TITLE PAGE

SIGNIFICANCE OF PICTOGRAM IN THE SOCIETY; EXPLORING

CURRENT TREND IN THEIR USAGE

BY

ASKIA IMAOGONG-DAISY USORO FAA/ND/21/00108

AKUDO PRECIOUS CHUKWUWEIKE FAA/ND/21/00094

ODIGILI TRIUMPHANT ONYEBUCHI FAA/ND/21/00098

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FINE AND

APPLIED ARTS, SCHOOL OF ART AND DESIGN, DELTA STATE

POLYTECHNIC, OGWASHI-UKU.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD

OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN FINE AND APPLIED ARTS.

OCTOBER, 2023
 CERTIFICATION

We the undersigned certify that this project was carried out by Asika
Imaogong-Daisy Usoro (FAA/ND/21/00108), Akudo Precious
Chukwuweike (FAA/ND/21/00094), and Odigili Triumphant Onyebuchi
(FAA/ND/21/00098), in the Department of Fine and Applied Arts, School of Art
and Design, Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-uku.

________________________ ___________________
MR. TEBU OVIE Date
(Project Supervisor)

_________________________________ ___________________
MRS. AWILI IKWO-IDONGESIT ASKIA Date
(Head of Department)

__________________________________ ___________________
MRS. SULE RABIATU EFUEOGHENA Date
(External Moderator)
 DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to God almighty for his grace and support he

has given us all though our years of study.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to convey my sincere gratitude to my loving parent, sisters and

friend for their love, care, and immense support both morally and financially.

My appreciation goes to my project supervisor, Mr. Tebu Ovie who over

many years of academic experience has made this project work successful

through constant supervision, advice and encouragement.

My gratitude goes to my lecture Mrs. Awilu for her support.

 ABSTRACT

Pictograms have played an important role in society throughout history, and

they continue to be an important tool for communication in the modern world.
In recent years the use of pictograms has expanded beyond traditional hears
such as signage and maps to include new applications such as emojis and
into graphics. This increased usage reflects the growing importance of visual
communication in our increasingly digital world. As technology advances and
communication becomes more visual, pictograms are likely to become even
more prevalent in our daily lives.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE.......................................................................................................i

CERTIFICATION...............................................................................................ii

DEDICATION...................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................v

TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................vi

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION....................................................................1

1.1 Background of the Study.................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of Problem.....................................................................................3
1.3 Purpose of Study..............................................................................................3
1.4 Scope of Study.................................................................................................4
1.5 Limitation of Study...........................................................................................5
1.6 Significance of the Study..................................................................................5
1.7 Definition of Terms..........................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE................................7

2.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................7
2.1 Historical Development of Pictograms............................................................7
2.2 Category of Pictograms....................................................................................8
2.3 Relationship between Ideograms and Pictograms...........................................9
2.4 Importance of Pictogram...............................................................................10
2.5 Use of Pictograms in Contemporary Society..................................................11
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................12

3.0 Introduction...................................................................................................12
3.1 Research and Planning...................................................................................12
3.2 Sketching and Drafting...................................................................................13
3.3 Digital Illustration..........................................................................................16
CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA..................20

4.0 Introduction...................................................................................................20
4.1 Choice of Geometric Shape...........................................................................21
4.2 Analysis of the Practical Work.......................................................................21
4.3 Analysis of Individual Pictogram....................................................................22
4.4 Discussion of Findings....................................................................................25
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. .26

5.0 Introduction...................................................................................................26
5.1 Summary........................................................................................................26
5.2 Conclusions....................................................................................................26
5.3 Implications for the Fine Art..........................................................................27
5.4 Suggestion for Future Research.....................................................................27
REFERENCE..................................................................................................28
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Oxford dictionary defined pictograms as images or symbols that

represent objects, actions or ideas. They can be used as a way to

communicate without using written words. The oxford dictionary also defined

pictograms as a pectoral symbol for word or phrase. According to (Merriam,

2018) defined pictogram as a visual representation of an object or idea.

Pictograms are those simples, schematic signs that are used in everyday life

to make communication ease (Gombrich, E.H. 2014).

The history of pictogram, or symbols that represent objects or ideas,

goes back thousands of years. They oldest known pictograms were

discovered in Mesopotamia, and date back to around 3200 BCE (Dr. Purnima

D. June 18th, 2019). These early pictograms were used in clay tablets to

represent numbers, quantities, and measurements. Over time, pictograms

evolved into more complex writing systems. The use of pictogram dates back

to ancient utilization and they continue to play vital role in modern

communication especially in an increasingly globalized world where clear and

concise visual representation is crucial for effective communication (Dr.

Dhavanm 2018).

(Norman, D.A (2013) The design of everydayg things, New York: Basic

Books, p 207) Pictogram forms part of our daily lives through their use in
medications, transport, computers, construction companies, schools etc,

because they indicate iconic form, places, directions, actions or constraints in

either real world (a town, road etc) or virtual space (computers desktop,

internet ect) Also he noted that pictograms can be used to “stand for wide

range of objects and ideas” and that they are “understood across cultures and

languages”. So, normal saw pictograms as a powerful tool for communication.

Pictograms are better than a label and recognizing image is easier than

reading text (Dr. Miller, 2008). Pictograms have an advantage over labels

because they can be understood by people from different cultures and who

speak different languages. In addition, pictogram can convey information more

quickly than labels.

When it comes to current trends in pictograms there are few things to

keep in mind first, the use of pictograms has exploded in recent years, due in

large part to the rise of digital media and the internet pictograms are use all

over the web from social media icons to navigation button on websites,

secondly the use of pictogram has become more and more popular in the

physical world as well. For example, we see them used in airports, subways,

and other public places as a way to communicate information quickly and

clearly (Cobley. P. 2017).

1.2 Statement of Problem

During the duration spent in the department of fine and applied art it has

been observed that pictograms in the department has been dwarfed but
research has showed the importance of pictograms, on our day to day

activities of artist an the art novice. Non art students are of the view point that

the fine and applied arts department remain limited to sculpture drawings,

because these are the most prominent features in the department as they are

easily sited, where as there are other units within the department.

New students and co – students of Delta State Polytechnic Ogwashi –

Uku finds it difficult to locate different unites in the department.

1.3 Purpose of Study

Pictograms can be seen as a general language that links both artist and

art novice; it generates instants clarity on the images being presented.

This purpose of study is to examine the evolution of pictograms as a

form of communication in the department of find and applied art, this research

is important in the fine and applied art department for a few reasons. First it

can help to improve communication and engagement with audience through

the use of pictograms. Secondly, it can help to increase understanding and

appreciation of pictograms as a form of art, and how they can be used to

communicate. Thirdly it can contribute to the development of new teaching

methods and materials that utilize pictograms in art education. Also it can

contribute to the development of new and innovative artworks that utilize

pictograms in creative way.

 In particular, this study will examine how effectively pictograms can

convey information’s to new students of fine and applied art and co – students

of Delta state polytechnic Ogwashi – Uku at large. Some possible research

questions that will be possibly answered from this study include

 How have pictograms been used by artist to communicate ideas and

emotion?

 How can pictograms be used to enhance the understanding and

appreciation of art?

 How can pictograms be used to engage and communicate with

audiences?

 What are the limitations of pictograms, and how they can be overcome?

1.4 Scope of Study

The word “scope” refers to the extent in which and experiment or finds

of something goes. The scope of this study will focus on the use of pictograms

in art, specifically focusing on how they are used in fine art, applied art, and

design. The study will explore the different ways in which pictograms can be

used to convey meaning, as well as the different contexts in which they are

used. The study will examine the use of pictograms in art education, including

the benefits and challenges of using pictograms to communicate information

and ideas. This study will explore the role of pictograms in the history of art,

and how they have been influenced by technology and other cultural factors.
Finally, the study will consider the future of pictograms. And how they may be

used in new and innovative ways in the future.

1.5 Limitation of Study

Some potential limitations to this study could include:

 The difficulty of defining pictograms, as they can be interpreted in

different ways.

 The difficulty of identifying the origins of pictograms, as their history is

often lost or unclear.

 The difficulty of obtaining a representative sample of art works that use

pictograms, as the use of pictograms is not always explicitly stated.

 The difficulty of determining the cultural and historical significant of

pictograms, as their meaning and significance can be complex and

varied.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The usefulness of this project on pictograms in the fine and applied art

department can benefit in some ways listed below.

 It is to be used as a form of communication within the students/artist in

the art department.

 It gudi8es art novices and new artist around to locate different units

within the fine and applied art department and as many who might come
 to the department without the help of any art students, the visitors can

find their way through the use of the pictogram to locate the various

units.

 The potential aspect of this project will also add in showcasing the

different courses offered in the fine and applied art department. Many

students of life drawings, sculpture and painting.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Art novice: A person who is new to art activities or field of study that has little

or no idea (Oxford dictionary, 2012).

 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 Introduction

What is a Pictogram?

Pictograms are a type of simple symbol used to represent objects, ideas

or instructions they are often used in place of text or languages and they can

be found in a variety of settings, from traffic signs to airport terminals. In

sense, pictograms are forms of communication that is universal. Anyone can

understand their meaning regardless of their background or language. The

use of pictograms dates back to ancient times, when they were used in cave

paintings and other forms of art (Brelil 1952) Randall, W. (2018).

2.1 Historical Development of Pictograms

The history of pictograms can be traced back to the prehistorically era,

when humans first began creating images to communicate ideas and

information. One of the earnest known example of pictograms is the cave

painting found in Lascaux France which dated back to approximately 15,000

BCE (David L.W. 2021). Those images depicts animals, people and various

symbols, and use likely used to communicated information about hunting,

gathering and other aspect of daily life, over time pictograms evolved and

became more complex, as civilizations developed written languages.

 The development of pictogram has been driven by advance in

technology with the advent of computers and the internet, pictograms have

become increasingly digitalized and interactive, and many modern pictograms

are designed for use of websites, mobile apps and other digital platforms.

They often incorporate animations, sounds and other interactive elements to

make them more engaging and effective.

In addition; pictograms have become more standard in recent years, as

organization like the international organization for standardization (ISO) have

developed guidelines for their design a use. (Encyclopedia Britainnica editorial

team (2020)).

2.2 Category of Pictograms

This includes all types of symbols that used to communicated

information or ideas. There are different classes of pictograms, such as Icons,

ideograms, pictographs, and rebus.

 Icons are simple, pictorial symbols that represent specific objects or

concepts.

 Ideograms are pictorial symbols that represent ideas, rather than

specific objects.

 Pictographs are pictorial symbols that represented or phrases.

 Rebuses are types of pictogram that use picture to represent the

sounds of words. (Lim J.J (2013)).

 Symbolic are abstract shops and patterns used to represent objects and

concepts.

 Textual pictograms are use in combination of pictures and written text to

represent ideas.

 Indexical pictograms are symbols that are associated with object or

concept they represent.

2.3 Relationship between Ideograms and Pictograms

Ideograms are pictograms that represent concepts or ideas, rather than

specific objects or actions. They can be seen as types of shorthand, where a

single symbol can represent an entire concept. “Pictographs and ideograms”

by Jorge Nocedal, published in the journal communication in 1978. Ideograms

includes:

 Religious symbols

 Scientific symbols

 Alchemical symbols

 Zodiac symbols

 Mathematical symbols

 Astrological symbols

Some examples of ideograms includes; A heart symbol could be used

to represent

 The ideal of love

 A peace sign which represent peace and harmony

 And yet another is the tree of life, which represents the idea of

connection and growth.

Example of pictograms are;

Road Signage: Such as stop or yield signs other example is emoji which is

used in electronic communication. Donald R. (1996) A history of pictorial

symbol “universal signs”.

2.4 Importance of Pictogram

Pictograms are an important of communication as they provide a visual

way to communicate ideas and concepts. They can be especially useful for

people who may not be able to read or understand text, such as young

children or people with disabilities. In addition, pictograms can be use in

situations where language may be a barrier such as international travel. They

can also be used to make information more accessible, such as on labels, or

signs.

Pictograms can be used to communicate information more efficiently

than text alone. Wendy, L.H (2009) “Pictogram, Ideograms and semiotics.
2.5 Use of Pictograms in Contemporary Society

There are many way pictograms are used in the contemporary society.

Pictograms are used in variety of settings, including education, transportation

and advertising. In educational settings, pictograms can be used to help

students learn new concepts, and to make information more accessible to

students with different learning styles. In transportation, pictograms are often

used on signs and maps to help used in public spaces such as air ports,

roads, subways, and mecums and so on. And in advertising, pictograms are

often use to grab attention and communicate information quickly and

effectively. They are used on product packaging, advertisement on websites.

As technology advances, pictograms are increasingly being used in electronic

media such as smart phones, tablets. There are just some of the may way that

pictograms are just some of the may way that pictograms are an effective tool

for teaching new concepts, and that they can be especially useful for students

with special needs Daniela Bleiholder 2018 article “Pictogram as

communication tools: Semiotic and Pedagogical Perspectives”.

 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with medium, materials, tools and method involved in

this project. It therefore attempts to explain the production process involved.

The project was carried out in two (2) parts, the theoretical and practical.

Source of information for the theoretical aspect of the work include: internet,

library and personal observations.

The practical part of this project is divided into four (4) stages.

 Research and planning

 Sketching and drafting

 Digital illustration

 Final design and execution

 Presentation of pictures

3.1 Research and Planning

The very first stage and process of creating the pictograms was

researched and planed in the sense that the need to decide that pictogram

illustrated was to be emphasized and who would be the intended audience.

The problems had to be identifying within the department (fine and applied art)

and solve it.

 This is the vital stage as it is the foundation on which other stages to

come will be built, while making research there where different forms of

pictograms that were encountered. After which few where selected with the

inspiration gotten of how pictograms looks like it served as a guide on creating

pictograms research on how to simplify the selected pictogram in other to suit

the audience because there are majority art novice. It is essential to reflect on

the simplicity and how it would serve students, lectures and art novice to make

sure it is comprehendible and properly interpreted to the viewers.

3.2 Sketching and Drafting

Second stage was to sketch and draft, on this stage different sketches

was made that were carried out individually and tried to eliminate the internet

was used for researched to find out the best shape to use for pictograms and

how pictograms are normally structured and also widely used, easily

acceptable and understandable type of pictogram that are used.

In this stage ideas were developed and modified into a visual form by

drawing out different sketches on a cardboard paper with pencils, drafted

different styles and forms, checked the one’s online and changed to personal

style.
Fig. 1: Sketching Stage
Fig. 2: Sketched Diagram
 The next step was to ask both lectures and co – students of the

department like a “test run” to hear their opinions on which of the pictograms

where preferred or easily understood.

Quality time was spent on this stage because it wasn’t meant to be

used. With the help of the supervisor, who helped this research to be pristine,

and also the relevance of reviewing the work. The first stage of drafting was

not even perfect nor the final sketch that was to be used. This stage went

through series of correction in the sense that some sketches appears exactly

pictogram of our own kinds, that has never been seen on the internet or

anywhere around the world seen on the internet or anywhere around he would

that is originating a pictogram from our creativity.

When this was done and the pictogram where finally ready and

approved by the supervisor black poster colors was applied to the drawn

pictograms to paint the created designs.

3.3 Digital Illustration

At this stage the concept (sketched pictograms) was taken and

transformed into a digital image with the help of a computer. The usage of a

software called fig ma was used to perfect the images that where being

sketched out.

This stage wasn’t easy as we haven’t used a computer for designing,

lots of errors were made and we had the help of the supervisor to beckon on.
First the Microsoft paint was opened and a new blank image was created.

Next, select the pencil tool and set the size and color of the brush. Then, we

started, drawing simple shapes and lines to create the intended pictogram.

Here is a step by step process we used.

- Open the pictogram and create a file.

- Choose a shape tool (like rectangle or circle tool) and create a basic

shape.

- Add text to the shape to create a label or legend for the pictogram.

- Repeat these steps to create additional shapes and labels for the

pictogram.

- The finished file was saved and exported it as a PNG or JPEG file.

Fig. 3: Digital Illustration

Fig. 4: Cutting of Board & Perspex
Fig. 5: Finished Work
 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.0 Introduction

In this project, we used a verity of pictograms to convey information to the

target audience. We choose to use pictograms because they are universal

and easy to understand, regardless of language or literacy level. We you

sample, bold shapes and colors to create a series of pictograms that were

easy to recognize and interpret. We evaluate the effectiveness of our

pictogram by surveying users, and found that they were able to understand

the information presented in the pictograms with a high level of accuracy.

Overall, we found that take programs were and effective way to communicate

information in this project. The pictograms were able to convey the intended

message in a clear and concise manner, and they were well received by the

target audience. However, we did encounter some challenges in designing the

pictograms. One challenge was ensuring that the pictograms were culturally

appropriate for the target audience, and another challenge was ensuring that

the pictograms were visually appealing and easy to understand. Despite these

challenges, we were ultimately able to create a series of pictograms that

effectively communicate they intended message.

4.1 Choice of Geometric Shape

They are various types of geometric shapes but we decided to go with square

circle. Is a common shape used in pictograms because it is very easy to

recognize an interpret making it a great choice for symbols that date to be

understood quickly. Also it can be used to create interesting designs. Circles

are simple shapes that are easy to recognize and remembered they have no

shape Edge which makes them less likely to be associated with positive

emotions such as happiness and Peace, which can help convey a message

positively.

4.2 Analysis of the Practical Work.

Choice of colors for the pictograms were black and for the background Gray.

We considering these colors was to make sure our pictogram was not looking

basic, distracting or confusing. Using too Many Colors can make a pictogram

miss interpreted. Here is our reason choosing the colors black on Gray.

 Black: the color black is often seen as a powerful and meaningful color.

It is associated with things like sophistication, mystery, strength and

Elegance. Black is also often sin as a color of authority, as it is often

worn by people in positions of power. In fashion, black is seen as a

timeless and classic color that can be paired with almost any other

color. In design black can be used to create a dramatic effect or to add

a sense of sophistication.
 Gray: the color of Gray has a lot of difference connotations and

meanings. In general Gray can represent things like neutrality, balance,

calmness, practically and maturity. It can be seen as a shocking color

that can help to create a relaxing environment. Gray is to agree and

increase her money quality of appeal to the project work.

The area created at the middle of the bigger pictogram is to enhance

brightness and also to enhance the passage of light on the practical work.

The bigger pictogram these are more bold because they are the major roles

on the fine and applied art department. The represent the top represent the

main areas of the design so they are large in size.

The small pictograms they help to improve the appeal, the a harmonious

related course they were derived from the major pictograms.

4.3 Analysis of Individual Pictogram

This section deals with the rhetorical question why. We extend to analyze our

choice of diagram and they are explained below.

 Ceramic: The figure on this shows that Porter on the growing where

creating a flower vase. The throwing wheel is usually used in ceramics

and it plays a major role. It is used to create Poultry and other ceramic

faces by shaping clay on a spinning wheel. The train will allows for a

higher degree of precision and control then other methods of shaping

clay, which is why it is open same as a Vita 2 for ceramic artisans.

 Sculpture: this pictogram shows a sculpture using simple tools hammer

and chisel working on a large human boat on a table. Observing closely

the pieces of the act work are falling on the ground this creates a sense

of intimacy and immediately as the viewer can imagine the artistic hand

creating the work. The act of using hammer and chase so is often seen

as a metaphor for hand work, struggle and perseverance.

 Painting: this shows the clay on the figure on the pictogram holding a

brush and a fallacy creating beautiful stars on the board. The brush can

represent the activity and passion, why the pyramids can represent their

physics imagination and inner world. The brush and pillasty and allows

the artist to connect with the viewers on a deeper level, and this is one

of the most important aspect of act. Finally they can also be seen as

symbols of the artistic and intellectual process.

 Textile Design: the figure on this shows a loom. Considering a for this,

is because a loom is a very important to in Texas design. Alone is a

frame or machine that is used to wave yard or trend into cloth. Without a

loan, it would be very difficult if not impossible to create textile like

weevil fabrics. Loom waving allows designers to create intricate

patterns and textures and to experiment with different materials and

techniques. Overall, the loan is an essential to for textile designs and it's

allows them to create beautiful and unique fabrics.

 Graphic Design: The pictogram shows a figure sitting and focus on a

computer. In the field of graphic design, they use of a person on a

computer can be very important for creating a pictogram because they

are more expressive, dynamic and versatile. The use of computer also

gives designers to experiment with different colors, shapes and texture.

Overall using a computer gives designers more creative freedom and

allows them to create email pictures that are unique and visually

appealing.

 Life and General Drawing: the pictogram shows a model figure and an

artist on a donkey trying to make a life capture of the model posing in

front of him. The use of the model and an artist for life drawing can be

very important for creating an effective pictogram. Live drawing is a

traditional method of drawing from life model, and it is still used by many

artists today. Life drawing allows artist to observe the form of proportion

of the human body in a way that is difficult to achieve with photos or

other reference. By working from life, artist can create a more accurate

and detailed depiction of the human figure, which can be essential for

creating a life like pictogram. Additionally, working with a life model

allows artist to experiment with light, shadow, and perspective in a way

that can capture the Essence of the human form.

4.4 Discussion of Findings

Define dance on the significance of pictograms in society have implications for

a variety of Fields, including designs, communications, and technology. 1k

take away is that the use of pictograms is on the rise and that they can be a

highly effective way to communicate information. Are additionally, the findings

highlights the importance of considering as accessibility when designing pick

programs to ensure that they are effective as possible for all users. Finally, the

findings suggest that the use of likely to continue to grow and evolve in the

future, with new technology and applications allowing for even more creative

and innovative use.

 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction

This chapter represents the finding, conclusions and recommendations based

on the data analyze in the previous chapter.

5.1 Summary

The focus of this study was on pictogram. Some pictograms are important in

society because they are an accessible, versatile, and memorable way to

convey information. They have a long history, dating back to ancient

civilization of settings, including public space, social media and advertising.

Current trains in pictogram usage include the increase used of pictogram for

way finding and navigation, as well as they use of pictograms to communicate

complex information in a same simple and visually applying with. Additionally,

there is an increase focus on accessibility in pictogram design, with an

emphasis on making pictograms is it to understand for people with visual

impairments.

5.2 Conclusions

In conclusion, pictograms have a long and Rich history, and continue to be

evaluable tool for communication in today's Society. Their versatility,

accessibility, and ability to be easily understood make them a powerful tool for

communication, whether it be in public space, social media, or any other

setting. While the special trends in pictogram usage may change over time,
the ability to effectively convey information remains constant. The future of

pictogram looks bright as they continue to evolve and adapt to meet the needs

of the changing world.

5.3 Implications for the Fine Art

Defining the significance of pictograms has important implications for both find

art and applied at department. For fine art departments, they find in highlight

the enduring value of pictograms as a means of creative expression, and their

potential to be used in you and innovative ways. For applied art departments,

the findings shows that pictograms can be highly effective tool for

communicating information, and that they can be used to create designs that

are both practical and visually appealing. In both cases, they finding suggest

that pictogram should be considered an important and relevant parts of the

curriculum.

5.4 Suggestion for Future Research

Future research on pictograms would exploit a number of different directions.

One area of potential research is the use of pictograms in Virtual or

augmented reality, as these Technologies become more prevalent. Another

area is the use of pictogram for data visualization, as data set become larger

and more complex. Additionally, research would explore the physiological

effects of pictograms such as how they are perceived and processed by the

brain. Finally, research would also focus on developing new design principles

and guidelines for creating effective pictograms.

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