BASIC CONCEPTS OF

NETWORKS

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 Contents
• Line Configuration
• Topology
• Transmission Mode
• Categories of Networks
• Internetworks

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Line Configuration

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Point-to-Point Line Configuration
⚫ A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated
link between two devices. The entire capacity of
the link is reserved for transmission between
these two devices.
⚫ Most point-to-point connections use an actual
length of wire or cable to connect the two ends.
⚫ Example: When you change a television channels
by infrared remote control, you are establishing a
point-point connection.

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Point-to-Point Line Configuration

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Point-to-Point Line Configuration

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Point-to-Point Line Configuration

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Multipoint Line Configuration

⚫ A multipoint connection is one in which more

than two specific devices share a single link.

⚫ In multipoint environment, the capacity of the

channel is shared.

⚫ If several devices can use the link simultaneously,

it is spatially shared connection.

⚫ If users take turns, it is timeshared connection.

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Multipoint Line Configuration

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10
Simplex

The communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one

of the two devices on a link can transmit or receive. Example:
Keyboard, Monitors.

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 Half-Dup
lex

Each station can both transmit and receive, but not

at the same time . When one device is sending, the
other can only receive, and vice versa.
Ex:Walkie-Talkies
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Full-Duplex

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 Full-Dupl
ex
• Both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously.

• It is like two-way street with traffic flowing in both

directions at the same time.

• Signals going in one direction share the capacity of

the link with the signals going other direction.

• Example:telephone network.

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 Network Topology
Topology refers to the physical layout of connected
devices. Network topologies are categorized into
the following basic types:

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 Bus Topology

• Bus topology use a common backbone to connect

all devices. A single cable, (the backbone cable)
functions as a shared communication medium.
•A system willing to communicate with another on
the network sends a broadcast message onto the
wire that all other systems see, but only the
intended recipient actually accepts and processes
the message.eg Ethernet LAN’s.

It has point-to-point connections.

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Bus Topology

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 Bus Topology
Advantages:
1. Simple control of traffic flow.
2. Failure of node does not affect the network.
3. Ease of installation.(less cabling than mesh or
star)
Disadvantages:
1. If the transmission channel fails the entire
network files.
2. It is very difficult to isolate to any one
particular component tied into the bus
3. Because of back of concentration points the
problem resolution is very difficult.

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 Ring Topology

In a ring network, every device has exactly two

neighbors for communication purposes.

All messages travel through a ring in the same

direction (either "clockwise" or
"counterclockwise").

A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and

can take down the entire network.

It has point-to-point connection.

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Ring Topology

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 Ring Topology
Advantages:
1.It is a truly distributed data processing system.
2.There is no need of a central computer.
3.It is more reliable than star network.
4.If one station fails in network or a channel
between two fails an alternate routing is possible.
Disadvantages:
1.Communication delay is directly proportional to
number of nodes in the network.
2.It has more complicated control software.

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 Star Topology

•A star network has a central connection point that

may be a hub, switch or router.

•Devices typically connect to the hub with

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet cable.

•Each device has point-to- point link.

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Star
Topology

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 Star Topology
Advantages:-
1. If any of the workstation fails, it makes no effect
on communication of the other workstations and
thus the remaining portion of network is
unaffected.
2. Easily scalable.
The s/w, fault isolation and traffic flow is simple
Disadvantages:-
1. The entire network depends on central
computer so if the server fails the working of
entire network fails.
2. More cabling than bus
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 Tree Topology
•Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies
together onto a bus.

•In its simplest form, only hub devices connect

directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as
the "root" of a tree of devices.

•This bus/star hybrid approach supports future

expandability of the network much better than a
bus (limited in the number of devices due to the
broadcast traffic it generates) or a star (limited by
the number of hub connection points) alone.

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Tree Topology

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 Tree Topology
Advantages:
1. The controlling and control software are very
simple.
2. A new node at lowest levels can be added very
easily.

Disadvantages:
1.If top most computer fails it may lead to failure entire
network.
2.If intermediate level computer fails it may cause loss
of its lower level machines from network.
3.If a new node is to be added at higher level it is very
difficult.
4.If the levels increase it may lead to a complex network
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 Mesh Topology

• Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes.

Unlike each of the previous topologies, messages
sent on a mesh network can take any of several
possible paths from source to destination.

• Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ

mesh routing. A mesh network in which every
device connects to every other is called a full mesh

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Mesh Topology

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 Mesh Topology
Advantages:
1. The communication is very fast between any two
nodes.
2. The topology is very reliable as failure of any line does
not affect other links.
3. The control among nodes is distributed.

Disadvantages:
1. It is very costly topology as if there are n nodes in the
network each node requires (n-1) lines/links resulting
in a total requirement of n(n-1)/2 links.
2.If a new node is to be added in the network the cost
raises multiple times depending on the total existing
nodes and that number of lines are required.

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Hybrid
Topology

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 Types of Computer Network

Categorize the different types of computer network designs

is by their scope or scale.

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 Local Area Network(LAN)

• A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short

distance.

• A networked office building, school, or home usually

contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building
will contain a few small LANs and occasionally a LAN
may span a group of nearby buildings.

• A LAN is owned, controlled, and managed by a single

person or organization.

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Local Area
Network

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Local Area
Network

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 WAN - Wide Area Network

•A WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the

largest WAN.

•A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A

network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN.

A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways.

•Most WANs are not owned by any one organization but

rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and
management.

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Wide Area Network

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 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• A network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but

smaller than a WAN, such as a city.

•A MAN is typically owned an operated by a single entity such

as a government body or large corporation.

•It is designed for customers who need high speed

connectivity, normally to the internet, and have end points
spread over a city.

•Example: A part of the telephone company network that

can provide high-speed DSL line to the customer

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Metropolitan Area Network

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 Internetworks

•When two or more networks are connected, they become

an internetwork or internet.

•The purpose of interconnecting the networks is to allow

users on any of them to communicate with users on all the
other ones and also to allow users on any of them to access
data on any of them.

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Internetwork
(Internet)

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