Scribd
Upload
4 views

Experiment - 8

Uploaded by

gowrishchhabra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

Experiment - 8

Uploaded by

gowrishchhabra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

EXPERIMENT – 8

Aim: Exercises to draw a scatter diagram, residual plots, outliers leverage and
influential data points in R

Theory and Technique:

Scatter Plot - A scatter plot is a set of dotted points representing individual data pieces
on the horizontal and vertical axis. In a graph in which the values of two variables are
plotted along the X-axis and Y-axis, the pattern of the resulting points reveals a
correlation between them.

Scatter plot in R Programming Language using the plot() function.


Syntax: plot(x, y, main, xlab, ylab, xlim, ylim, axes)

Code:
x = c(50,50,55,60,65,65,65,60,60,50)
y = c(11,13,14,16,16,15,15,14,13,13)
plot(x, y, main="Scatter Plot", xlab="Sales", ylab="Expenses")

Residual plots are often used to assess whether or not the residuals in regression
analysis are normally distributed and whether or not they exhibit heteroscedasticity.

Code:
x = c(6,7,7,8,10,10,11,12,14,15,16)
y = c(55,40,50,41,35,28,38,32,28,18,13)
mod = lm(y~x)
summary(mod)
plot(x, y, main="Size of Data Vs Requests", xlab="Gigabytes", ylab="Processed Requests",
pch=16, col="blue")
abline(a=70.16, -3.39, col="red");

Outliers: Outliers are the points that are distinct and deviant from the bulk of the dataset. In
general, the outliers have high residual values means that the difference is greater than the
b/w observed and predicted value.

Code:
data <- data.frame(x,y)
plot(data$x, data$y)
# Example: Detecting outliers
# Identify observations with high residuals
outliers <- which(abs(resid(mod)) > 2 * sd(resid(mod))) X <- 1:100
Y <- 2 * X + rnorm(100, mean = 0, sd = 10) model <- lm(Y ~ X, data = data)
data <- data.frame(X = 1:100, Y = 2 * X + rnorm(100, mean = 0, sd = 10))
outliers <-which(abs(resid(model)) > 2 * sd(resid(model)))
plot(data$X, data$Y)
points(data$X[outliers], data$Y[outliers], col = "red", pch = 19)
Influential Points:
An influential point is a point that has a large impact on the regression. Surprisingly, these
are not the same thing. A point can be an outlier without being influential. A point can be
influential without being an outlier. A point can be both or neither

Code:
influential <- cooks.distance(mode threshold <- 3 / length(data$X)
influential_obs <- which(influential > threshold)

# Highlight influential observations in the scatterplot plot(data$X, data$Y)


points(data$X[influential_obs], data$Y[influential_obs], col = "orange",
pch = 19)

You might also like