FLOWCHARTS

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FLOWCHARTS
▪ Graphically depicts the logical steps to carry
out a task and shows how the steps relate to
each other.
▪ Used to document how an algorithm was
designed
▪ Easy to understand and visualize

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FLOWCHART SYMBOLS

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FLOWCHART SYMBOLS CONTINUED

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START/END (TERMINAL )
▪ Indicates the start and end of an algorithm
▪ Represented by a rectangle with rounded
sides
▪ There are typically two:
▪ one to start the flowchart
▪ one to end the flowchart

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INPUT/OUTPUT
▪ Indicates data being:
▪ inputted into the computer
▪ outputted to the user
▪ Represented by a parallelogram
▪ Flowcharts can have many of this shape

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PROCESS
▪ Indicates
▪ Data being processed
▪ Calculations being processed
▪ Represented by a rectangle
▪ The most common shape in a flowchart

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DECISION
▪ Indicates a conditional branch
▪ describe a condition or a question
▪ has more than one outgoing branch, depending on
the outcomes to the condition/question
▪ Represented by a diamond

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PROBLEM SOLVING EXAMPLE
▪ How many stamps do you use when mailing a letter?
▪ One rule of thumb is to use one stamp for every five sheets of
paper or fraction thereof.

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PSEUDOCODE EXAMPLE
Determine the proper number of stamps for a
letter
Read Sheets (input)
Set the number of stamps to Sheets / 5
(processing)
Round the number of stamps up to the next
whole number (processing)
Display the number of stamps (output)

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FLOWCHART EXAMPLE

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DECISION FLOW CHART STRUCTURE

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SAMPLE NESTED IF STRUCTURE

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LOOPING FLOW CHART STRUCTURE

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DIRECTION OF NUMBERED NYC STREETS
ALGORITHM
▪ Problem: Given a street number of a one-way street in New
York City, decide the direction of the street, either eastbound or
westbound
▪ Discussion: in New York City even numbered streets are
Eastbound, odd numbered streets are Westbound

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PSEUDOCODE
Program: Determine the direction of a
numbered NYC street
Get street
If street is even Then
Display Eastbound
Else
Display Westbound
End If

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FLOWCHART

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EXAMPLE-1
▪ Draw a flowchart to find the average of two
numbers.

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EXAMPLE-1 SOLUTION
▪ Draw a flowchart to find the
average of two numbers.

1. Start
2. Read two numbers in x and y
3. Set w = x + y
4. Set z = w / 2
5. Print z
6. End

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EXAMPLE-2
▪ Draw a flowchart to take the sides of a
rectangle and calculate its perimeter and
area.

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EXAMPLE-2 SOLUTION
▪ Draw a flowchart to take the
sides of a rectangle and
calculate its perimeter and area.

1. Start
2. Read width and length in w and h
3. Set a = w ⨯ h
4. Set s = 2 ⨯ (w + h)
5. Print “perimeter is s and area is a”
6. End

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EXAMPLE-3
▪ Draw a flowchart to take a number and prints
if it is odd or even.

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EXAMPLE-3 SOLUTION
▪ Draw a flowchart to take a
number and prints if it is odd
or even.
1. Start
2. Read number in c
3. If c modulo 2 = 0 then
4. print even
5. Else
6. print odd
7. End If
8. End

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EXAMPLE-4
▪ Draw a flowchart to take three numbers and
print the maximum of them

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EXAMPLE-4 SOLUTION
▪ Draw a flowchart to take three
numbers and print the maximum
of them

1. Start
2. Read x, y, z
3. If x ≥ y then
4. Set Max = x
5. Else
6. Set Max = y
7. End If
8. If z ≥ Max then
9. Set Max = z
10.End If
11.print “The maximum number is Max”
12.End

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EXAMPLE-5
▪ Draw a flowchart to print integers 1 to N

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EXAMPLE-5 SOLUTION WITH IF
▪ Draw a flowchart to
print integers 1 to N

1. Start
2. Read N
3. Set Count = 1
4. Print Count
5. If Count < N then
6. Set Count = Count + 1
7. Goto Line 4
8. End If
9. End

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EXAMPLE-5 SOLUTION WITH WHILE
▪ Draw a flowchart to
print integers 1 to N

1. Start
2. Read N
3. Set Count = 1
4. While Count ≤ N
5. Print Count
6. Set Count = Count + 1
7. End While
8. End

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EXAMPLE-6
▪ Draw a flowchart to take integer N print N!

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EXAMPLE-6 SOLUTION
▪ Draw a flowchart to take
integer N print N!

1. Start
2. Read N
3. Set Fact = 1, Count = 1
4. Set Fact = Fact * Count
5. Set Count = Count + 1
6. If Count ≤ N then
7. Goto Line 4
8. End If
9. print “The Factorial of N is
Fact”
10.End

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EXAMPLE-6 SOLUTION2
▪ Draw a flowchart to take
integer N print N!

1. Start
2. Read N
3. Set Fact = 1, Count = 1
4. While Count ≤ N
5. Set Fact = Fact * Count
6. Set Count = Count + 1
7. End While
8. print “The Factorial of N is Fact”
9. End

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CLASS AVERAGE ALGORITHM
▪ Problem: Calculate and report the grade-
point average for a class
▪ Discussion: The average grade equals the
sum of all grades divided by the number of
students
Output: Average grade
Input: Student grades
Processing: Find the sum of the grades; count
the number of students; calculate average

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PSEUDOCODE
1. Start
2. Set Sum = 0, Count = 0, Avg = 0
3. While more data
4. Read Grade
5. Set Sum = Sum + Grade
6. Set Count = Count + 1
7. End While
8. Set Avg = Sum / Count
9. print “The average grade of the class is Avg”
10.End

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FLOWCHART

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TRACING
Trace the algorithm for:
43, 74, 65, 58, 81, 39

Grade (input) | Sum | Count | Avg (output)

0 0 0
43 43 1
74 117 2
65 182 3
58 240 4
81 321 5
39 360 6
60
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TIPS AND TRICKS OF FLOWCHARTS
▪ Flowcharts are time-consuming to write and
difficult to update
▪ For this reason, professional programmers
are more likely to favor pseudocode and
hierarchy charts
▪ Because flowcharts so clearly illustrate the
logical flow of programming techniques, they
are a valuable tool in the education of
programmers
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URL’S FOR FREE FLOWCHARTING
SOFTWARE
▪ draw.io/ (recommended)
▪ app.diagrams.net/ (recommended)
▪ www.smartdraw.com
▪ www.breezetree.com/flowcharting-software/
▪ www.edrawsoft.com/flowchart.php

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