiving residual pyramid networks
(TPRPN) for camera trap images objection. Our TPRPN model attends to generating high-resolution and
high-quality results. In order to provide enough local information, we extract depth cue from the original
images and use two-channeled perceiving model as input to training our networks. Finally, the proposed
three-layer residual blocks learn to merge all the information and generate full size detection results.
Besides, we construct a new high-quality dataset with the help of Wildlife Thailand’s Community and
eMammal Organization. Experimental results on our dataset demonstrate that our method is superior to
the existing object detection methods.
The rapid increase in human population has led to the conversion of forest land into human settlements.
Due to this, the wild animals face lack of food and water. However, wildlife is greatly distressed due to
deforestation which forces them to move into human habitats. It creates tremendous loss to properties
and lives. In Times of India, it has been reported that over 1300 people died due to tiger elephant attacks
in India over the past three years. Thus, humans face serious danger and the time to regain from the huge
loss is imperceptible. Human animal interaction can prove to cause crisis for both species and therefore
there is a need for an intelligence supervision and perceptive system. Human animal conflict is increased
to a higher extent. A number of factors include elephant habitat structure, weather, animal life etc. Forest
fire is an important hazard that occurs periodically due to the natural changes, human activities and other

Dept of ECE 1 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

factors. In the contemporary years there is a persistent increase in the forest fires that causes damage to
crops, wildlife as well as to humans. Therefore, a network based wireless sensor is used for forest fire to
achieve high verdict accuracy for the early detection. The approach targets on detecting animals and
sending cautionary messages using GSM and alarm. The humidity of the forest is measured and
maintained. The main aim of our work is to alert the people in and around the forest borders and to forbid
their lives. In an uncontrolled field environments like desert, forest or trees it is desirable to develop
computer perception tools instead of performing physical field investigation. These, automated tools help
in many adequate and predictable studies.

1.2 Motivation for Project

• Human-induced Threats to Wildlife: Human activities, characterized by aggressive resource
acquisition and alterations in landscapes, pose significant threats to wildlife populations. This
includes habitat destruction, fragmentation, and pollution, which directly impact the survival of
many species.
• Urbanization and Reduced Interaction: The process of urbanization has led to a decline in
human-wildlife interaction, primarily due to the transformation of natural habitats into urban
landscapes. Additionally, the shift towards urban living has resulted in a decrease in outdoor
recreational activities, further limiting opportunities for people to engage with wildlife.
• Impact on Wildlife Conservation: As a consequence of these societal changes, wildlife faces
increasing challenges, while conservation efforts often receive less attention and resources. This
imbalance exacerbates the problems facing wildlife and hampers effective conservation
management strategies.
• Role of Camera Trapping in Wildlife Monitoring: To address these challenges, non-invasive
sampling techniques such as camera trapping play a crucial role in studying and monitoring
wildlife populations. Camera traps capture digital images of animals using specialized devices
equipped with digital cameras and passive infrared sensors.
• Utility of Camera Trapping: Biologists leverage camera trapping to collect data on animal
populations and behavior, providing valuable insights for conservation initiatives. This
technique enables researchers to accurately delineate species distributions, monitor behavioral
patterns, and identify rare or elusive species within their habitats.

Dept of ECE 2 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

• Conservation Applications: The applications of camera trapping extend to various aspects of

wildlife conservation, including assessing population dynamics, evaluating habitat suitability,
and detecting changes in biodiversity over time. By facilitating non-invasive observation and
data collection, camera trapping contributes significantly to conservation efforts worldwide.

1.3 Goals of Project

• To detect the Forest Fire at the earliest.
• Implementation of detection of animals crossing the forest boundary.
• To recognize illegal cutting of trees

1.4 Problem Statement

The detection of animals within defined boundaries is an imperative task with profound implications
for wildlife conservation and human safety. Despite its significance, the current lack of a
comprehensive monitoring system leaves wildlife vulnerable to various threats. Addressing this issue
requires the establishment of a robust monitoring framework capable of accurately tracking wild
animals and promptly reporting sightings to forest authorities. This system is essential for mitigating
human-wildlife conflicts and preventing potential dangers to both human populations and wildlife
species.

Furthermore, the monitoring of forest fires emerges as another critical concern in safeguarding the
environment and wildlife habitats. Early detection and swift response to forest fires are indispensable
to prevent widespread devastation to ecosystems and to preserve the rich biodiversity they harbor.
Additionally, combating illegal activities such as smuggling within forest areas is paramount for the
preservation of natural ecosystems. Activities such as poaching, logging, and wildlife trafficking pose
significant threats to biodiversity and undermine the delicate ecological balance of forested regions.

To address these multifaceted challenges, there is an urgent need for the implementation of effective
detection measures and the enforcement of stringent regulations. By developing and deploying
innovative technologies and strategies, stakeholders can safeguard the integrity of forested areas and
preserve their ecological significance for future generations. By focusing on wildlife monitoring, fire
Dept of ECE 3 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57
 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

detection, and anti-smuggling efforts, this project aims to facilitate the sustainable coexistence of
humans and wildlife while protecting invaluable natural resources for the collective benefit of all.

1.5 Objective of Project

The critical need for enhanced monitoring in wildlife conservation and forest protection, employing
advanced technologies to detect and respond to threats such as human encroachment and forest fires.
Real-time alerts to forest officials strengthen conservation efforts, vital for environmental sustainability
and forest management.
The main research objectives are listed below
1. To Detect Intrusion in the Field
2. To Capture the image and Classifying Them Using Image Processing
3. Taking Suitable action based on the intruder
4. Tree Cutting Detection and Intimation
5. To send Notification to Forest Officials
6. To Detect Fire in forest and Intimate
.

* * *

Dept of ECE 4 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
Akash Pandey et al., [1] The Forest Fire Detection System is designed to safeguard forests by swiftly
alerting forest officials via SMS upon detecting a fire, thereby initiating a prompt call for assistance.
Leveraging IoT and image processing technologies, its primary aim is to establish an effective fire
detection mechanism. The project integrates deep learning algorithms to not only detect fires but also
identify animals within the forest, enabling appropriate measures for their rescue. Specifically, it employs
an image-based Faster R-CNN-based animal detection system, utilizing convolutional neural networks
(CNNs) for precise detection. To implement this project, a diverse range of tools and frameworks will
be utilized, including Python for programming, OpenCV for image processing, YOLOv3 for object
detection, and Google Colab for collaborative development. Additionally, essential libraries like NumPy
and Pandas will be employed for data manipulation and analysis. Through the integration of these
technologies and tools, the system aims to enhance forest management and conservation efforts by
efficiently detecting and responding to fire incidents, while also ensuring the safety and preservation of
wildlife within forest ecosystems.

Naveen Kumar R [2] The developed system represents a significant advancement in the fight against
illegal logging, playing a pivotal role in curbing deforestation and maintaining environmental stability.
Its primary objective is to establish a real-time monitoring and alerting mechanism aimed at preventing
unauthorized tree cutting and smuggling activities in forested areas. By integrating two core
technologies, the system is equipped to safeguard trees from various threats, including fire-induced
damage. Upon detecting smoke or fire, it swiftly transmits location data to relevant authorities, enabling
prompt intervention to contain and extinguish the flames, thus preventing extensive forest degradation.
Additionally, the incorporation of camera technology near trees enhances surveillance capabilities,
accurately distinguishing between human intruders and animals and empowering forest officials to
respond promptly to illicit activities. Its ability to provide timely alerts and conduct surveillance enables
forest management authorities to enforce regulations effectively, thereby preserving the integrity of
forest ecosystems. In the implementation of this system represents a significant step forward in
sustainable forest management and conservation, ensuring the preservation of vital natural resources for
the benefit of present and future generations.

Dept of ECE 5 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

Shravya et al., [3] Forest fires and animal health are critical environmental issues globally, with early
detection being paramount to preventing substantial ecosystem damage. In this paper, we present a novel
approach: a forest fire and animal monitoring system employing Arduino boards and sensors. The system
comprises temperature and smoke sensors, GPS modules, and a microcontroller board. These sensors
gather real-time data on temperature and smoke levels, enabling the detection of potential fire outbreaks.
Additionally, GPS modules track animal movement and habitat utilization, providing valuable insights
into wildlife behaviour and ecology. By integrating these components, the system offers a comprehensive
solution for monitoring both forest fires and animal health simultaneously. Moreover, it can be
seamlessly integrated with existing firefighting systems, enhancing their effectiveness and enabling
prompt responses to fire incidents. Furthermore, by providing early warnings and insights into animal
behaviour, the system aids in preventing significant wildlife loss and mitigating the ecological impact of
forest fires. Overall, the proposed system represents a holistic approach to addressing two critical
environmental concerns, offering potential benefits for ecosystem conservation and management on a
global scale.

Supreeth S K et al., [4] India has been identified as an ecological blackspot where half of the wildlife is
vulnerable to extinction. The construction of new cities, farming and logging is forcing the animals to
move out of their habitat and into human habitat, which is creating problems to both living races. Recent
advancements in sensor technology have the potential to reformate our understanding of the natural and
man-made environment by providing fine grained spatio-temporal data (moving object databases and
real time locating system). Physical barriers cause physical damage to animals which can sometimes lead
to death of the very animals we are trying to protect. This can be prevented by using virtual fencing
which is an improvement from the existing system. This project implements a sensor network, designed
to track the location of the animals in sanctuaries and national park without hurting the animals. Forest
fire and deforestation (or any illegal activities in the forest) can also be monitored through this system
and it helps us preventing the destruction of wildlife.

T. Burghardt et al., [5] This paper presents a real-time method for ex-tracking information about the
locomotive activity of animals in wildlife videos by detecting and tracking the animals’ faces. As an
example, application, the system is trained on lions. The underlying detection strategy is based on the
concepts used in the Viola-Jones detector [1], an algorithm that was originally used for human face
detection utilising Haar-like features and AdaBoost classifiers. Smooth and accurate tracking is achieved

Dept of ECE 6 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

by integrating the detection algorithm with a low-level feature tracker. A specific coherence model that
dynamically estimates the likelihood of the actual presence of an animal based on temporal confidence
accumulation is employed to ensure are liable and temporally continuous detection/tracking capability.
The information generated by the tracker can be used to automatically classify and annotate basic
locomotive behaviour wildlife video repositories.

Chi Yuan et al. [6] This proposed an early forest fire alarm systems are critical in making response in the
event of unexpected hazards. Cost-effective cameras, improvements in memory, and enhanced
computation power have all enabled the design and real-time application of fire detecting algorithms
using light and small-size embedded surveillance systems. This is vital in situations where the
performance of traditional forest fire monitoring and detection techniques are unsatisfactory. This paper
presents a forest fire monitoring and detection method with visual sensors onboard unmanned aerial
vehicle. Both color and motion features of fire are adopted for the design of the studied forest fire
detection strategies. This is to the purpose of improvising the fire detection performance, while reducing
false alarm rates. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the benefit of the studied forest fire detection
methodologies.

Zheng He et al., [7] Based on wireless communication technology, this helps us to design a smoke
detection system out of the need for forest fire monitoring. Firstly, this paper designs the hardware
scheme for the key functional modules, and implementation of the integration of the entire system, as
well as the debugging at the platform. Based on the hardware design, the overall scheme of software
system is set up, which successfully gets through the experimental debugging. For communication, the
data received from the sensor nodes is collected by a router to a coordinator, and subsequently sent to
the GSM module through a serial port. Finally, the information is shown on the PC through the Internet.
The overall system satisfies the need of forest monitoring, and presents a good prospect of application
and promotion in this field.

Akhil Gunda et al., [8] In many parts of India where sandalwood a priced commodity is grown where
illegal chopping and smuggling of trees has become a big menace since the past few decades. This has
led to a drastic loss in the tree population as well. To overcome this a forest monitoring and alerting
system is essential. In the proposed paper this problem is solved by creating a network of sensors with a
controller forming a node and sending the data to a more powerful central station. Data from the multiple

Dept of ECE 7 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

sensors is collected at the controller present at the node. This data is then transmitted to the office where
the data will be processed. The code at the central station will include the conditions when an alert has
to be sent. The concerned officers are notified through message and a webpage will also be used to view
the status of the sensors.

Naveenraj M et al.,[9] As these days there are numerous occurrences about smuggling of trees like Sandal
and many more. These trees are expensive and pitiful. They are utilized in the medicinal sciences,
beautifying agents. To limit their sneaking and to spare woodlands around the world some preventive
estimates should be conveyed. We have built up a framework which can be utilized to limit pirating. The
structure framework utilizes three sensors tilt sensor (to recognize the tendency of tree when its being
cut), temperature sensor (to identify timberland fires), sound sensor (for successful discovery of unlawful
logging for example indeed, even the sounds created while chopping out the tree are additionally
detected). Information created from these sensors is constantly observed with the page. As for the
sensors, their yield gadgets are initiated through hand-off switch. For tilt sensor and sound sensor, a
ringer is enacted and for temperature sensor a water siphon is actuated. Created information is put away
in cloud Server over the Wi-Fi module. Woods authorities are advised when any occasion happens so
proper move can be made.

Raghavendra I Hegde [10] This review includes a wide range of literature, including important systems
such as sensor networks, machine learning methods, data analytics, and Internet of Things architectures
designed for tree protection. The survey uses a systematic methodology and critically analyzes research
to unveil pivotal findings and innovations in tree smuggling detection. This study emphasizes the
importance of IoT in tree preservation and the possibilities of sensor networks, data fusion techniques,
and remote sensing technologies. It investigates how these technologies help provide extensive and
adaptable solutions capable of tackling the dynamic issues provided by tree smuggling. The literature
conclusions highlight the field’s potential development and emphasize how effective IoT is at preventing
tree smuggling by taking preventive measures. Improved monitoring, quick reaction systems, and
sustainable management methods are among the field’s ramifications for protecting these priceless
natural resources. This literature review adds to the existing body of knowledge by bringing together
current research on tree smuggling detection.

* * *
Dept of ECE 8 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57
 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

In the realm of wildlife monitoring, camera trapping serves as a crucial tool, even amidst challenges
like low image quality and false positives. With human populations increasingly encroaching on
wildlife habitats, conflicts intensify, posing risks to both humans and animals. To counteract this trend,
a network-based wireless sensor system has been developed to detect forest fires, promptly alerting
nearby communities for early intervention. Additionally, automated computer perception tools show
promise in wildlife monitoring, particularly in demanding environments, mitigating the necessity for
extensive physical field investigations. The Fig. 3.1 shows the block diagram of the pothole detection
system.

Fig. 3.1: Block Diagram of Proposed System

3.1 OBJECTIVE 1
Objective 1: Detecting the Forest Fire at the earliest stage.
The first objective is to promptly identify forest fires in their earliest stages. This entails deploying
advanced detection systems capable of swiftly recognizing the onset of fire, enabling immediate
intervention to contain and extinguish the flames before they escalate. By prioritizing early detection,

Dept of ECE 9 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

the aim is to minimize the extent of damage to forest ecosystems, safeguard wildlife habitats, and protect
human lives and property from the devastating effects of wildfires. The Fig. 3.2 shows the flow chart of
forest fire detection.

Methodology 1:

Fig. 3.2: Flowchart for detecting forest fire

Step 1-Deploy sensors and infrared cameras across the forest.

Step 2-Clean collected data to remove noise and outliers.
Step 3-Extract fire-indicative features from the preprocessed data.
Step 4-Train CNNs and RNNs on labeled datasets, optimizing through tuning.
Step5-Continuously analyze sensor data, triggering alarms when fire probability exceeds
threshold.
Step 6-Notify authorities visually and audibly upon fire detection.

Dept of ECE 10 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

Step 7-Activate sprinklers or dispatch firefighting teams to mitigate fire spread.

Step 8-Evaluate system performance under various scenarios.
Step 9-Regularly update and refine the system for effectiveness and adaptability.

• Starting the system by initializing all the ports of GSM, GPS, LCD, smoke detectors, fire sensors and
relays. (fig 3.2)

• Sensors are being monitored for any detection.

• If condition for detection of fire is checked.

• If condition is false (no detection) monitoring of sensors is continued.

• If condition is true (fire or smoke is detected) it checks with the threshold value if the value is more
than the threshold value, pump is turned on for sprinkling of water.

• Buzzer is turned on and alert notification is sent to the forest department through GSM module along
with the location.

• Stops as soon as the fire is turned off in response to condition or manually.

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

Fig 3.3: Representation of forest fire detection using sequence diagram

Dept of ECE 11 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

Above fig 3.3 shows the sequence diagram of forest fire detection and alert system.

Blynk was planned for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, show sensor data and
can store data. It has 3 portions:
• Blynk App – It empowers us to make shocking interfaces for endeavors using diverse devices gave.
• Blynk Server – It is accountable for the impressive number of correspondences between the PDA and
hardware.
• Blynk Libraries - for all the outstanding hardware stages - enables correspondence with the server and
strategy all the drawing closer and out coming bearings.
Result:

3.2 OBJECTIVE 2
Objective 2: Implementation of detection of animals crossing the forest boundary
The next implementation involves initializing all system ports (GSM, GPS, LCD, camera, buzzers,
relays, and fencing circuit) as depicted in Figure 3.4. Subsequently, animal detection near the boundary
is conducted. If no animals are detected, monitoring persists. However, upon detecting an animal, image
processing identifies it, triggering the playback of appropriate opposite animal sounds. Additionally,
electric fencing is activated, emitting short electric pulses for further protection. Finally, alert
notifications are dispatched to forest authorities for immediate action.

Methodology 2:
To obtain (correct) predictions from deep neural networks you first need to preprocess your data. In the
context of deep learning and image classification, these preprocessing tasks normally involve:
1. Mean subtraction
2. Scaling by some factor
OpenCV’s new deep neural network (dnn) module contains two functions that can be used for
preprocessing images and preparing them for classification via pre-trained deep learning models.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Image/video acquisition from the camera

Step 2: Convert video to frames.

Dept of ECE 12 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

Step 3: Store images of each animal as database which is used as training set for our program
Step 4: Compare camera captured frames with the database.
Step 5: Use imread function to read the image and preprocessing is done on that image. Perform Blob
detection on the frame and blobs are matched with images from training data base images.
Step 6: And check if it is matching or not.
Step 7: To identification of that animal is desired or not. An array is created and program is written for
each animal to be identified.
Step 8: Intimation to concerned person if it is wild animal

Fig. 3.4: Flowchart for Animal prevention from crossing the boundary

Dept of ECE 13 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

• Starting the system by initializing all the ports of GSM, GPS, LCD, camera, buzzers, relays and
fencing circuit is shown in fig 3.4
• Checking for animal detection near the boundary, if no animal is detected monitoring is continued.
• If any animal is detected, it is recognised using image processing and according to the data provided
appropriate opposite animal sound is played and for further protection electric fencing is activated
creating short electric pulses.
• Alert notification is sent to the forest authority to take up the necessary actions.

3.2.1 DATAFLOW DIAGRAM

A dataflow diagram is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system,
modeling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to create an overview of the
system without going into great detail, which can later be elaborated. DFDs can also be used for the
visualization of data processing. A DFD shows what kind of information will be input to and output from
the system, how the data will advance through the system, and where the data will be stored.

Fig. 3.5: Dataflow Diagram for image acquisition

Dept of ECE 14 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

The fig. 3.5 represents the dataflow diagram of the image acquisition during the detection of the wildlife
when it comes closer or the crosses the boundary of the forest. The python code then starts executing
which in turn open the camera to recognize the wildlife and then sends the message to the forest officials.

3.2.2 CASE DIAGRAM

The fig. 3.6 refers to the case diagram for forest fire detection illustrates user-system interactions,
identifying users like forest officials and firefighters, and use cases such as initiating fire detection and
coordinating emergency responses. It may be supplemented by activity diagrams showing actions within
use cases and sequence diagrams depicting user-system interactions.

Fig 3.6: Representation using case diagram

3.3 OBJECTIVE 3
Objective 3: Recognizing illegal cutting of trees.

The last objective is to initialize all ports including GSM, GPS, LCD, cameras, relays, serial
communications, buzzers, and accelerometer sensors. The accelerometer sensors are monitored for any
detection. If deforestation is detected based on the accelerometer's threshold value, an immediate alert

Dept of ECE 15 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

notification, along with the location, is sent to forest authorities via GSM for prompt action.

Methodology 3:
• Starting the system by initializing all the ports of GSM, GPS, LCD, cameras, relays, serial
communications, buzzers and accelerometer sensors.
• Accelerometer sensors are monitored for any detection.
• If accelerometer is detected, it monitors with the reference threshold value and decides whether it is
natural movement of trees or deforestation is represented in fig 3.7
• If it is detected as deforestation an immediate alert notification is sent to the forest authority
through GSM along with the location to take up necessary actions.

Fig 3.7: Flowchart for recognition of tree cutting

Dept of ECE 16 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

Algorithm:
Step 1 - Capture Digital Images
Step 2-Store Images
Step 3-Prepare Images for Analysis
Step 4-Enhance Image Quality
Step 5-Image Partitioning
Step 5-Feature Extraction
Step 6-CNN Architecture Implementation
Step 7-MLP Layer Application
Step 8-Classification

* * *

Dept of ECE 17 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM DESIGN
❖ Hardware Requirement

➢ Fire Sensor
➢ Accelerometer
➢ Arduino UNO
➢ LCD 16x2 display
➢ Regulated power supply
➢ Buzzer
➢ Web Camera
➢ Smoke Sensor
➢ Water pump
➢ Node MCU

❖ Software Requirements
➢ Arduino IDE
➢ Open CV
➢ Python
➢ Image processing toolbox (yolo algorithm)

System design is the process of defining the architecture, modules, interfaces and data for a system to
satisfy specified requirements. Systems design could be seen as the application of systems theory to
product development "blends the perspective of marketing, design, and manufacturing into a single
approach to product development,” then design is the act of taking the marketing information and
creating the design of the product to be manufactured.
It is widely used for modelling software systems and is increasingly used for high designing non-software
systems and organizations. It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing
system by defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before planning,
you need to understand the old system thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in
order to operate efficiently. System Design focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the system.
The System Design Document is a required document for every project. It should include a high-level

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 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

description of why the System Design Document has been created, provide what the new system is
intended for or is intended to replace and contain detailed descriptions of the architecture and system
components of the system. Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of the existing system,
the new system must be designed. This is the phase of system designing. It is the most crucial phase in
the developments of a system. The logical system design arrived at as a result of systems analysis is
converted into physical design.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

❖ System should do minimal computations on its own.

❖ System should Capture Animal automatically and detects Name of the Animal.
❖ System should be able to read animal information on its own.
❖ System should be able to check the Database.
❖ System Should automatically Intimation.
❖ System should automatically detect fire and Intimate.

NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

❖ The Camera is used to take Video and face of the Animal and Animal information store in the
database.
❖ Requirement data will be stored in the python database according Animal Name choose the
information.
❖ System should be reliable
❖ System should be Easily Implementable
❖ System should be Easy to Implement.
❖ Cost of Implementation should be low.

4.1 HARDWARE DESIGN

4.1.1 ARDUINO UNO

The Fig. 4.1 shows an Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware
and software. It consists of a microcontroller board and an integrated development environment (IDE)

Dept of ECE 19 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

that simplifies the process of programming and interfacing with various sensors, actuators, and other
electronic components. The heart of an Arduino board is typically an Atmel AVR or ARM
microcontroller, though other microcontroller architectures are also used.

Fig 4.1: Arduino UNO

General description

The Arduino Uno is one of the most popular and widely used microcontroller boards in the
Arduino family. It features an Atmel ATmega328P microcontroller running at 16 MHz, providing
ample processing power for a wide range of projects. The Uno boasts 14 digital input/output pins, 6
of which can be used as PWM outputs, and 6 analogy input pins. One of the key features of the
Arduino Uno is its simplicity and ease of use, making it an excellent choice for beginners and
experienced makers alike. It can be easily programmed using the Arduino IDE, a user-friendly
development environment that supports a variety of programming languages including C and C++.
The Uno also includes a USB interface for easy connection to a computer for programming and power
supply.

Dept of ECE 20 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

The versatility of the Arduino Uno makes it suitable for a vast array of applications, from simple LED
blinking and sensor interfacing to more complex projects such as robotics, home automation, and data
logging. Its low cost, extensive documentation, and large community of users and developers make
it an ideal choice for prototyping and experimenting in the world of electronics and embedded
systems.

Pin Diagram

Fig 4.2: Pin Diagram of Arduino UNO

The Fig. 4.2 shows the Pin Diagram of Arduino UNO and its features are listed below:

Features
• Microcontroller: Atmel ATmega328P
• Operating Voltage: 5 volts

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 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12 volts

• Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins: 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
• Flash Memory: 32 KB (0.5 KB used by bootloader)
• SRAM: 2 KB
• EEPROM: 1 KB
• Clock Speed: 16 MHz
• USB Interface: ATmega16U2
• Communication: UART, SPI, I2C
• Power: USB or External DC Power Supply
• Dimensions: 68.6 mm x 53.4 mm
• Weight: 25 grams
• Development Environment: Arduino IDE
• Compatibility: Compatible with most Arduino shields
• Programming Language: C, C++
• Community Support: Large community of users and developers
• Open-source: Schematics, firmware, and IDE are open-source
• Low cost: Affordable and widely available
• Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of projects from simple LED blinking to complex robotics and
IoT applications.

Functional description
The Arduino Uno serves as a versatile microcontroller board suitable for a wide range of electronic
projects. Here's a functional description outlining its key components and capabilities:
1. Microcontroller: The heart of the Arduino Uno is the Atmel ATmega328P microcontroller, which
processes instructions and controls input/output operations.
2. Digital I/O Pins: The Uno has 14 digital input/output pins, allowing it to interface with digital
sensors, actuators, LEDs, and other components. Six of these pins can generate PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) signals for tasks like controlling the brightness of LEDs or the speed of motors.

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3. Analog Input Pins: With 6 analog input pins, the Uno can read analog signals from sensors such as
temperature sensors, light sensors, and potentiometers.
4. Power Supply: The Uno can be powered via USB or an external DC power supply (7-12 volts). It
has onboard voltage regulation to ensure stable operation.
5. Clock Speed: Operating at 16 MHz, the Uno provides a balance between performance and power
consumption.
6. Communication Interfaces: The Uno supports various communication protocols including UART
(Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), and I2C (Inter-
Integrated Circuit). This allows it to communicate with other devices such as sensors, displays, and
communication modules.
7. USB Interface: The Uno features a USB interface (ATmega16U2) for serial communication with a
computer. This facilitates programming and debugging of sketches (programs written for Arduino)
via the Arduino IDE.
8. Development Environment: Arduino Uno is programmed using the Arduino IDE, which provides a
user-friendly interface for writing, compiling, and uploading code to the board.
9. Compatibility: The Uno is compatible with a wide range of sensors, actuators, and shields (add-on
boards) designed for Arduino, making it easy to expand its capabilities.
10. Open-source: The schematics, firmware, and IDE of the Arduino Uno are open-source, fostering a
community of users and developers who contribute libraries, tutorials, and projects.

On-chip flash memory

The Arduino Uno's on-chip flash memory is a fundamental aspect of its functionality, serving
as the storage space for the program code that runs on the microcontroller. With 32 KB of flash
memory, the Uno offers ample space for storing complex programs and data, making it suitable for a
wide range of projects. This onboard flash memory is non-volatile, meaning it retains its contents
even when the power is turned off. This allows the Uno to reliably execute programs every time it's
powered on, making it ideal for embedded systems where stability is crucial.
Programs for the Uno are typically written in the Arduino programming language, a simplified
version of C/C++ tailored for ease of use. These programs are compiled into machine code and
uploaded to the Uno's flash memory via the Arduino IDE, where they reside until overwritten or
erased. In addition to program code, the Uno's flash memory can also store data, configuration
settings, and other information required for the operation of the device.
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On-Chip Static RAM

The Arduino Uno features on-chip Static RAM (SRAM) as a key component of its memory
architecture, providing temporary storage for variables, function stacks, and other runtime data during
program execution. With 2 KB of SRAM, the Uno strikes a balance between cost-effectiveness and
performance, catering to a wide range of applications. Unlike Flash memory, SRAM is volatile,
meaning it loses its contents when power is removed. While this may seem like a limitation, SRAM's
fast read and write speeds make it well-suited for dynamic data storage and manipulation. This allows
the Uno to quickly process sensor readings, perform calculations, and respond to external stimuli in
real-time.

The limited SRAM capacity of the Uno can sometimes pose a challenge for complex programs or projects
that require large amounts of data storage. Developers must carefully manage memory usage to avoid
exceeding the available SRAM, employing strategies such as dynamic memory allocation and
optimization techniques to maximize efficiency. Despite its limitations, the Uno's on-chip SRAM plays
a vital role in its versatility and performance, enabling developers to create a wide range of applications,
from simple blinking LED projects to sophisticated IoT devices and robotic systems. Its integration into
the microcontroller chip itself ensures seamless operation and efficient utilization of resources, making
the Uno a popular choice among hobbyists, educators, and professionals alike.

4.1.2 Power supply

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power
source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC- to-DC adapter
(wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center- positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5Vpin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than
12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:

• VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed
to5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through
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this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
• 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the
board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another
regulated 5V supply.
• 3V3. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
• GND. Ground pins.

Fig. 4.3: Circuit Diagram of +5V & +12V Regulated Power Supply

The fig. 4.3 refers to the Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0,5 KB is
used for the boot loader); It has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and
written with the EEPROM library). Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or
output, using pin Mode (), digital Write (), and digital Read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each
pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20-50kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions.
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are
connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

4.1.3 LCD 16x2 display

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Fig. 4.4: LCD 16x2 display

In the Fig. 4.4 the term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display module
used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like mobile phones, calculators,
computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly preferred for multi-segment light-emitting diodes and
seven segments. The main benefits of using this module are inexpensive; simply programmable,
animations, and there are no limitations for displaying custom characters, special and even animations,
etc.

4.1.4 Buzzer

Fig. 4.5: Buzzer

In the Fig. 4.5 An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical or
piezoelectric or mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the signal from audio to sound.
Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and used in timers, alarm devices, printers, alarms,
computers, etc. Based on the various designs, it can generate different sounds like alarm, music, bell &
siren. The BUFFER IC used is IC 4050 which is a voltage amplifier; it’s a non-inverting buffer. A buffer
doesn’t change the logical state and it also provides an extra voltage drive. This 16-pin DIL packaged

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IC 4050 acts as Buffer as-well-as a Converter. The input signals may be of 2.5 to 5V digital TTL
compatible or DC analogue the IC gives constant output voltage. The IC acts as buffer and provides
isolation to the main circuit from varying input signals. Here the IC is use to increase the voltage. It acts
as a voltage amplifier. Typically, a voltage buffer amplifier is used to transfer a voltage from a first
circuit, having a low output impedance level, to a second circuit with a high input impedance level.

4.1.5 Fire Sensor:

Fig 4.6: Fire Sensor

The fig. 4.6 represents the fire sensor is used to detect the presence of fire around its range. A fire emits
heat waves which are also called infrared rays. So, it consists of an IR receiver, a comparator LM393,
resistors, capacitors and a potentiometer to adjust its sensitivity. The infrared waves of 700nm to 1000nm
wavelength can be readily detected by this sensor. The IR receiver converts the wave intensity to
corresponding current value. It can give analog as well as digital outputs. The sensor has a detection
angle of 60 degrees in the forward direction. A voltage of 3.3V to 5.2V can be used to power the sensor.
The Fire sensor is used to detect fire flames. The module makes use of Fire sensor and comparator to
detect fire up to a range of 1 meter.

Features:
• Allows your robot to detect flames from up to 1 M away
• Typical Maximum Range: 1 m.
• Calibration preset for range adjustment.
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• Indicator LED with 3 pin easy interface connector.

• Input Voltage: +5VDC

4.1.6 Water Pump

Fig 4.7 shows the water pump used as sprinkler when water is detected.

Fig 4.7: Water Pump

Micro DC 3-6V Micro Submersible Pump Mini water pump For Fountain Garden Mini water circulation
System DIY project. This is a low cost, small size Submersible Pump Motor which can be operated from
a 3 ~ 6V power supply. It can take up to 120 liters per hour with very low current consumption of 220mA.
Just connect tube pipe to the motor outlet, submerge it in water and power it. Make sure that the water
level is always higher than the motor. Dry run may damage the motor due to heating and it will also
produce noise.

4.1.7 Accelerometer

Fig 4.8: Accelerometer

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An accelerometer is a device engineered to measure an object's proper acceleration, which denotes its
acceleration relative to an observer in free fall. This differs from coordinate acceleration, tied to a given
coordinate system's acceleration. For example, an accelerometer at rest on Earth's surface registers an
upward acceleration due to gravity, typically around 9.81 m/s^2. Conversely, one in free fall measures
zero acceleration. These devices are ubiquitous across industries, consumer products, and scientific
realms. In aviation and missiles, highly sensitive accelerometers aid inertial navigation systems,
determining an object's position accurately. In unmanned aerial vehicles, they stabilize flight by detecting
velocity changes. Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers, minuscule and precise, are
integrated into handheld electronic devices like smartphones, cameras, and game controllers, enabling
features such as screen rotation and motion control. In industry, accelerometers monitor machinery
vibration, identifying mechanical issues proactively and minimizing downtime. Moreover, they are
crucial in seismology, monitoring ground movement like earthquakes. Coordinated accelerometers can
gauge differences in proper acceleration, notably gravity, across spatial separations, termed gravity
gradiometry, providing insights into Earth's composition and structure. Accelerometers exist in various
configurations: single-axis types measure acceleration along a specific axis, while multi-axis variants
detect both magnitude and direction, typically comprising several single-axis accelerometers along
different axes. This versatility facilitates applications ranging from basic motion detection in consumer
gadgets to precise navigation in aerospace systems, underscoring accelerometers' indispensability in
contemporary technology and scientific pursuits.

4.1.8 Node MCU

The Node MCU EPS Wi-Fi 8266 module provides minimum of 512Kb flash memory. It is low-cost user-
friendly plug and play module with easy to configure and set up. Every module has unique IP address
which is special identification of every Soldier. Every soldier is connected with control room with the
help of EPS8266 module IP address.

4.2 SOFTWARE DESIGN

The proposed system includes five modules. The initial stage is the image acquisition stage through
which the real-world sample is recorded in its digital form using a digital camera. In the next stage of the
research image was subjected to a pre-processing stage. Making use of it the size and complexity of the
image is reduced. The precise digital information is subjected to segmentation process which separates

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the rotten portion of the Animal samples. The feature extraction aspect of an image analysis focuses on
identifying inherent features of the objects present within an image, classification maps the data into
specific groups or classes. Fig 4.9 shows the system design flow of the overall project with Input and
Output Modules:

Fig 4.9: System design flow

Image acquisition: The image is captured, scanned and converted into a manageable entity. This process
is known as image acquisition. In this Animal images are given as input through digital camera and
stored in the hard disk.

Image Pre-processing: The aim of pre-processing is an improvement of the image data that suppresses
the unwanted distortions or enhances some image features. It includes RGB to Gray conversion, image
resizing and median filtering. Then median filtering is performed on the image to Segmentation. The
segmented images are clustered into different sectors using Otsu classifier and k-mean clustering
algorithm.

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Feature Extraction: It is a method in which both the colour and texture of an image are taken into account to
arrive at unique features. CNN architectures vary with the type of the problem at hand. The proposed model
consists of three convolutional layers each followed by a max-pooling layer. The final layer is fully connected
MLP (multi-layer perceptron). ReLu activation function is applied to the output of every convolutional layer and
fully connected layer.

4.2.1 ARDUINO IDE

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino
boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it
into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your
board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use
the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on
Processing.

The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on
Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low-cost scientific instruments, to prove
chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with programming and robotics. Designers and
architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and to experiment
with new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of the projects exhibited at the
Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists,
programmers - can start tinkering just following the step-by-step instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas
online with other members of the Arduino community.

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical computing.
Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others offer similar
functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller programming and wrap it up
in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it
offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

• Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller platforms.
The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and even the pre-
assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50

Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating

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systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

• Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-touse for beginners,
yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well.

• Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open-source tools,
available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through C++
libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to the
AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into
your Arduino programs if you want to.

• Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are published under a Creative
Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the module, extending
it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the module
in order to understand how it works and save money.

4.2.2 OPEN CV

OpenCV, short for opensource computer vision, is a renowned library esteemed for its broad
functionality tailored to real-time computer vision applications. With OpenCV, users can seamlessly
undertake an array of computer vision tasks, harnessing its expansive capabilities to process and analyze
visual data in real-time scenarios. Notably, the library boasts pre-trained deep learning face detection
models, facilitating efficient face detection within its framework. The strength of OpenCV lies in its
robust implementation of diverse computer vision algorithms and techniques, making it a favored choice
among developers and researchers alike. Primarily developed in C++, OpenCV offers a comprehensive
interface for accessing its functionalities, ensuring effective and high-performance execution of computer
vision tasks. Despite its primary interface being in C++, OpenCV also provides a less comprehensive yet
extensive older C interface, catering to a wider spectrum of users and environments. OpenCV's modular
architecture allows for seamless integration with various programming languages and frameworks,
fostering cross-platform compatibility and flexibility in application development. Furthermore, its open-
source nature nurtures a vibrant community of contributors and users, perpetually enhancing and
broadening the library's capabilities through collaborative development endeavors. Beyond face
detection, OpenCV encompasses a wealth of functionalities, encompassing image processing, object

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detection and tracking, feature extraction, and machine learning integration. This comprehensive suite of
tools empowers users to tackle an array of computer vision challenges, ranging from simple image
processing tasks to intricate video analysis applications. OpenCV stands as a cornerstone in the realm of
computer vision, furnishing developers and researchers with a versatile and potent toolkit for crafting
innovative and cutting-edge vision-based applications. Its expansive functionality, robust performance,
and open-source ethos collectively establish it as an invaluable asset in the realm of real-time computer
vision.
OpenCV application areas include:

• 2D and 3D feature toolkits

• Ego motion estimation
• Facial recognition system
• Gesture recognition
• Human–computer interaction (HCI)
• Mobile robotics
• Motion understanding
• Object identification
• Segmentation and recognition
• Stereopsis stereo vision: depth perception from 2 cameras
• Structure from motion (SFM)
• Motion tracking
• Augmented reality

4.2.3 PYTHON
Open CV-Python

Python is a general-purpose programming language started by Guido van Rossum, which became very
popular in short time mainly because of its simplicity and code readability. It enables the programmer to
express his ideas in fewer lines of code without reducing any readability. Compared to other languages
like C/C++, Python is slower. But another important feature of Python is that it can be easily extended

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with C/C++. This feature helps us to write computationally intensive codes in C/C++ and create a Python
wrapper for it so that we can use these wrappers as Python modules. This gives us two advantages: first,
our code is as fast as original C/C++ code (since it is the actual C++ code working in background) and
second, it is very easy to code in Python. This is how OpenCV-Python works, it is a Python wrapper
around original C++ implementation. And the support of Numpy makes the task easier. Numpy is a
highly optimized library for numerical operations. It gives a MATLAB-style syntax. All the OpenCV
array structures are converted to-and-from Numpy arrays. So whatever operations you can do in Numpy,
you can combine it with OpenCV, which increases number of weapons in your arsenal. Besides that,
several other libraries like SciPy, Matplotlib which supports Numpy can be used with this.So OpenCV-
Python is an appropriate tool for fast prototyping of computer vision problems.
Python technology has emerged as a powerhouse in the realm of programming languages, renowned
for its simplicity, versatility, and readability. Guido van Rossum introduced Python in the late 1980s,
and since then, it has undergone significant evolution, becoming a cornerstone in various domains,
including web development, data science, artificial intelligence, automation, and more. One of Python's
key strengths lies in its extensive standard library, offering a plethora of modules and packages that
streamline development processes. Its syntax, characterized by clean and easily understandable code,
promotes faster development cycles and easier maintenance, making it an ideal choice for both beginners
and seasoned developers alike.
Python's robust support for object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming paradigms allows
developers to implement solutions tailored to their specific needs. Furthermore, its dynamic typing and
automatic memory management alleviate the burden of manual memory allocation, enhancing
productivity and reducing the likelihood of errors. The vibrant Python community fosters collaboration
and innovation, continually enriching the ecosystem with new libraries, frameworks, and tools. With
its widespread adoption by tech giants, startups, educational institutions, and individual developers
worldwide, Python technology continues to shape the digital landscape, empowering individuals and
organizations to realize their visions and drive progress in diverse fields.

Importance of python on internet

Python's importance on the internet is profound and multifaceted, owing to its versatility, simplicity,
and robust ecosystem. Here's a glimpse into its significance:
1. Web Development: Python offers powerful frameworks like Django and Flask, facilitating rapid
and scalable web application development. Its ease of use and vast community support make it a

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preferred choice for building websites, APIs, and backend systems.

2. Data Science and Analytics: Python's rich ecosystem of libraries such as NumPy, Pandas, and
Matplotlib makes it the go-to language for data analysis, visualization, and machine learning. This
dominance in data-related tasks has led to the emergence of Python as a staple in fields like data
science, AI, and big data.
3. Scripting and Automation: Python's simplicity and readability make it ideal for scripting tasks and
automation. From simple scripts to complex automation workflows, Python empowers developers
to streamline processes, manage systems, and deploy applications efficiently.
4. Education and Learning: Python's beginner-friendly syntax and extensive documentation make it
an excellent choice for teaching programming concepts. Its popularity in educational institutions
and online learning platforms has led to a vast pool of Python developers, driving innovation and
growth in the tech industry.
5. Community and Support: Python boasts a vibrant and inclusive community, offering support,
resources, and collaborative opportunities. This strong community presence fosters knowledge-
sharing, innovation, and the development of new tools and libraries, enriching the Python
ecosystem.
6. Cross-platform Compatibility: Python's ability to run on various operating systems, including
Windows, macOS, and Linux, ensures seamless deployment and compatibility across different
environments, enhancing its appeal for internet-based applications and services.

4.2.4 YOLO ALGORITHM

YOLO: YOLO algorithm employs convolutional neural networks (CNN) to detect objects in real-time.
As the name suggests, the algorithm requires only a single forward propagation through a neural network
to detect objects. This means that prediction in the entire image is done in a single algorithm run.
Steps of yolo algorithm:
Dataset collection: Dataset is a collection of various types of data stored in a digital format. Data is the
key component of any Machine Learning project. Datasets primarily consist of images. for solving
various Artificial Intelligence challenges such as. Image or video classification.
Annotation: data annotation is the process of labeling data to show the outcome you want your machine
learning model to predict. You are marking - labeling, tagging, transcribing, or processing - a dataset
with the features you want your machine learning system to learn to recognize.

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Training: Once you have them or train the model from scratch using the label files, the model gets
trained using both the images and the corresponding label file containing bounding box co-ordinates and
class names for the objects in the images. So here classification and regression training happen together.
Fig 4.10 shows the yolo algorithm steps in block diagram.

Fig: 4.10 yolo algorithm

4.2.5 CONVOLUTION NEURAL NETWORK:

A CNN is composed of several kinds of layers:
Convolutional layer: In convolution layer after the computer reads an image in the form of pixels, then
with the help of convolution layers we take a small patch of the images. These images or patches are
called the features or the filters. By sending these rough feature matches is roughly the same position in
the two images, convolutional layer gets a lot better at seeing similarities than whole image matching
scenes. It creates a feature map to predict the class probabilities for each feature by applying a filter that
scans the whole image, few pixels at a time.
Pooling layer: (down sampling)-scales down the amount of information the convolutional layer
generated for each feature and maintains the most essential information (the process of the convolutional
and pooling layers usually repeats several times).
Fully connected layer: “flattens” the outputs generated by previous layers to turn them into a single
vector that can be used as an input for the next layer. Applies weights over the input generated by the
feature analysis to predict an accurate label.
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Output layer: generates the final probabilities to determine a class for the image.
Fig 4.11 shows the layers of CNN which performs the image processing of data.

Fig: 4.11 Layers of CNN

* * *

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CHAPTER 5

BENEFITS, APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

5.1 BENEFITS
❖ Early detection of forest fires
❖ Avoid illegal cutting of trees
❖ Preventing the destruction of wildlife.
❖ Avoid forest mishaps by taking automated protective actions
❖ To detect fires and notify officials.
❖ Protect the environment, lives, infrastructure, and ecosystem.

5.2 APPLICATIONS
❖ Early forest fire detection with sensor readings ensures proactive intervention.

❖ WSN-based surveillance system safeguards animal lives by controlling fire spread.

❖ Continuous monitoring reduces manual labor by alerting authorities to fire occurrences swiftly.

❖ Sensor technology enhances fire detection precision for efficient forest management.

❖ WSN integration optimizes resource allocation, maximizing fire prevention effectiveness.

❖ Real-time alerts enable timely deployment of firefighting resources, minimizing habitat damage.

❖ Automated monitoring ensures round-the-clock forest safety vigilance.

5.3 LIMITATIONS
❖ False alarms can undermine system reliability.

❖ Cost considerations may limit system implementation.

❖ Environmental limitations can impact system performance.

❖ Complexity of the system may hinder usability.

❖ Privacy concerns may arise with data collection and monitoring.

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CHAPTER 6

IMPLEMENTATION AND WORKING

6.1 IMPLEMENTATION

Fig. 6.1: Hardware Setup of Model

The Fig. 6.1 Shows the Hardware Setup of the Model which consists of Arduino UNO, LCD
Display, Power Supply, Accelerometer, Zig-Bee module and Switches to control.

6.2 WORKING
Objective 1: Detecting the Forest Fire at the earliest stage.

Fig.6.2: Smoke detected

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Fig.6.3: Threshold value of smoke

The fig.6.2 and fig.6.3 shows the detection of the smoke during the fire and the value of the sensor
being changed which confirms that the forest fire is being detected.

Fig.6.4: Forest fire detected using ML

Fig.6.5: Message sent to the officials

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The fig 6.4 and 6.5 shows the detection of the fire using the ML code and by running the web camera
detects the fire and alerts by sending the message to the forest officials as shown above.

Objective 2: Implementation of detection of animals crossing the forest boundary

Fig.6.6: Detection of animal intrusion

The fig.6.6 shows the animal detection and the virtual fencing activated and thus will alert using the
buzzer sound.

Fig.6.7: Animal detected using ML

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The fig.6.7 represents the running of the python code which results in opening of the webcam and thus
detects which animal is crossing the forest boundary.

Fig.6.8: Message sent to the officials

The fig.6.8 shows the alert message being sent to the forest official regarding which animal being found
near the boundary crossing the forest limits.

Objective 3: Recognizing illegal cutting of trees.

Fig.6.9: Tree cutting detected

The fig.6.9 shows the detection of tree cutting when the accelerometer is being deflected above the
threshold angle which is being set priorly.

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION
The system depicted in the block diagram is designed to facilitate the detection and counting of wild
animals, with the utilization of Arduino technology rendering it both portable and affordable for
livestock producers operating on both small and large scales. The accompanying flowchart illustrates
the sequence of operations involved in detecting specific livestock and subsequently tallying their
numbers, culminating in the presentation of results. The process begins with the capture of images
using a camera, a crucial step that lays the foundation for subsequent analysis. To facilitate comparison
with existing dataset values, the captured images are then converted into grayscale format, enhancing
the feasibility of subsequent operations. This preprocessing step streamlines the subsequent analysis
by eliminating unnecessary color information and standardizing the images for comparison. Manual
counting, in particular, is time-consuming and prone to high error margins, posing significant
challenges for livestock producers seeking accurate and efficient counting methods. By leveraging
cutting-edge technologies such as Arduino; the system optimizes both portability and affordability,
ensuring accessibility for a wide range of livestock producers. Arduino's versatility and ease of
integration make it an ideal choice for powering such systems, enabling seamless operation and
minimal maintenance requirements. Each step, from image capture to result presentation, is
meticulously designed to maximize accuracy and efficiency, thereby addressing the inherent challenges
associated with traditional counting methods. Moreover, the system's real-time capabilities offer a
significant advantage over conventional approaches, enabling prompt decision-making and proactive
management strategies. By providing timely insights into livestock populations, producers can better
allocate resources, optimize herd management practices, and mitigate potential risks. This system
represents a significant advancement in livestock counting technology, offering a practical and efficient
solution to a longstanding challenge in the agricultural sector. Its affordability, portability, and real-
time functionality make it a valuable asset for livestock producers, empowering them to make informed
decisions and drive productivity gains in their operations.

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Dept of ECE 43 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57

 IoT Based Forest and Wildlife monitoring system A Project Report: 2023-2024

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Dept of ECE 44 Sapthagiri college of Engineering, Bengaluru-57