New Water Storage Facility

Atlanta VA Medical Center

SECTION 13 20 00 revised RFI 1 (June 2013)

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STORAGE TANK

PART 1 – GENERAL

1.1 DESCRIPTION

A. This section specifies the design and construction of an AWWA

D110 Type II, wire-wound prestressed concrete storage tank with
steel diaphragm complete including all reinforcing, concrete
work, accessories, disinfection and testing directly related to
the tank.

B. The tank contractor is responsible for furnishing all labor,

materials, tools and equipment necessary to design and construct
the prestressed concrete storage tank as indicated on the
drawings and as described in this specification.

1.2 RELATED WORK

A. Section 31 20 00, Earth Moving

B. Section 31 63 16, Auger Cast Grout Piles
C. Section 22 05 11, Common Work Results for Plumbing
D. Section 33 10 00, Water Utilities
E. Appendix A – Geotechnical Report

1.3 APPLICABLE PUBLICATIONS

A. The publications listed below form a part of this specification

to the extent referenced. The publications are referenced in the
text by basic designation only.

B. ACI 372R-03 – Design and Construction of Circular Wire- and

Strand-Wrapped Prestressed Concrete Structures.

C. AWWA D110-04 – Wire- and Strand-Wound, Circular, Prestressed

Concrete Water Tanks.

D. ACI 506R – Guide to Shotcrete.

E. ASTM A 821/A821M – Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Hard

Drawn for Prestressing Concrete Tanks.

F. ASTM A 1008/A1008M – Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet,

Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy and
High-Strength Low-Alloy With Improved Formability.

G. ASCE Standard 7-05 – Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures.

H. ASTM C 881/C881M – Standard Specification for Epoxy-Resin-Base

Bonding Systems for Concrete.

I. ASTM A 185 – Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire

Reinforcement, Plain, for Concrete.

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J. ASTM A 615 – Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain

Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement.

K. ACI 305R – Hot Weather Concreting.

L. ACI 306R – Cold Weather Concreting.

M. ACI 350-06 – Building Code Requirements for Environmental

Engineering Concrete Structures and Commentary.

N. ASTM C 31/C31M – Test Methods for Making and Curing Concrete Test
Specimens in the Field.

O. ASTM C 39/C39M – Test Method for Compressive Strength of

Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.

P. ASTM C 231 – Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly

Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method.

Q. ASTM C 143 – Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement.

R. ASTM C 172 – Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed

Concrete.

S. ASTM C 33/C33M – Specification for Concrete Aggregates.

T. AWWA C652 – Disinfection of Potable Water Storage Tanks.

U. ASTM D 1056 – Standard Specification for Flexible Cellular

Material.

V. 2006 International Building Code (IBC)

W. 2007 Physical Security Design Manual: Mission Critical Facilities

1.4 SUBMITTALS

A. Shop Drawings: Provide shop drawings with a minimum size of 18"

x 24" with a complete plan, elevation, and sectional views
showing critical dimensions as follows:

1. Size, location and number of all reinforcing bars.

2. Thickness of all parts of the tank structure including floor,
core wall, dome, and covercoat.
3. Prestressing schedule including number and placement of
prestressing wires on the tank wall and total applied force
per foot of wall height.
4. Location and details of all accessories required.

B. Concrete Data: Submit concrete design mixes including ingredient

proportions, minimum cementitious content, and water/cementitious
ratio in accordance with Section 2.2 and 2.3 of this
specification.

C. Design Data: Submit the following structural calculations for

the tank, signed and sealed by a professional engineer in
accordance with Section 1.5.A.3 of this specification:

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1. Structural design calculations for all portions of the tank

with details of analysis in accordance with codes and
standards for all gravity and seismic loads specified in
Section 1.7.B.
2. Structural dynamic response analysis for all portions of the
tank with details of analysis and codes and standards used for
blast loads specified in Section 1.7.B.10.
3. Statement of conformance and analysis results from peer review
firm described in Section 1.5.A.3.

D. Coating Data: Submit color charts for review by the engineer and
owner. Once a color is chosen, submit actual drawdown samples
for final approval prior to application of coating.

E. Test Reports: Submit concrete strength reports for 7-day and 28-
day breaks taken in accordance with the requirements of Section
3.3.A.1.

F. Warranty Document: Submit warranty document in Owner's name in

accordance with Section 1.6 A. of this specification.

G. Cleaning and Disinfection Plan: Submit a cleaning and

disinfection plan which complies with Section 3.4 of this
specification.

H. Project Record Documents: Record actual location layout and

final configuration of tank and accessories on shop drawings and
submit to engineer after construction of the tank is complete.

1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE

A. Qualifications and Experience:

1. Tank Construction Company: Shall be a firm with ten years of

experience in the design and construction of AWWA D110 Type II
wire-wound, circular prestressed concrete tanks with
satisfactory evidence that it has the skill, reliability, and
financial stability to build and guarantee the tank in
accordance with the quality required by these specifications.
The company constructing the tank shall have built completely
in its own name in the past five years, and be presently
responsible for, a minimum of ten (10) dome covered
prestressed composite tanks which meet these specifications
and are now providing satisfactory service.
2. Construction: The entire tank, including all portions of the
floor, wall, and dome shall be built by the tank construction
company, using its own trained personnel and equipment.
3. Design: All design work for the tank shall be performed by a
professional engineer with no less than five years of
experience in the design and construction of AWWA D110 Type II
wire-wound, circular prestressed concrete tanks. The
professional engineer shall be a full-time staff member of the
tank construction company and shall be licensed to work in the
state where the project is located. All analysis work for the
blast load shall be peer reviewed by an independent structural
consultant. The firm responsible for peer review of the blast

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response shall be one with demonstrated experience in blast

analysis response for liquid containment structures and shall
have a licensed professional engineer on its staff who is
licensed in the state where the project is located.
4. The steel shell design and epoxy injection procedure shall
have been used in the ten tanks required in Section 1.5 A. of
this specification.

1.6 WARRANTY

A. Provide a warranty document for workmanship and materials on the

complete structural portion of the tank for a five-year period
from the date of acceptance of the work. In case leakage or
other defects appear within the five-year period, the tank
construction company shall promptly repair the tank at its own
expense upon written notice by the Owner that such defects have
been found. Leakage is defined as a stream flow of liquid
appearing on the exterior of the tank, the source of which is
from the inside of the tank. The tank construction company shall
not be responsible for, nor liable for, any subsurface condition.
This warranty shall not apply to any accessory, equipment or
product that is not a structural part of the tank and is
manufactured by a company other than the tank construction
company.

1.7 DESIGN CRITERIA

A. The design shall be in conformance with applicable portions of

American Concrete Institute (ACI) 372R-03 Design and Construction
of Circular Wire- and Strand-Wrapped Prestressed Concrete
Structures, AWWA D110-04 Wire- and Strand-Wound, Circular,
Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks, and currently accepted
engineering principles and practices for the design of such
structures.

B. The following loadings shall be utilized in the design:

1. Capacity: 750,000 Gallons

2. Dimensions: 60 foot Inside Diameter
35.5 foot Water Depth
3. Fluid Loads: Shall be the weight of all liquid when the
reservoir is filled to capacity. The unit weight of the
liquid material shall be 62.4 lbs/ft3.
4. Roof Loads: Consideration shall be given to all applicable
roof design loads in accordance with AWWA D110, Section 3.3
and ASCE 7. The minimum roof loads to be considered in the
design of the structure shall be as follows:
a. Roof Live Load 15 lbs/ft2.
5. Dead Loads: Consideration shall be given to all permanent
imposed loads including concrete and steel.
6. Seismic Loads: Seismic load shall be calculated using the
effective mass procedure as specified in AWWA D110 with mapped
spectral response accelerations in accordance with the 2006
International Building Code. Seismic design criteria to be
used in the design of the tank is as follows:
a. Mapped MCE, 5 percent damped, spectral response
acceleration at short periods, Ss 22.9%g

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b. Mapped MCE, 5 percent damped, spectral response

acceleration at a period of 1 sec., S1 8.6%g
c. Occupancy Category IV
d. Importance Factor, I: 1.5
7. Soil Pressure: Earth loads shall be determined by rational
methods of soil mechanics. Soil pressure shall not be used in
the design of the core wall to resist hydraulic loads or
provide residual compression in the wall. The unit weight of
soil shall be 120 lbs/ft3.
8. Differential Backfill Loads: Forces from differential
backfill loads shall be considered in the design and shall be
based on the at-rest coefficient. Passive resistance shall
not be used to resist differential backfill loads.
9. Wind Loads: Wind loads shall be considered in the design in
accordance with ASCE 7. Criteria to be used in the design of
the tank is as follows:
a. Basic Wind Speed, V: 90 miles/hour
b. Importance Factor, I: 1.15
c. Exposure Category, Kz “C”
10. Blast Load: All parts of the tank structure must be
designed to resist the effects of blast in accordance with the
Physical Security Design Manual for Mission Critical
Facilities. The blast load to be considered produces the
following pressures and impulses:
a. 37.9 psi and 136 psi – msec at ground level.
b. 19.0 psi and 97.4 psi – msec at 45' above ground level.

C. Structural Floor: The design of the structural floor for the

prestressed concrete tank shall conform to the following:

1. Concrete structural floors shall contain a minimum reinforcing

steel amount equal to 0.50% of the gross cross sectional area.
Reinforcing steel shall be placed orthogonally and distributed
with at least 2/3 of the total minimum area required in the
top face and 1/3 of the total minimum area in the bottom face.
2. Concrete sections that are 24" or greater in thickness may
have the minimum percentage of reinforcing based on a 12"
concrete layer at each face.
3. Minimum reinforcing size shall be #4 bar.
4. Maximum spacing of reinforcing steel for the structural floor
shall be 12".
5. Concrete structural floors shall be designed to resist bending
moments and shears induced by loadings required in section
1.7B. Moments and shears shall be calculated based on
rational analysis utilizing an influence area derived from the
pile spacing plus 2 times the pile spacing tolerance specified
in section 1.7C8. In no case shall the dimensions and
reinforcing steel for the concrete structural floor be less
than the following:
a. Minimum floor thickness: 20".
b. Minimum top reinforcing steel: #6 at 6 1/2" c/c.
c. Minimum bottom reinforcing steel: #5 at 9" c/c.
6. Circumferential steel shall be added to the outside edge of
the structural floor as required to resist calculated bending
moments in spans between perimeter piles. Circumferential
steel required for bending moments shall be calculated by any
rational one-way analysis with a minimum required amount of

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0.75% placed in a minimum width of 2' 6". Minimum

circumferential steel shall be distributed with 2/3 of the
total area required in the top face and 1/3 in the bottom
face.
a. Top circumferential bars: 8 - #6 bars
b. Bottom circumferential bars: 8 - #6 bars
7. Radial steel shall be added to the top and bottom mats of
reinforcing steel at the edge of the structural floor to
account for edge effects in the circular plate. Edge effects
shall include moments at the mid-span of the outer most span
and the outside face of the first interior support of a two
way slab and shall be calculated by any rational analysis
which considers these effects but in no case shall be less
than:
a. Top radial bar: #6 at 12" c/c x 11' 4" long.
b. Bottom radial bar: #5 at 9" c/c X 8' 6" long.
8. Footing dimensions shall be sized appropriately to resist
shear and moments. In no case shall the footing dimensions be
less than the following:
a. Footing thickness: 23"
b. Footing width: 36"
9. Minimum pile embedment into the concrete structural floor
shall be 3" for auger cast concrete piles.
10. Minimum spacing tolerance shall be 3" for all auger cast
piles or as defined by the geotechnical design professional.

D. Core wall:

1. The wire-wound, prestressed concrete tank core wall shall be

designed as a thin shell cylindrical element using shotcrete
and an embedded, mechanically bonded, steel shell diaphragm.
2. The design of the core wall shall take into account
appropriate edge restraint. To compensate for bending
moments, shrinkage, differential drying, and temperature
stresses, the following minimum reinforcing steel shall be
incorporated into the design:
a. The top 2' of core wall shall have not less than 1%
circumferential reinforcing.
b. The bottom 3' of core wall shall have not less than 1%
circumferential reinforcing.
c. Remaining portions of the core wall shall have
circumferential reinforcing as required to resist bending
moments due to blast pressures and impulses.
d. Inside Face:
(1) The inside face of the core wall shall utilize the 26
gauge steel shell diaphragm as effective reinforcing.
(2) Additional vertical and horizontal reinforcing steel
bars shall be used as required by design computations.
e. Outside Face:
(1) Vertical reinforcing steel in the outside face of the
core wall shall be: minimum of #4 bars at 12" center to
center.
(2) Additional vertical and horizontal reinforcing steel
bars shall be used as required by design computations.
3. The minimum core wall thickness shall be 3½".

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4. Reinforcing steel used in the core wall shall be designed

using a maximum allowable design tensile stress, fs, of 18,000
psi.
5. Allowable compressive stress in the core wall due to initial
prestressing force, fgi, shall be:
a. 1250 psi + 75t psi/in. with 0.5 f'gi maximum or less (where
f'gi is defined as compressive strength at time initial
prestressing force is applied and t is the thickness of the
core wall in inches).
b. Maximum of 2250 psi.
6. Allowable compressive stress in the core wall due to final
prestressing force, fg, shall be:
a. 1250 psi + 75t psi/in. with 0.45 f'g maximum (where f'g is
defined as compressive strength required for final
prestressing force and t is the thickness of the core wall
in inches).
b. Maximum of 2000 psi.

E. Dome:
1. The dome roof shall be constructed of reinforced concrete and
shall be circumferentially prestressed.
2. Dome shell reinforcement shall consist of reinforcing bars or
welded wire fabric meeting ASTM A 185, not galvanized.
Bolsters for wire fabric and reinforcing bars shall be
plastic. Wire ties shall be galvanized.
3. The dome ring girder shall be prestressed with sufficient wire
to withstand the dome dead load and design live loads. The
ring girder shall have cross section suitable to accept the
applied prestressing forces.
4. The high water level in the tank shall be permitted to
encroach on the dome shell no higher than the upper horizontal
plane of the dome ring girder.
5. Overflow outlets or the overflow pipe shall be capable of
providing an overflow open area three times the area of the
largest influent pipe.
6. Overflow outlets plus the dome ventilator shall be capable of
providing an open area three times the area of the largest
pipe.
7. The dome shall be designed as a free-span, spherical thin
shell with one-tenth rise in accordance with the following:
a. Typical Dome Design: The typical dome thickness and steel
reinforcement shall meet the requirements of AWWA D110-04.
b. In all cases, the thickness of the dome shall be no less
than 3".
c. Dome Edge Design: The dome edge and upper wall shall be
designed to resist the moments, thrusts, and shears that
occur in this region due to dome and wall prestressing and
loading conditions. The design of the edge region shall
conform to the following:

(1) Dome Edge Thickness:

(a) A determination of the buckle diameter shall be

made, as defined by:

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d b  2 . 5  rd  t d rounded up to the next foot

Where: d b = buckle diameter in feet
rd = dome radius in feet
t d = typical dome thickness in feet

(b) Dome edge thickening shall begin at a radial

s
location on the dome, defined as 2 which is at least
one buckle diameter away from the tank wall.
(c) A springline haunch shall be provided, which
extends radially from the inside face of the tank

wall to radial location

s1 which is defined as:

s1  0.6  1.5  rd  t d rounded up to the next foot

Where: s1 = distance from inside face of wall to haunch
in feet
s2 = distance from inside face of wall to
typical dome thickness in feet.

This springline haunch shall begin at the inside face of

the tank wall with a springline thickness as required by
paragraph (f) below and shall end at radial location s1
with the following thickness:

t d 1  1.33  t d
Where: t d 1 = minimum thickness at s1 in feet
t d = typical dome thickness in feet at one
buckle diameter from tank wall

(d)
s
Beginning at 1 and continuing to 2 the dome
s
shell shall have a uniform straight line taper.
(e) Parameters (b), (c), and (d) above are not
required for domes where the calculated typical dome
thickness is less than 75% of the actual typical dome
thickness.
(f) Sufficient concrete thickness at the springline
of the dome shall be provided so that no more than 2'
of the springline haunch is considered in calculating
the effective dome edge ring cross sectional area.
Compressive stress in this area shall not exceed 1000
psi when subjected to initial prestressing, offset by
dead load only.

(2) Dome Edge Steel Reinforcement:

(a) Throughout the dome edge, the percentage of steel

reinforcement, both radially and circumferentially,
shall be no less than 0.25% of the gross cross
sectional area of concrete.

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(b) Along the dome edge, steel reinforcement shall be

distributed between the upper and lower layers unless
finite element analysis calculations indicate that
tensile stress does not exist in the concrete along
the bottom face of the dome edge. In that case, only
top bars are required radially and circumferentially.
In addition, radial and circumferential reinforcing
bars will not be required along the bottom face of
the dome edge where the calculated typical dome
thickness is less than 75% of the actual typical dome
thickness.
(c) Where reinforcing bars are required in the bottom
layer, they shall be placed near the tank wall to
insure adequate development at the intersection
between dome and wall.
(d) In all cases, the percentage of circumferential
steel reinforcement in the effective dome ring shall
be no less than one percent of the gross cross
sectional area of concrete. The effective dome ring
is defined as ¼ of the haunch length not to exceed
2'.
(e) Where bottom dome edge steel reinforcement is
required, vertical steel reinforcement along the
inside face of the tank wall shall be no less than
0.5% of the cross sectional area of wall shotcrete.

F. Prestressing:

1. Circumferential prestressing of the tank shall be achieved by

the application of cold-drawn, high-carbon steel wire
complying with ASTM A 821 Type B, placed under high tension.
2. A substantial allowance shall be made for prestressing losses
due to shrinkage and plastic flow in the shotcrete and due to
relaxation in the prestressing steel.
3. The prestressing design shall conform to the following minimum
requirements:
a. Working stress for the tank wall, fs, shall be a maximum of
115,000 psi.
b. The allowable design tensile stress in the prestressing
wire before losses, fsi shall be 145,600 psi or no greater
than 0.63 fu, where fu is defined as the ultimate strength
of the wire.
c. Areas to be prestressed will contain not fewer than 10
wires per foot of wall for 8 gauge and 8 wires per foot of
wall for 6 gauge.
d. A maximum of 24 wires per layer per foot for 8 gauge and 20
wires per layer per foot for 6 gauge will be allowed.

G. Wall Openings:

1. When it is necessary for a pipe to pass through the tank wall,

the invert of such pipe or sleeve shall be no less than 18"
above the floor slab, and the prestressing wires required at
the pipe elevation shall be distributed above and below the
opening leaving an unbanded strip around the entire tank.
2. Unbanded strips shall have a vertical dimension of no more
than 36" unless an axi-symmetric shell analysis is performed

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to account for compressive forces plus shear and moments

caused by displacement of the prestressing wires into adjacent
bands.

PART 2 – PRODUCTS

2.1 PERFORMANCE

A. Performance of the materials used in the tank construction shall

conform to the minimum requirements of this specification.

B. Substitutions to the materials in this specification may only be

made if submitted in writing and approved by the engineer.

2.2 CONCRETE

A. Concrete shall conform to ACI 301.

B. All concrete shall utilize Type I/II Portland cement.

C. A maximum of 25% of cementitious material may be fly ash.

D. Admixtures other than air-entraining and water reducing

admixtures will not be permitted unless approved by the engineer.

E. Course and fine aggregate shall meet the requirements of ASTM C

33.

F. Concrete mixes used in the construction of the tank shall conform

to the following:

Mix Compressive Minimum Maximum Maximum Air Slump

Strength Cement Aggregate W/C Content (in)
(psi) Content Size Ratio (%)
(lbs) (in)
Floor 4000 560 ¾ 0.45 6 +/-1 1/2% 4"+/-1"
Dome 4000 600 ⅜ 0.45 6 +/-1 1/2% 4"+/-1"

2.3 SHOTCRETE

A. Shotcrete shall conform to the requirements of ACI 506.2 except

as modified herein.

B. All shotcrete mixes shall utilize Type I/II cement.

C. A maximum of 25% of cementitious material may be fly ash.

D. All shotcrete in contact with diaphragm or prestressing wire

shall be proportioned to consist of not more than three parts
sand to one part Portland cement by weight. All other shotcrete
shall be proportioned to consist of not more than four parts sand
to one part Portland cement by weight.

E. Admixtures will not contain more than trace amounts of chlorides,

fluorides, sulfides or nitrates.

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F. Shotcrete mixes used in the tank construction shall conform to

the following:

Mix Compressive Maximum Air Slump Fiber

Strength W/C Content (in) Reinforcement
(psi) Ratio (%) (lbs/cyd)
Core Wall 4000 0.42 6 +/-1 1/2% 4"+/-1" -
Covercoat 4000 0.42 6 +/-1 1/2% 4"+/-1"

2.4 PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT

A. The prestressing wire shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A

821, Type B.

B. The prestressing wire size shall be 0.162" (8 gauge), 0.192" (6

gauge) or larger, but no larger than 0.250".

C. The ultimate tensile strength, fu shall be, 231,000 psi or

greater for 8 gauge wire, 222,000 psi or greater for 6 gauge.

2.5 NON-PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT

A. Non-prestressed mild reinforcing steel shall be new billet steel

meeting the requirements of ASTM A 185 with a minimum yield
strength, fy, of 60,000 psi.

B. Welded wire reinforcing shall be plain wire conforming to the

requirements of ASTM A 185 with a minimum yield strength, fy, of
65,000 psi.

2.6 STEEL DIAPHRAGM

A. The steel diaphragm used in the construction of the core wall

shall be 26 gauge conforming to the requirements of ASTM A 1008.

B. The steel shell is to be formed with re-entrant angles and

erected so that a mechanical key is created between the shotcrete
and diaphragm.

C. The sheets of steel diaphragm shall be continuous from bottom to

top of wall; horizontal joints or splices will not be permitted.

D. All vertical joints in the diaphragm shall be rolled seamed,

crimped and sealed watertight using epoxy injection.

E. In all tanks designed to use a waterstop at the floor/wall joint,

the steel shell diaphragm shall be epoxy bonded to the waterstop.

2.7 PVC WATERSTOPS, BEARING PADS AND SPONGE FILLER

A. Plastic waterstops shall be extruded from an elastomeric plastic

material of which the base resin is virgin polyvinyl chloride.

B. The profile and size of the waterstop shall be suitable for the
hydrostatic pressure and movements to which it is exposed.

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C. Bearing pads used in floor/wall joints shall consist of neoprene,

natural rubber or polyvinyl chloride.

D. Sponge filler at the floor/wall joint shall be closed-cell

neoprene.

2.8 EPOXY

A. Epoxy Sealants:

1. Epoxy used for sealing the steel shell shall conform to the
requirements of ASTM C 881.
2. Epoxy used for sealing the steel shell shall be, Type III,
Grade 1, and shall be a 100% solids, moisture insensitive, low
modulus epoxy system.
3. When pumped, maximum viscosity of the epoxy shall be 10 poises
at 77°F.
4. The epoxy sealants used in the tank construction shall be
suitable for bonding to concrete, shotcrete, PVC and steel.

B. Bonding Epoxy:

1. Epoxy resins used for enhancing the bond between fresh

concrete and hardened concrete shall conform to the
requirements of ASTM C 881.
2. Epoxy resins shall be a two-component, 100% solids, moisture-
insensitive epoxy and shall be Type II, Grade 2.

2.9 SEISMIC RESTRAINT CABLES

A. When required by design, seismic restraint cables shall be seven-

wire strand conforming to ASTM A 416.

B. The strand shall be protected with a fusion-bonded, grit-

impregnated epoxy coating conforming to ASTM A 882.

C. The minimum yield strength of the seven-wire strand shall be

270,000 psi.

2.10 TANK ACCESSORIES

A. Minimum of one, 1' 5" x 4' 4" rectangular Type 316 stainless
steel wall manhole for access to the interior of the tank. The
cover and the bolts shall also be of Type 316 stainless steel.
The wall manhole shall be designed to resist hydraulic loading
without excessive deflection.

B. Interior ladder shall be fabricated from fiberglass with Type 316

stainless steel fasteners and shall conform with all applicable
OSHA standards. The ladder shall have a safety climbing device
manufactured from Type 316 stainless steel as required to meet
applicable OSHA standards.

C. Roof hatch will be fabricated from T-6061 aluminum and will be

designed to resist roof loads in accordance with section 1.7.B.4.

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D. Roof ventilators shall be designed to allow proper air flow and

venting in tank. In no case shall open area of roof ventilators
be less than 4 times the largest pipe diameter.

E. Through-wall pipe sleeves shall be Type 316 stainless steel

sleeves with neoprene modular seal units using stainless steel
tightening bolts.

2.11 COATINGS

A. Exterior coating system shall consist of the following:

1. Tnemec Series 156 Enviro-Crete Modified Waterborne Acrylate.

B. Interior coating system shall consist of the following:

2. Tnemec Series N140 Pota-Pox Plus Polyamidoamine Epoxy.

PART 3 – EXECUTION

3.1 EXAMINATION

A. All subgrade elevations shall be verified prior to starting tank

construction.

3.2 INSTALLATION

A. Floor:

1. The subgrade shall be prepared by fine grading to ensure

proper placement of reinforcing steel with proper bottom
cover.
2. A 6-mil polyethylene vapor-barrier shall be placed after
subgrade preparation has been completed.
3. Form and screed boards shall be of proper thickness and
sufficiently braced to ensure that the floor is constructed
within proper thickness tolerances.
4. Plate bolsters shall be used to support reinforcing steel in
the construction of the floor to ensure positive control of
placement of reinforcing steel.
5. The floor shall be vibratory screeded to effect consolidation
of concrete and proper encasement of floor reinforcing steel.
6. The floor shall be continuously water cured until tank
construction is completed.
7. The floor shall receive a light broom finish.

B. Core Wall:

1. The wall shall be constructed in a predesigned manner

utilizing steel shell diaphragm, layers of shotcrete and
prestressing wire with each conforming to the following:

a. Diaphragm Erection:
(1) The diaphragm shall be protected against damage
before, during, and after erection. Nail or other holes
shall not be made in the steel shell for erection or

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other purposes except for inserting wall pipes or

sleeves, reinforcing steel, bolts, or other special
appurtenances. Such penetrations shall be sealed with
an epoxy sealant which complies with Section 2.8 Epoxy.
b. Shotcrete:
(1) All shotcrete shall be applied by or under direct
supervision of experienced nozzlemen certified by the
American Concrete Institute (ACI) as outlined in ACI
certification publication CP-60.
(2) Each shotcrete layer shall be broomed prior to final
set to effect satisfactory bonding of the following
layer.
(3) No shotcrete shall be applied to reinforcing steel or
diaphragm that is encrusted with overspray.
(4) No less than ⅛" thick shotcrete shall separate
reinforcing steel and prestressing wire.
(5) The steel shell diaphragm shall be encased and
protected with no less than 1" of shotcrete in all
locations.
c. Curing:
(1) Interior and exterior portions of the shotcrete wall
shall be water cured for a minimum of 7 days or until
prestressing is started.

C. Epoxy Injection:

1. Epoxy injection shall be carried out from bottom to top of

wall using a pressure pumping procedure.
2. Epoxy injection shall proceed only after the steel shell has
been fully encased, inside and outside, with shotcrete.

D. Dome:

1. All concrete shall be consolidated by means of a vibrator for

proper encasement of reinforcing steel and welded wire fabric.
2. All surfaces at the joint between the wall and the dome shall
be coated with bonding epoxy which complies with Section 2.8
Epoxy.
3. Plastic bolsters shall be used to support reinforcing steel
and welded wire reinforcement to ensure positive control on
placement of steel.
4. The exterior surface of the dome shall receive a light broom
finish.
5. The dome shall be water cured for 7 days after casting.

E. Prestressing:

1. The initial tension in each wire shall be read and recorded to

verify that the total aggregate force is no less than that
required by the design. Averaging or estimating the force of
the wire on the wall shall not be considered satisfactory
evidence of correct placement of prestressing wires.
2. Placement of the prestressing steel wire shall be in a
continuous and uniform helix of such pitch as to provide in
each lineal foot of core wall height an initial force and unit
compressive force equal to that shown on the design drawings.
Splicing of the wire shall be permitted only when completing

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the application of a full coil of wire or when removing a

defective section of wire.
3. Shotcrete shall be used to completely encase each individual
wire and to protect it from corrosion. To facilitate this
encasement, the clear space between adjacent wires is to be no
less than one wire diameter.
4. Prestressing shall be accomplished by a machine capable of
continuously inducing a uniform initial tension in the wire
before it is positioned on the tank wall. Tension in the wire
shall be generated by methods not dependent on cold working or
re-drawing of the wire. In determining compliance with design
requirements, the aggregate force of all tensioned wires per
foot of wall shall be considered rather than the force per
individual wire, and such aggregate force shall be no less
than that required by the design and as shown on approved
drawings.
5. The tank construction company shall supply equipment at the
construction site to measure tension in the wire after it is
positioned on the tank wall. The stress measuring equipment
shall include: electronic direct reading stressometer
accurate to within 2%, calibrated dynamometers and a test
stand to verify the accuracy of the equipment.
6. After circumferential prestressing wires have been placed,
they shall be protected by encasement in shotcrete. This
encasement shall completely encapsulate each wire and
permanently bond the wire to the tank wall.
7. When multiple layers of wire are required, shotcrete cover
between layers shall be no less than ⅛" thick.

F. Covercoat:

1. After all circumferential prestressing wires have been placed,

a shotcrete cover having a thickness of no less than 1" shall
be placed over the prestressing wires.
2. Horizontal sections of the wall shall form true circles
without flat areas, excessive bumps or hollows.
3. The covercoat shall receive a sliced trowel finish.

G. Wall Openings:

1. All wall pipes, sleeves and manholes passing through the wall
shall be sealed to the steel shell diaphragm by epoxy
injection.

H. Coatings:

1. Exterior Coatings:
a. Exterior coatings shall be applied to all above grade
portions of the tank structure in a minimum of two coats
with a thickness of 4.0 to 8.0 MDFT per coat. The minimum
total thickness shall be 10.0 MDFT.
b. Exterior coatings shall be applied a minimum of 28 days
after final application of concrete or shotcrete.
2. Interior Coatings:
a. Interior coatings shall be applied to the wall, dome, and
floor surfaces in one coat. The minimum total thickness
shall be 6.0 MDFT.

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3. All surface preparation application procedures for interior

and exterior coatings shall be in accordance with
manufacturer's recommendations.

3.3 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

A. Inspection and Testing:

1. Concrete and Shotcrete Testing:

a. Compression Tests:
(1) Compression test specimens shall be taken during
construction from the first placement of each class of
concrete specified herein and at intervals thereafter as
selected by the Engineer to insure continued compliance
with these Specifications. At least one set of test
specimens shall be made for each 50 yards of
concrete/shotcrete placed. Each set of test specimens
shall be a minimum of 5 cylinders.
(2) Compression test specimens for concrete/shotcrete
shall conform to ASTM C 172 for sampling and ASTM C 31
for making and curing test cylinders. Test specimens
shall be 6-inch diameter by 12-inch high or 4-inch
diameter by 8-inch high cylinders.
(3) Compression test shall be performed in accordance
with ASTM C 39. Two test cylinders will be tested at 7
days and two at 28 days. The remaining cylinder will be
held to verify test results, if needed.
b. Air Content Tests:
(1) Air content tests shall conform to ASTM C 231
(Pressure Method for Air Content).
(2) Tests for air content shall be made prior to concrete
placement and whenever compression test specimens are
made.
c. Slump Tests:
(1) Slump tests shall be made in accordance with ASTM C
143.
(2) Slump tests shall be made whenever compression test
specimens are made.

2. Hydrostatic Testing:

a. On completion of the tank and prior to any specified

backfill placement at the footing or wall, the tank shall
be tested for watertightness.
b. The testing for watertightness shall be completed as
follows:
(1) Fill the tank with water to the maximum water level
and let it stand for a minimum of 24 hours.
(2) Inspect the exterior of the tank wall and footing for
damp spots. Damp spots shall be defined as spots where
moisture can be picked up on a dry hand, the source of
which is from inside the tank.
(3) Leakage through the wall or wall-base joint shall be
repaired and the tank shall be retested using the above
procedure.

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3.4 CLEANING AND DISINFECTION

A. The interior of the tank shall be cleaned to remove debris,

construction items, and equipment prior to testing and
disinfection.

B. The following disinfection procedure shall be used to disinfect

storage tanks used for potable water:

1. Method 2 or 3 will be used for disinfection of the tank in

accordance with AWWA C652.
2. When Method 3 is used, the disinfection plan required by
Section 1.4 H. shall address any compatibility issues with the
form of chlorine used for disinfecting the storage tank with
the type of disinfectant used in the normal production of the
water used to fill the tank.

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