KBsIAS

PRELIMS 2024
GEO+MAPPING PART- II
POINTERS 4 PRELIMS (P4P) 2024
INDIA MAPPING (STATIC) NOTES

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pg. 2
 INDEX
INDIA STATIC PORTION

1. INDIAN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.….…………………..…..……………………...........05

2. DRAINAGE ………….…………….………………………………………………………….23

3. MAIN LAKES IN INDIA ……………………………………………………………..…........35

4. MAIN WATERFALLS OF INDIA ……………………………………………………………38

5. NATURAL VEGETATION AND NATIONAL PARKS .……………………………..........39

6. SOILS……………………………….…………………………………………………………43

7. RESOURCES………………………….……………………………………………………..45

8. CROPPING PATTERNS IN INDIA………………………….……………………………...49

9. MAJOR SEA PORTS IN INDIA………………………….………………………………….51

10. INDUSTRIES ………………………….………………………………………………….....53

11. MOUNTAIN RANGES INDIA ………………………….…………………………………..57

12. HILL RANGES INDIA ………………………….…………………………………………...58

13. MAJOR RESERVOIR INDIA ………………………………………………………………59

14. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS OF INDIA…………………………………………………..60
15. ELEPHANT RESERVES IN INDIA………………………………………………………..61
16. TIGER RESERVES IN INDIA………………………………………………………………62
17. NATIONAL HIGHWAYS IN INDIA …..…………………………………………………….67
18. WATERWAYS MAP…………………………………………………………………………68
19. RENEWABLE ENERGY MAP……………………………………………………………...68
20. THERMAL POWER PLANTS………………………………………………………………69
21. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS …………………………………………………………….70
22. ENERGY MAP OF INDIA ………………………………………………………………….71

pg. 3
pg. 4
 1. INDIAN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
STRUCTURE OF INDIA

Achaean Formations (Pre-Cambbrian)

 The earliest phase of tectonic evolution was marked by the

cooling and solidification of the upper crust of the
earth’ssurface in the Archaean era (prior to 2.5 billion years;
Precambrian Period) which is represented by the exposure
of gneisses and granites, especially on the Peninsula.
 These form the core of the Indian Craton (Block of Indian
Subcontinent of Gondwanaland).

Dharwar Rock System (Proterozoic Group)

 It is special because it is the first metamorphic sedimentary

rocks in India.
 They are named Dharwar system because they were first
studied in Dharwar region of Karnataka
 But they are also found in Aravallis, Tamil Nadu,
Chotanagpur plateau, Meghalaya, Delhi, and the
Himalayas region.

The Cuddapah System (The Purana Group)

 These rocks have been formed as a result of erosion and sedimentation of the rocks of Dharwar system.
 These are also sedimentary rocks.
 The rocks have been named after the district of Cuddapah in Andhra Pradesh where these are semi-circular
in expansion.

Vindhyan System

 This system derives its name from the great Vindhyan mountains.
 The system comprises of ancient sedimentary rocks (4000 m thick) superimposed on the Archaean base.
 Large area of this belt is covered by the Deccan trap.

The Palaeozoic Group (Cambrian to Carboniferous Period)

 Palaeozoic sucessions of north India are well preserved in the Tethyan Himalayan basin of the NW Himalaya.
 These sucessions occur in Kashmir basin, Spiti-Zanskar basin and Kinnaur-Uttarkhand (Kumaon) basin.

Mesozoic Era (The Gondwana System)

 The Gondwana System derives its name Gonds, the most primitive people of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
 They are deposits laid down in synclinal troughs on ancient plateau surface.
 As the sediments accumulated, the loaded troughs subsided.

pg. 5
The Cretaceous System (the Deccan Trap)

 Some people broadly divide the geographical land area of India into three parts viz. Deccan trap, Gondwana
and Vindhyan.
 The Deccan Trap covers almost all of Maharashtra, some parts of Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and
marginally Andhra Pradesh.

The Tertiary System(The Cenozoic Era)

 The final break-up of the Gondwana land occurred in this era and the Tethys sea got lifted in the Himalayas.
 The most important rocks of this system are in northern plains of India, karewas of Kashmir and bhadarwah,
Bhangar, and Khadar of the Great Plains.

Quaternary System (Pleistocene and Recent Formations)

 These rocks are found in the plains of the Indus and the Ganga.
 During the Upper and Middle Pleistocene periods, old alluvial soil was formed which is known as 'bangar'.
 The formation of the alluvial soil began at the end of the Pleistocene period and it is still going on in the
present Holocene period. It is known as 'khadar'.

PHYSIOGRAPHY

PENINSULAR PLATEAU OF INDIA

pg. 6
1. The North Central Highlands
I. Aravallis
- Located in the north-western
part of India, the Aravalli
stretches from Gujrat to Delhi
through Rajasthan and
Haryana, with a length close to
692 Km.
II. The Malwa Plateau
- Malwa Plateau, plateau region
in north-central India.
- It is bounded by the Madhya
Bharat Plateau and
Bundelkhand Upland to the
north, the Vindhya Range to
the east and south, and the
Gujarat Plains to the west.
- Of volcanic origin, the plateau
comprises central Madhya
Pradesh state and
southeastern Rajasthan state.

2. The South Central Highlands

I. The Bundelkhand
(Vindhyanchal Plateau)
- Spreads over five districts of
Uttar Pradesh and four districts of Madhya Pradesh.
- Streams like Betwa, Dhasan, and Ken flow through the plateau.
II. Vindhyanchal Range
- It runs more or less parallel to the Narmada Valley in an east-west direction from Jobat in Gujarat to
Sasaram in Bihar for a distance of over 1,200 km.
- The Vindhyas are continued eastwards as the Bharner and Kaimur hills.

3. Chotanagpur Plateu

 The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as
adjacent parts of Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh.
 The Indo-Gangetic plain lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin of the Mahanadi river
lies to the south.

pg. 7
4. The Meghalaya Plateau

 The peninsular plateau extends further east beyond the Rajmahal hills to from Meghalaya or the
Shillong plateau.
 It slopes down to Brahmaputra valley in the north and the Surma and Meghna valleys in the south.

I. Mikhir Hills
- Mikir Hills are a group of hills located to the south of the Kaziranga National Park, Assam.
- The easternmost Meghalaya comprising the detached Mikir Hills is partly isolated being surrounded
by three sides.
- Karbi plateau or Mikir Hills is known oldest landform in Assam.

5. The North Deccan (Maharashtra Plateau)

 The Maharashtra Plateau lies in Maharashtra.

 It forms the northern part of the Deccan Plateau

I. The Mahanadi Basin

- The Mahanadi basin extends over states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha and comparatively smaller
portions of Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh, draining an area of 1.4 lakh Sq.km.

II. The Chhattisgarh Plain

- Chhattisgarh Plain, plain, central India, forming the upper Mahanadi River basin.
- It is bounded by the Chota Nagpur plateau to the north, the Raigarh hills to the northeast, the Raipur
Upland to the southeast, the Bastar plateau to the south, and the Maikala Range to the west.

III. Garhjat Hills

- The Garhjat Hills is a mountain range formed by a series low-lying hills, plateaux, ridges and
meadows that stretch into Odisha from the Utkal Plains in the Chotanagpur region of Jharkhand and
the Chhattisgarh Plains.

IV. Dandakaranya
- It is identified with a territory roughly equivalent to the Bastar division in the Chhattisgarh state in
the central-east part of India.
- It includes the Abujhmar Hills in the west and the Eastern Ghats in the east, including regions of
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha states.

6. The South Deccan

I. Karnataka Plateau
- The Karnataka Plateau is also known as the Mysore plateau.
- Lies to the south of the Maharashtra plateau.
- The highest peak (1913 m) is at Mulangiri in Baba Budan Hills in Chikmaglur district.

pg. 8
 II. The Telangana Plateau
- It consists of Archaean gneisses.
- The region is drained by three river systems, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Penneru.
- The southern part is higher than its northern counterpart.

III. Tamilnad Uplands

- Tamilnad Uplands, hilly region in central Tamil Nadu state, southern India.
- Are bounded by the Telangana plateau to the north, the Tamilnad Plains to the east, the Sahyadris
(Western Ghats) to the south, and the Eastern Ghats to the west.

7. The Western Ghats

 The Western Ghats, also known as

the Sahyadri Hills, are well known
for their rich and unique
assemblage of flora and fauna.
 The range is called Sahyadri in
northern Maharashtra and Sahya
Parvatham in Kerala.

I. Bor Ghat
- It is a mountain passage located
between Palasdari and Khandala
for railway and between Khopoli
and Khandala on the road route
in Maharashtra, India, situated
on the crest of the Western
Ghats.

II. Goran Ghat

- It connects the city of Udaipur
with Sirohi and Jalore in
Rajasthan.
- It is about 1200 metres above
sea level.

III. Haldighati
- It is a mountain pass between Khamnore and Bagicha village situated at Aravalli Range of Rajasthan
in western India which connects Rajsamand and Udaipur districts.

IV. Jog Falls

- It is a waterfall on the Sharavati river located in the Western Ghats near Sagar Taluk of Shivamogga
District, Karnataka, India. It is the second highest plunge waterfall in India.

pg. 9
 V. Kalsubai
- It is a mountain in the Western Ghats, located in the state of Maharashtra.
- Its summit, situated at an elevation of 1,646 metres (5,400 ft), is the highest point in Maharashtra.
VI. Kudremukh
- It is a mountain range and name of a peak located in Chikkamagaluru district, in Karnataka, India.
- It is also the name of a small hill station cum mining town situated near the mountain.
VII. Mahabaleshwar
- Mahabaleshwar is located on the mountainous Sahyadri range of the Western ghats that run North
to south along western coast of India.
VIII. Nilgiri Mountains
- The Nilgiri Hills are separated from the Mysore Plateau to the north by the Moyar River.
- Mudumalai National Park lies in the northern part of the range where Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil
Nadu.
IX. Palghat: Palakkad Gap or Palghat Gap is a low mountain pass in the Western Ghats between Coimbatore
in Tamil Nadu and Palakkad in Kerala.
X. The Pushpagiri: The Pushpagiri or Subramanya Hills is the second-highest peak of Kodagu, and fourth
highest peak in Karnataka

The Eastern Ghat

 The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains along India's eastern coast.
 The Eastern Ghats pass through Odisha, Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south passing some parts of
Karnataka as well as Telangana.

pg. 10
 THE HIMALAYAS

The Himalayas, the abode to the highest peaks on the earth, are an incredible mountain system of Asia and a
great wall between the Plateau of Tibet to the north and the alluvial plains of the Indian subcontinent to the
south.

Physiographic Division of Himalayas

1. Trans Himalayas
2. Greater Himalayas
3. The Lesser Himalayas
4. The Shiwalik

Trans Himalayas

 The Trans-Himalayas Mountain Region or Tibet

Himalayan Region is located to the north of the
Great Himalayas which is consists of Karakoram,
Ladakh, Zaskar and Kailash mountain ranges.
 It is also called the Tibet Himalayan Region
because most of the part of these ranges lies in
the Tibet.

Greater Himalayas

 Also known as Inner Himalaya, Central

Himalaya, or Himadri.
 Terminates abruptly at the syntaxial
bends.
 One in the Nanga Parbat in the north-
west and the other in the Namcha
Barwa in the north-east.

pg. 11
The Lesser Himalayas

 In between the Shiwaliks in the south and the Greater

Himalayas in the north.
 Runs almost parallel to both the ranges.
 It is also called the Himachal or Lower Himalaya.

Siwalik Range

 Also known as Sub-Himalaya or Outer Himalaya.

 Youngest part of mountain chain, stretching from the
Brahmputra to the Indus.

Longitudinal Division of Himalayas

The Kashmir Himalayas

 The Kashmir Himalayas have the largest

number of Glaciers in India.
 The Ladakh region of the Kashmir Himalayas is
India’s Cold Desert Biosphere reserve.
 A special feature of the valleys of Kashmir
Himalayas is the Karewa deposits which are
made up of silt, clay and sand

The Himadri

 Himadri Station is India’s first permanent

Arctic research station.
 With the accommodation of a total of 8
scientists, Himadri Research Station was
inaugurated on the 1st July 2008.

The Himachal Himalayas

 Himachal Himalayas are spread in Himachal Pradesh.

 The Rohtang, Bara-Lacha, Shipki-La are important passes joining India and China.

The Kumaun Himalayas

 Kumaun Himalayas, west-central section of the Himalayas in northern India, extending 200 miles fromthe
Sutlej River east to the Kali River.
 The range, comprising part of the Siwalik Range in the south and part of the Great Himalayas in the north,
lies largely within the state of Uttarakhand, northwest of Nepal.

pg. 12
The Central Himalayas

 This division stretches from the Kali River to the Tista River.
 The major part of it lies in Nepal except for the extreme eastern part- Sikkim Himalayas.
 The important peaks are the Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Dhaula Giri, Annapurna, Manaslu, and
Gosainath.

Kanchenjunga

 Kangchenjunga, also spelt Kanchenjunga, is the third highest mountain in the world.
 It rises with an elevation of 8,586 m in a section of the Himalayas called Kangchenjunga Himal delimited in
the west by the Tamur River, in the north by the Lhonak Chu and Jongsang La, and in the east by the Teesta
River.

The Eastern Himalayas

 The Eastern Himalayas extend from eastern Nepal across Northeast India, Bhutan, the Tibet Autonomous
Region to Yunnan in China and northern Myanmar.

THE MAIN PASSES OF HIMALAYAS

1. Aghil Pass: The Aghil Pass is located in the Karakoram Range at an elevation of about 4,805 m above sea level
in the Jammu & Kashmir state of India northwards from the K2 peak.
2. Banihal Pass: Banihal Pass is a mountainous pass across the Pir Panjal Range at an elevation of 2,832m. It
connects the Kashmir Valley in the UT of Jammu and Kashmir to the outer Himalaya and several southern
plains.
3. Bomdi La: The Bomdi-La pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet. It is located
in the east of Bhutan.

pg. 13
4. Bara Lacha: Bara-lacha la, also known as Bara-lacha Pass is a high mountain pass in Zanskar range,
connecting Lahaul district in Himachal Pradesh to Leh district in Ladakh, situated along the Leh–Manali
Highway.
5. Burzil pass: Burzil pass is situated at an altitude of 4,100 meters above sea level, this pass connects the
Kashmir Valley with the Deosai Plains of Ladakh.
6. Changla La: Changla La is the third highest motorable pass in the world and serves as a gateway to the
famous Pangong Tso Lake.
7. Debsa Pass: It is mountain pass in the Himalaya mountains between the Kullu and Spiti Districts of Himachal
Pradesh, India.
8. Dihang Pass: It is located in the Northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh. This pass connects Arunachal
Pradesh with Myanmar (Mandalay).
9. Imis La pass: Imis La pass is located in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located between Ladakh and
Tibet.
10. Khardung La Pass: Famously known as the gateway to the Nubra and Shyok Valleys in the Ladakh region of
Jammu and Kashmir. It is the highest motorable pass in the world.
11. Lipulekh Pass: Lipulekh is a Himalayan pass on the border between India's Uttarakhand state and the Tibet
region of China, near their trijunction with Nepal.
12. Diphu Pass: It is a mountain pass around the area of the disputed tri-point borders of India, China, and
Myanmar. Diphu Pass is also a strategic approach to eastern Arunachal Pradesh in India.
13. Nathu La: It is a mountain pass in the Himalayas connecting Sikkim with Chumbi Valley of the Tibetan
Plateau in China. It is one of the three open trading border posts between China and India; the others being
Shipkila in Himachal Pradesh and Lipulekh at the trisection point of Uttarakhand–India, Nepal and China.
14. Rohtang Pass:
 Rohtang Pass is a high mountain pass (at 13,058 feet) on the eastern Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas.
 It connects the Kullu Valley with the Lahaul and Spiti Valleys of Himachal Pradesh.
 The pass lies on the watershed between the Chenab and Beas basins
15. The Nathu La Pass:
 It is located in the Himalayan Range in the state of Sikkim, India at an elevation of 4,310 m.
 The road passing through Nathu La was once an important auxiliary route making up the ancient Silk
Route. It is one of the trading border posts between India and China.
16. Zoji La:
 Zoji La is a high mountain pass located in the Kargil district of Ladakh.
 The pass links Leh and Srinagar and provides an important link between Union Territories of Ladakh and
Kashmir.

pg. 14
 MAIN GLACIERS OF INDIA

Name of Glacier Location

1. Siachin Karakoram
2. Sasaini Karakoram
3. Hispara Karakoram
4. Biafo Karakoram
5. Baltora Karakoram
6. Chogo Lungma Karakoram
7. Khordopin Karakoram
8. Rimo Karakoram
9. Punmah Kashmir
10. Gangotri Uttarakhand
11. Zemu Sikkim/Nepal
12. Rupal Kashmir
13. Sonapani Lahul Spiti(HP)
14. Diamir Kashmir

pg. 15
 THE GREAT PLAINS OF INDIA

 The Indus–Ganga plains, also known as the "Great Plains", are large floodplains of the Indus, Ganga and the
Brahmaputra river systems.
 They run parallel to the Himalaya mountains, from Jammu and Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the
west to Assam in the east and draining most of Northern and Eastern India.

The Bhabar/ Bhabhar Plain

 It is a region south of the Lower Himalayas and the Sivalik Hills in Uttarakhand state of India.
 It is the alluvial apron of sediments washed down from the Sivaliks along the northern edge of the Indo-
Gangetic Plain

pg. 16
The Tarai Tract

 The Terai or Tarai is a lowland region in northern India and southern Nepal that lies south of the outer
foothills of the Himalayas, the Sivalik Hills, and north of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
 This lowland belt is characterised by tall grasslands, scrub savannah, sal forests and clay rich swamps.

The Bhangar Plains

 These are older alluvial plain which represents upland alluvial tract.
 These areas are well-drained and make it suitable for cultivation.
 This area lies quiet above the flood limits of the neighbouring rivers.

The Khadar Plains

 The new plains formed due to alluvial deposit along the course of the river.
 Enriched and formed by fresh deposits of silt every year.
 The Khadar land silt comprises of silt, mud, clay, and sand.

Delta Plains

 The delta plain, about 350-km wide along the Bay of Bengal, is formed by the confluence of the rivers
Ganges, the Brahmaputra and Meghna.

MESO- REGIONS OF THE NORTHERN PLAIN

On the basis of geo-climatic and topographical characteristics, the Indian plains are divided into following Meso
Regions:

1. The Plains of Rajasthan

2. The Punjab Haryana Plains
3. The Ganga Plain
4. The Brahmaputra Plain

The Plains of Rajasthan

 Occupied by Thar or the Great Indian Desert.

 The desert region is called Marusthali and forms a greater part of the Marwar plain.
 The eastern part of the Thar Desert up to the Aravali Range is a semi-arid plain known as Rajasthan Bagar.

The Punjab Haryana Plain

 This plain is formed by five important rivers of Indus system.

 The plain is primarily made up of ‘doabs’ —the land between two rivers.

The Ganga Plains

 This is the largest unit of the Great Plain of India stretching from Delhi to Kolkata (about 3.75 lakh sq km).

pg. 17
 The Ganga along with its large number of tributaries originating in the Himalayans have brought large
quantities of alluvium from the mountains and deposited it here to build this extensive plain.
 The peninsular rivers such as Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Son, etc. joining the Ganga river system have also
contributed to the formation of this plain.

(a) The Upper Ganga Plain: Comprising the upper part of the Ganga Plain, this plain is delimited by the 300 m
contour in Shiwaliks in the north,the Peninsular boundary in the south and the course of the Yamuna river in
the west.

(b) The Middle Ganga Plain: To the east of the Upper Ganga plain is Middle Ganga plain occupying eastern part
of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

(c) The Lower Ganga Plain: This plain includes the Kishanganj tehsil of Purnea district in Bihar, the whole of
West Bengal (excluding the Purulia district and the mountainous parts of Darjeeling district) and most parts
of Bangladesh.

Rahr Plain

 Rahr Plains, geographic region that composes part

of the Lower Ganges (Ganga) Plains in northern
West Bengal state, eastern India.

Sundarbans

 Sundarbans is a mangrove area in the delta

formed by the confluence of the Padma,
Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers in the Bay of
Bengal.

pg. 18
 It spans the area from the Baleswar River in Bangladesh's division of Khulna to the Hooghly River in India's
state of West Bengal.

The Brahmaputra Plain

 This is also known as the Brahmaputra valley or Assam Valley or Assam Plain as most of the Brahmaputra
valley is situated in Assam.
 Its western boundary is formed by the Indo-Bangladesh border as well as the boundary of the lower Ganga
Plain.

THE COASTAL PLAINS

 The two coastal plains meet at

Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of
the Indian mainland.
 The eastern coastal plain is located
between The Bay of Bengal and the
eastern ghats and the western coastal
plain is located between the Arabian Sea
and the western ghats.

The Gujarat Coastal Plain

 The Gujarat Plain lies east of Kachchh

and Kathiawar and slopes towards the
west and south west.
 Formed by the rivers Narmada, Tapi,
Mahi and Sabarmati, the plain includes
the southern part of Gujarat and the
coastal areas of the Gulf of Khambhat.

The West Coastal Plain

 The Western Coastal Plains is a strip of

coastal plain 50 kilometres in width
between the west coast of India and the
Western Ghats hills, which starts near
the south of the Tapi River.
 The plains are located between the
Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
 The plains begin at Gujarat in the north and end at Tamil Nadu in the south.

The Eastern Coastal Plain

 It is a wide stretch of landmass of India, lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.

pg. 19
 It is wider and levelled than the Western Coastal Plains and stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West
Bengal in the north through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.

THE INDIAN ISLANDS

 The major islands groups of India are Andaman and

Nicobar Archipelago (A chain of islands similar in
origin) in Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep islands in
Arabian Sea.

The Islands of Bay of Bengal

 The most prominent islands in the Bay of Bengal are

the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These island
groups separate the bay from the Andaman Sea.
 The Andaman Island group is located 130.357 km
from the southwest coast of Myanmar.
 India possesses most of the Andaman Islands,
except the Preparis and Cocos Islands.

The Arabian Sea Islands: In the Arabian Sea, there are

three types of islands.

 Amindivi Islands (consisting of six main islands of

Amini, Keltan, Chetlat, Kadmat, Bitra and Perumul
Par).

Laccadive Islands

 Consisting of five major islands of Androth,

Kalpeni, Kavaratti, Pitti and Suheli Par

Minicoy Islands

 At present these islands are collectively known as

Lakshadweep.
 The Lakshadweep Islands are a group of 25 small
islands.

Offshore Islands

 India's offshore islands, constituting roughly one-

quarter of 1 percent of the nation's territory, lie in
two groups located off the east and west coasts.
 The northernmost point of the union territory of
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands lies 1,100
kilometers southeast of Calcutta.

pg. 20
EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA

Earthquake prone areas in India

 Earthquake of mild intensity takes place

daily.
 Strong tremors causing large scale
destructions are, however, less frequent.
 In India, the region of convergence of the
Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate is more
vulnerable to earthquakes. E.g. the
Himalayan Region.
 The peninsular part of India is considered
to be a stable block.
 Occasionally, however, some earthquakes
are felt along the margins of minor plates.
The Koyna earthquake of 1967 and the
Latur earthquake of 1993 are examples of
earthquakes in peninsular regions.

pg. 21
CLIMATIC DISASTERS RISK MAP INDIA

pg. 22
 2. DRAINAGE
River Basins of India

The Himalayan Drainage

pg. 23
The Indus (Sindhu)

 The Indus river is one of the world's largest river basins.

 The river flows through China(Tibet region), India, and Pakistan.
 In Tibet, it is known as Singi Khambai or Lion's mouth.

Left Bank Tributaries of Indus

I. The Zanskar River

- The Zanskar River is the first
major tributary of the Indus
River, equal or greater in volume
than the main river, which flows
entirely with Ladakh, India.
- It originates northeast of the
Great Himalayan range and
drains both the Himalayas and
the Zanskar Range within the
region of Zanskar.

II. Suru River

- It is a tributary of the Indus River
that flows through the Kargil
district of Indian-administered
Ladakh.
- The Suru Valley is coextensive
with the Kargil tehsil, with the
town of Kargil being situated on
its banks.

III. Jhelum River

- The Jhelum originates at Vernag, in western Jammu and Kashmir union territory, in the Indian-
administered portion of the Kashmir region, from a deep spring.

IV. Chenab River

- The Chenab originates from near the Bara Lacha Pass in the Lahul-Spiti part of the Zaskar Range.

V. Ravi River
- Ravi, also known as Irawati to ancient Indians, rises on the northern face of Rohtang Pass in
Himachal Pradesh and flows as two channels, Budhil and Tantgari.

VI. Beas River

- The Beas originates near the Rohtang Pass, at a height of 4,062 m above sea level, on the southern
end of the Pir Panjal Range, close to the source of the Ravi.

pg. 24
VII. Satluj River
- The Satluj rises from the Manasarovar-Rakas Lakes in western Tibet at a height of 4,570 m within 80
km of the source of the Indus.
- Like the Indus, it takes a north-westerly course upto the Shipki La on the Tibet-Himachal Pradesh
boundary.

VIII. Ghaggar-Hakra River

- The Ghaggar-Hakra River is an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the
monsoon season.
- The river is known as Ghaggar in India, before the Ottu barrage, and as the Hakra in Pakistan,
downstream of the barrage, ending in the Thar desert.

Right Bank Tributaries of Indus

I. The Shyok River

- The Shyok river itself is a tributary of the Indus, flowing through northern Ladakh and Gilgit-
Baltistan.
- It eventually re-joins the Indus at Keris, east of Skardu.
II. Gilgit River
- Gilgit River, river in the Gilgit-Baltistan area of the Pakistani-administered portion of the Kashmir
region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent.

Ganga River Basin

Ganga River System

- The Ganga is formed from the 6 headstreams and their five confluences.
- The Alaknanda River meets the Dhauliganga River at Vishnuprayag, the Nandakini River at Nandprayag, the
Pindar River to form the Ganga main stream.
- The Bhagirathi, considered to be the source stream: rises at the foot of Gangotri Glacier, at Gaumukh.

pg. 25
Left Bank Tributaries of Ganga

I. Ramganga River
- A tributary of the Ganga river, it drains south-western Kumaun.
- Ramganga River originates in the southern slopes of Dudhatoli Hill in the Chamoli district of
Uttarakhand.

II. Gomti River

- It originates from Gomat Taal which formally is known as Fulhaar jheel, near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit
in UP.
- It extends 900km through UP and meets the Ganges River in Ghazipur

III. Ghagra River

- The Ghaghara originates in the glaciers of Mapchachungo.
- Alternatively known as Karnali or Kauriala, it is a trans-boundary perennial river originating from the
Tibetan plateau near Lake Mansarovar.

IV. Gandak River

- It is formed by the union of the Kali and Trisuli rivers, which rise in the Great Himalayan Range in
Nepal
- From this junction to the Indian border the river is called the Narayani

V. Burhi Gandak
- This 320km long river originates from Chautarva Chaur near Bisambharpur in the district of West
Champaran district of Bihar.

VI. Bagmati River

- It flows through the Kathmandu valley of Nepal, separating the cities of Kathmandu from Patan,
before flowing through Madesh Province of southern Nepal and joins the Koshi River in the Indian
state of Bihar.
VII. Kosi River
- It is a trans-boundary river which flows through Tibet, Nepal and India.
- It drains the northern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet and the southern slopes in Nepal.

Right Bank Tributaries of Ganga

I. Yamuna River
- It is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge and the longest tributary in India.
- Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier.

II. Chambal River

- The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in Central and Northern India, and thus forms
part of the greater Gangetic drainage system.

pg. 26
 - The river flows north-northeast through Madhya Pradesh, running for a time through Rajasthan then
forming the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the
Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh state.
III. Banas River: It is a tributary of the Chambal. It originates in the southern part of the Aravali Range.
IV. Sind River: It originates in Vidisha Plateau of MP. It flows for a distance of 415 km before it joins the
Yamuna.
V. Betwa River: It rises in Bhopal district (Vindhyan Range) and joins the Yamuna near The Dhasan is its
important tributary.
VI. Ken River: The Ken river rising from the Barner Range of Madhya Pradesh joins the Yamuna near Chila.
VII. Son River: It rises in the Amarkantak Plateau. Its source is close to the origin of the Narmada.
VIII. Damodar River: The Damodar river rises in the hills of the Chotanagpur plateau and flows through a rift
valley. Rich in mineral resources, the valley is home to large-scale mining and industrial activity.

The Brahmaputra River System

 It originates from the glacier mass of Kailash Range, at an elevation of about 5300 m and flows eastwards for
about 1600 km through the Tibetan Plateau.
 Before entering India, the river Siang or Dihang flows through a deep gorge across the eastern extremity of
the Himalayas.

pg. 27
Left Bank Tributaries of Brahmaputra

I. Lhasa River
- It is a northern tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo River in the south of the Tibet Autonomous Region
of China.
- The Yarlung Tsangpo is the upper section of the Brahmaputra River.

II. Lohit River

- The Lohit River also known as the Zayul Chu by the Tibetans and Tellu by the Mishmis is a river in
China and India, which joins the Brahmaputra River in the state of Assam.

III. Dhansiri River

- Dhansiri is the main river of Golaghat District of Assam and the Chümoukedima District and Dimapur
District of Nagaland. It originates from Laisang peak of Nagaland.

IV. Kolang River

- The Kolong River or Kailang is an anabranch of the Brahmaputra River, which diverts out from the
Brahamputra river in Hatimura region of Jakhalabandha (Nagaon district, Assam, India), and meets
the same at Kolongpar near Guwahati.

Right Bank Tributaries of Brahmaputra

I. Kameng River
- It flows through Bhalukpong circle of West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh and Sonitpur District
of Assam

II. The Manas River

- The Manas River, which flows between Bhutan and India in the Himalayan foothills, is a
transboundary river.
- It is the largest of Bhutan's four major river systems.

III. Teesta River

- Teesta river is a tributary of the Brahmaputra (known as Jamuna in Bangladesh), flowing through
India and Bangladesh.
- It originates in the Himalayas near Chunthang, Sikkimand flows to the south through West Bengal
before entering Bangladesh.

IV. Subansir i River

- Subansiri River (gold river), originates in the Tibet Plateau and enters India through Miri hills in
Arunachal Pradesh. It is the largest tributary of Brahmaputra River.

pg. 28
 Major Rivers of Peninsular India

Westerly Rivers of the Peninsular Region

I. Luni River
- The Luni is the largest river in the Thar Desert of
northwest India.
- It originates in the Pushkar valley of the Aravalli
Range, near Ajmer, passes through the
southeastern portion of the Thar Desert, and ends
in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.

II. Sabarmati River

- The Sabarmati is a seasonal river with its flows
dominated by the monsoon.
- It originates from Aravalli Hills, Rajasthan and meets
in the Bay of Khambhat in the Arabian sea.

III. Mahi River

- The Mahi is a river in western India.
- It rises in Madhya Pradesh and, after flowing through the Vagad region of Rajasthan, enters Gujarat
and flows into the Arabian Sea.

pg. 29
 IV. Sharavati River
- This is an important river in the state of Karnataka flowing towards the west.
- The Sharavati River originates from the Shimoga district of Karnataka.

V. Narmada River
- It is located mainly in Madhya Pradesh.
- The Narmada River is also known as the Rewa River.
- The River is originated from Maikala range near Amarkantak.

VI. Tapti/Tapi River

- The Tapti/Tapi River is located in Madhya Pradesh.
- It originates from the Multai reserve forest.
- The river is flowing through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.

Easterly Rivers of the Peninsular Region

I. Subarnarekha River
- The Subarnarekha originates
from the Ranchi Plateau in
Jharkhand forming the
boundary between West
Bengal and Odisha in its lower
course.
- It joins the Bay of Bengal
forming an estuary between
the Ganga and Mahanadi
deltas.

II. Brahmani River

- The Brahmani is a major
seasonal river in the Odisha
state of eastern India.
- The Brahmani is formed by the
confluence of the Sankh and
South Koel rivers, and flows
through the districts of
Sundargarh, Deogarh, Angul,
Dhenkanal, Cuttack, Jajapur
and Kendrapara.

III. Mahanadi River

- The Mahanadi is one of the major rivers of the peninsular rivers, in water potential and flood
producing capacity, it ranks second to the Godavari.
-

pg. 30
 - Other small streams between the Mahanadi and the Rushikulya draining directly into the Chilka Lake
also forms the part of the basin.
- Left bank Tributaries: The Seonath, the Hasdeo, the Mand and the Ib.
- Right bank Tributaries: The Ong, the Tel and the Jonk.

Godavari River

- The Godavari river is the largest river system of Peninsular India.

- The Godavari basin extends over States of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha in
addition to smaller parts in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Puducherry (Yanam).

Left Bank Tributaries of Godavari

I. Penganga River
- Penganga River is a tributary of Wardha River, which itself is a tributary of Pranhita River, which in
turn flows in to Godavari river.

II. Wainganga River

- Wainganga River is one of the key tributaries of the river Godavari.
- The river rises in the Mahadeo Hills in the Seoni District of Madhya Pradesh.
- It drains Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

III. Pranahita River

- Pranahita River in itself is a confluence of various other smaller tributaries like Wardha, Penganga
and Wainganga Rivers.

pg. 31
 IV. The Pench River
- The Pench River is an Indian tributary of the Kanhan River.
- It originates in the Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh and flows across Pench National Park,
which is a reserve for the Tiger Project of India.

V. The Kanhan River

- The Kanhan River is an important right bank tributary of the Wainganga River draining a large area
lying south of Satpura range in central India.
- Along its 275 km run through the States of Maharashtra & Madhya Pradesh, it receives its largest
tributary - Pench River, a major water source for the metropolis of Nagpur.

VI. Indravati River

- Indravati River originates from Thuamul Rampur rises in the Eastern Ghats in Kalahandi in Orissa.
- Then it flows through Bastar District in Chhattisgarh for about 380km.
- While in Bastar, Indravati is the largest and the most significant.

VII. Sabari River

- Sabari River is one of the main tributaries of Godavari.
- It originates from the western slopes of Eastern Ghats in Odisha state from Sinkaram hill ranges.
- It forms common boundary between Chhattisgarh and Odisha states and later enters into Andhra
Pradesh to merge with River Godavari.

Right Bank Tributaries of Godavari

I. Pravara River
- Pravara is the smallest of the major tributaries of Godavari river located in Maharashtra.
- Among the 7 major tributaries, it is the only tributary which originates in the Western Ghats akin to
Godavari.
- Also, it is the only major tributary of Godavari to have both its source and confluence located within
the same district - Ahmednagar.

II. Mula River

- The Mula is a river in Pune, Maharashtra.
- It is dammed near the Western Ghats at the Mulshi Dam that forms the Mulshi Lake.
- It merges with the Pawana River on the left bank and Mutha River on the right bank to form the
Mula-Mutha river, which later meets the Bhima River.

III. Manjira River

- The Manjara, also spelled Manjara or Manjeera, is a tributary of the river Godavari.
- It passes through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana.
- It originates in the Balaghat range of hills near Ahmednagar district.

IV. Maner
- It is a tributary to the Godavari River in India.

pg. 32
 - The Lower Maner Dam built across this river provides drinking water to Karimnagar, Telangana and
also to the NTPC power plant at Ramagundam.

The Krishna River

I. Krishna River
- Krishna river is the 2nd largest river of peninsular India,1st being Godavari river.
- River Krishna originates in the Western ghats at the Jor village of Maharashtra near Mahabaleshwar
about 64 km from the Arabian Sea.
- It crosses entire peninsular width starting from western ghats and merging into Bay of Bengal.

Right Bank Tributaries of Krishna River

I. Venna River
- The Venna River rises in Mahabaleshwar, and is a tributary of the Krishna River in Satara district of
western Maharashtra, India.
- It rises near Mahableshwar, a famous hill station in the Western Ghats.

II. Koyna River

- It rises in Mahabaleshwar in Satara district of Maharashtra and is a tributary of the Krishna River
- Unlike most of the other rivers in Maharashtra which flow East-West direction, the Koyna River flows
in a North-South direction.

pg. 33
 III. The Panchganga River
- The Panchganga River flows through the borders of Kolhapur.
- The Panchganga is formed by four streams: the Kasari, the Kumbhi, the Tulsi, and the Bhogawati.

IV. Dudhganga River

- It is a right-bank tributary of the-river Krishna.
- It is an important river of the Kolhapur district of Maharashtra.
- The Kallammawadi Dam has been built on the Dudhganga River in collaboration with the Karnataka
State.

V. Ghataprahha River
- Ghataprahha River originates in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 884 m and flows eastward for a
distance of 283 km across Karnataka and Maharashtra states before its confluence with the Krishna
River at Almatti.

VI. Malaprabha
- Malaprabha originates in Kanakumbi of Belgaum District in Karnataka, at an altitude of 792 m in the
Sahyadris
- The Navilatirtha Dam is constructed near Munavalli in Belgaum District. Its reservoir is called
Renukasagara.

VII. Tungabhadra River

- The ancient name of the river was Pampa
- The Tungabhadra river is formed by the confluence of two rivers, the Tunga River and the Bhadra
River, which flow down the eastern slope of the Western Ghats in the state of Karnataka

Left Bank Tributaries of Krishna River

I. Bhima River
- Originates from Western Ghats at Bhima Shankar near Karjat village in Maharashtra is a tributary of
Krishna River.
- Tributaries :- Mula and Muta, Ghod, Nira and Sina and in Karnataka Bori in the upstream of project
site, Satnal Halla, Indi Halla etc.
- Flows in Maharashtra and Karnataka and then joins the river Krishna just at Karnataka -Andhra
border.

II. Dindi River

- It is a river in Telangana.
- It is a tributary of the River Krishna, and includes the Dindi Reservoir.
- Dindi was flows from Nalgonda,Telangana.
- This river enter into A.P. and enters into Bay of Bengal.

III. Musi River

- Musi River or Muchukunda River or Musinuru or moosa River is a tributary of the Krishna River in the
Deccan Plateau flowing through Telangana state in India.

pg. 34
 IV. Paleru River
- Paleru is a tributary of the Krishna river which joins the main river near Mukteswarapuram in
Jaggayyapeta mandal of Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh.

V. Munneru River
- Munneru is a left tributary of the Krishna River.
- It originates in Warangal District of Telangana, India and flows in the districts of Khammam District
and Krishna District.

VI. The Pennar River

- The Pennar also known as Uttara Pinakini is one of the major rivers of the peninsula.
- The Pennar rises in the Chenna Kasava hill of the Nandidurg range, in Chikkaballapura district of
Karnataka and flows towards east eventually draining into the Bay of Bengal.

VII. The Cauvery River (Kaveri)

- It is designated as the ‘Dakshi Bharat ki Ganga’ or ‘the Ganga of the South’.
- The Cauvery River rises at an elevation of 1,341 m at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri range near
Cherangala village of Kodagu (Coorg) district of Karnataka.
- Before emptying into the Bay of Bengal south of Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu the river breaks into a large
number of distributaries forming a wide delta called the “garden of southern India”

VIII. Amaravathi River

- Also known as Pournami, this 175km long river begins at the Kerala/Tamil Nadu border at the bottom
of Manjampatti Valley between the Annamalai Hills and the Palni hills in Indira Gandhi Wildlife
Sanctuary and National Park.

- It descends in a northerly direction through Amaravathi Reservoir and Amaravathi Dam at

Amaravathinagar.

IX. Thamirabarani River

- The shortest river in the state (Tamil Nadu), the Thamirabarani starts in Pothigai hills of the Western
Ghats in the Ambasamudram taluk, flows through Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts and empties
at Korkai (Tirunelveli district) into the Gulf of Mannar (Bay of Bengal).

X. Saraswati River (The Mystery of Lost River)

- The Saraswati is a major Rig Vedic river mentioned in the Rig Veda and other Vedic texts.
- It is part of the Sapta Sindhu rivers mentioned in the Rig Veda.
- The other rivers are Sindhu (Indus), Sutudri (Satluj), Vitasta (Jhelum), Vipasa (Beas), Askini (Chenab)
and Parushni (Ravi).

pg. 35
 3. MAIN LAKES IN INDIA

I. Ashtamudi Lake
- Ashtamudi Lake or Ashtamudi Kayal , in the Kollam District of the Indian state of Kerala, is the most
visited backwater and lake in the state.
- It possesses a unique wetland ecosystem and a large palm-shaped (also described as octopus-shaped)
water body, second only in size to the Vembanad estuary ecosystem of the state.

II. Bhimtal
- Bhimtal is a lake in the town of Bhimtal, in Kumaon, with a masonry dam built in 1883 creating the
storage facility.
- It is the largest lake in Nainital district which is also known as the "Lake district of India.

III. Bhoj Wetland

- The Bhoj Wetland consists of two lakes located in the city of Bhopal, the capital of the central Indian
state of Madhya Pradesh.
- The two lakes are the Bhojtal (Upper Lake) & the Lower Lake, which lie to the west of the city center.

IV. Chandra Tal

- Chandra Tal is a lake in the Lahaul part of the Lahul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh (India).
- Chandra Taal is near the source of the Chandra River.

pg. 36
 V. Chilka Lake
- Chilika Lake is the largest brackish water lake and wintering ground of the birds in the Indian
subcontinent.
- Chilika is Asia's largest and world's second largest lagoon.

VI. Dal Lake

- It is an urban lake, which is the second largest in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
- It is named the "Lake of Flowers", "Jewel in the crown of Kashmir" or "Srinagar's Jewel".

VII. Dhebar Lake

- Dhebar Lake also known as Jaisamand Lake is Asia's second-largest artificial lake is considered largest
now, since the Upper lake in Bhopal, India is the largest artificial lake in Asia, but is almost dried up due
to lack of rainfall.

VIII. Nako Lake

- Nako Lake is a high altitude lake in the Pooh sub-division of the Kinnaur district.
- It forms part of the boundary of Nako village and seems that the village is half buried in the lake's
border.

IX. Osman Sagar

- Osman Sagar was created by damming the Musi River in 1920, to provide an additional source of
drinking water for Hyderabad and to protect the city after the Great Musi Flood of 1908.

X. Khajjar Lake
- Khajjiar Lake is situated in Khajjiar, in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, India.

XI. Khecheopalri Lake

- Khecheopalri Lake, originally known as Kha-Chot-Palri (meaning the heaven of Padmasambhava), is a
lake located near Khecheopalri village, 147 kilometres west of Gangtok in the West Sikkim district of the
Northeastern Indian state of Sikkim.

XII. Kolleru Lake

- Kolleru lake is located between the deltas of the Krishna and Godavari rivers in. Andhra Pradesh.
- It is an important habitat for an estimated 20 million residents and migratory birds like. Grey or Spot-
billed pelicans.

XIII. Loktak Lake

- It is the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India (Manipur), and is famous for the phumdis
(heterogeneous mass of vegetation, soil, and organic matter at various stages of decomposition) floating
over it.

XIV. Pangong Lake

- Pangong Lake is a long boomerang-shaped endorheic (landlocked) water body.
- It is located at an elevation of roughly more than 4,200 meters (13,800 ft) above sea level.
- It is a transborder lake spanning across eastern Ladakh and western Tibet, with a length of > 135 km.

pg. 37
 XV. Pulicat Lake
- Pulicat lake is the second largest brackish water lake in the country; next only to Chilika lake. Greater
flamingos and pelicans are some of the famous migratory birds that visit this place.

XVI. Pushkar Lake/ Pushkar Sarovar

- It is located in the town of Pushkar in Ajmer district of the Rajasthan state of western India.
- Pushkar Lake is a sacred lake of the Hindus.

XVII. Renuka lake

- Renuka lake is in the Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh in India and it is 672 m above the sea level.
- It is the largest lake in Himachal Pradesh.

XVIII. Sambhar Lake

- It is the largest inland salt lake in India.
- It represents the depression of the Aravalli Range.

XIX. Vembanad Lake

- This is the largest lake in Kerala and the longest Lake in India.
- Vembanad Lake is also known as Vembanad Kayal, Vembanad Kol, Punnamada Lake (in Kuttanad) and
Kochi Lake (in Kochi).

XX. Wular lake

- Wular Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia.
- It is sited in Bandipora district in Jammu and Kashmir.
- The lake basin was formed as a result of tectonic activity and is fed by the Jhelum River.

4. MAIN WATERFALLS OF INDIA

I. Agaya Gangai
- Agaya Gangai waterfalls are located in Kolli Hills of the Eastern Ghats, in India.
- Panchanathi, a jungle stream, cascades down as the Agaya Gangai.

II. Dudhsagar
- Dudhsagar falls is known as the ‘Sea of milk’, it is formed from the Mandovi River in Goa.

III. The Gokak falls

- The Gokak falls is a waterfall located on the Ghataprabha River, a tributary of the Krishna river, in
Belagavi district of Karnataka.

IV. Jog Falls

- Jog Falls is a waterfall on the Sharavati river located in the Western Ghats near Sagar Taluk of
Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India.

pg. 38
V. Lodh Waterfall
- The Lodh Falls (also known as Budha
Ghagh) is a waterfall in a mid-forest of
Palamau Tiger Reserve, South division of
Latehar district in Jharkhand state in
India.
- It is the highest waterfall in Jharkhand
and the 21st highest waterfall in India.

VI. Shivanasamudra Falls

- Shivanasamudra Falls is a waterfall in
Mandya district of the state of
Karnataka, India.
- It is situated along the river Kaveri,
which forms here the boundary to the
Chamarajanagar district and Mandya
district.

5. NATURAL VEGETATION AND NATIONAL PARKS

As Indian sub-continent is characterized with a
variety of climate types, flora of the country is also
correspondingly of different types in different parts.

For study of flora, the country has been divided in to

the following nine floristic region:

1. Eastern Himalayas
2. North Western Himalayas
3. Assam
4. Gangetic Plain
5. The Indus Plain
6. The Deccan
7. The Malabar
8. Andamans and Nicobar

pg. 39
National Parks in India

Biosphere Reserves in India

pg. 40
 Biosphere Reserve States
1. Nilgiri Tamilnadu, Kerala, Karnataka
2. Nanda Devi Uttarkhand
3. Nokrek Meghalay
4. Manas Assam
5. Sundarban West Bengal
6. Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu Coast
7. Great Nicobar Andaman and Nicobar Islands
8. Simplipal Odisha
9. Dibru-Saikhowa Arunachal Pradesh
10. Dehang-Debang Arunachal Pradesh
11. Kanchandzonga Sikkim
12. Panchmarhi Madhya Pradesh
13. Agasthyamalai Kerala
14. Amarkantak Madhya Pradesh
15. Kutch Gujarat
16. Cold Desert Lahaul-Spiti and ladakh
17. Sheshachalam Andhra Pradesh
18. Panna Madhya Pradesh

Wetlands (Ramsar Convention)

pg. 41
RAMSAR WETLANDS SITES (As on November, 2022)

S. State Location Name of Site Date of Area

No. Declaration
1 Andhra Pradesh Kolleru Lake 19.8.2002 901.00
2 Assam Deepor Beel 19.8.2002 40.00
3 Bihar Kabartal Wetland 21.07.2020 26.20
4 Goa Nanda Lake 06.08.2022 0.42
5 Gujarat Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary 13.04.2021 5.12
6 Gujarat Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary 24.09.2012 120.00
7 Gujarat Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary 05.04.2021 6.99
8 Gujarat Wadhvana Wetland 05.04.2021 6.30
9 Haryana Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary 25.05.2021 4.12
10 Haryana Sultanpur National Park 25.05.2021 1.43
11 Himachal Pradesh Chandertal Wetland 8.11.2005 0.49
12 Himachal Pradesh Pong Dam Lake 19.8.2002 156.62

13 Himachal Pradesh Renuka Wetland 8.11.2005 0.20

14 Jammu and Hokera Wetland 8.11.2005 13.75
Kashmir
15 Jammu and Hygam Wetland Conservation 13.08.2022 8.02
Kashmir Reserve
16 Jammu and Shallbugh Wetland 13.08.2022 16.75
Kashmir Conservation Reserve
17 Jammu and Surinsar-Mansar Lakes 8.11.2005 3.50
Kashmir
18 Jammu and Wular Lake 23.3.1990 189.00
Kashmir
19 Karnataka Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary 15.02.2022 5.18
20 Kerala Asthamudi Wetland 19.8.2002 61.40
21 Kerala Sasthamkotta Lake 19.8.2002 3.73
22 Kerala Vembanad Kol Wetland 19.8.2002 1512.50
23 Ladakh Tso Kar Wetland Complex 17.11.2020 95.77
24 Ladakh Tsomoriri Lake 19.8.2002 120.00
25 Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Wetlands 19.8.2002 32.01
26 Madhya Pradesh Sakhya Sagar 01.07.2022 2.48
27 Madhya Pradesh Sirpur Wetland 01.07.2022 1.61
28 Madhya Pradesh Yashwant Sagar 13.08.2022 8.23
29 Maharashtra Lonar Lake 22.7.2020 4.27
30 Maharashtra Nandur Madhameshwar 21.6.2019 14.37
31 Maharashtra Thane Creek 13.08.2022 65.21
32 Manipur Loktak Lake 23.3.1990 266.00
33 Mizoram Pala Wetland 31.08.2021 18.50
34 Odisha Ansupa Lake 13.08.2022 2.31
35 Odisha Bhitarkanika Mangroves 19.8.2002 650.00
36 Odisha Chilka Lake 1.10.1981 1165.00

pg. 42
37 Odisha Hirakud Reservoir 13.08.2022 654.00
38 Odisha Satkosia Gorge 10.12.2021 981.97
39 Odisha Tampara Lake 13.08.2022 3.00
40 Punjab Beas Conservation Reserve 26.9.2019 64.29
41 Punjab Harike Lake 23.3.1990 41.00
42 Punjab Kanjli Lake 22.1.2002 1.83
43 Punjab Keshopur-Miani Community 26.9.2019 3.44
Reserve
44 Punjab Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary 26.9.2019 1.16
45 Punjab Ropar Lake 22.1.2002 13.65
46 Rajasthan Keoladeo Ghana NP 1.10.1981 28.73
47 Rajasthan Sambhar Lake 23.3.1990 240.00
48 Tamil Nadu Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary 13.08.2022 2.60
49 Tamil Nadu Gulf of Mannar Marine 04.08.2022 526.72
Biosphere Reserve
50 Tamil Nadu Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary 13.08.2022 0.97

51 Tamil Nadu Karikili Bird Sanctuary 04.08.2022 0.58

52 Tamil Nadu Koonthankulam Bird 11.08.2021 0.72
Sanctuary
53 Tamil Nadu Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve 04.08.2022 12.48
Forest
54 Tamil Nadu Pichavaram Mangrove 04.08.2022 14.79
55 Tamil Nadu Point Calimere Wildlife and 19.8.2002 385.00
Bird Sanctuary
56 Tamil Nadu Suchindram Theroor Wetland 13.08.2022 0.94
Complex
57 Tamil Nadu Udhayamarthandapuram Bird 04.08.2022 0.44
Sanctuary
58 Tamil Nadu Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary 13.08.2022 1.13
59 Tamil Nadu Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary 04.08.2022 0.40
60 Tamil Nadu Vellode Bird Sanctuary 04.08.2022 0.77
61 Tamil Nadu Vembannur Wetland Complex 04.08.2022 0.20
62 Tripura Rudrasagar Lake 8.11.2005 2.40
63 Uttar Pradesh Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary 29.06.2021 28.94
64 Uttar Pradesh Haiderpur Wetland 8.12.2021 69.08
65 Uttar Pradesh Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary 19.9.2019 2.25
66 Uttar Pradesh Parvati Agra Bird Sanctuary 2.12.2019 7.22
67 Uttar Pradesh Saman Bird Sanctuary 2.12.2019 5.26
68 Uttar Pradesh Samaspur Bird Sanctuary 3.10.2019 7.99
69 Uttar Pradesh Sandi Bird Sanctuary 26.9.2019 3.09
70 Uttar Pradesh Sarsai Nawar Jheel 19.9.2019 1.61
71 Uttar Pradesh Sur Sarovar 21.8.2020 4.31
72 Uttar Pradesh Upper Ganga River 8.11.2005 265.90
73 Uttarakhand Asan Conservation Reserve 21.7.2020 4.44
74 West Bengal East Kolkata Wetlands 19.8.2002 125.00
75 West Bengal Sunderbans Wetland 30.1.2019 4230.00

pg. 43
 6. SOILS

Major classification of Indian soils

1. Alluvial soil [43%]

2. Red soil [18.5%]
3. Black / regur soil [15%]
4. Arid / desert soil
5. Laterite soil
6. Saline soil
7. Peaty / marshy soil
8. Forest soil
9. Sub-mountain soil
10. Snowfields

I. Alluvial Soil
- Widespread in northern plains and
river valleys.
- Mostly available soil in India (about
43%) which covers an area of 143
sq.km.
- Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputhra plain,
Narmada-Tapi plain etc are examples.
- Highly fertile.

II. Red Soil

- Also known as Omnibus group. Seen mainly in low rainfall area. Porous, friable structure.

III. Black soil / regur soil

- Regur means cotton – best soil for cotton cultivation.
- Most of the Deccan is occupied by Black soil.
- Self-ploughing is a characteristic of the black soil as it develops wide cracks when dried.

IV. Laterite Soil

- Name from Latin word ‘Later’ which means Brick.
- Become so soft when wet and so hard when dried.
- In the areas of high temperature and high rainfall.

V. Desert / arid Soil

- Seen under Arid and Semi-Arid conditions.
- Deposited mainly by wind activities. High salt content. Lack of moisture and Humus.

pg. 44
 VI. Peaty / marshy soil
- Areas of heavy rainfall and high humidity.
- Growth of vegetation is very less.
- A large quantity of dead organic matter/humus which makes the soil alkaline.
- Heavy soil with black colour.

VII. Forest Soil

- Regions of high rainfall.
- Humus content is less and thus the soil is acidic.

VIII. Mountain Soil

- In the mountain regions of the country.
- Immature soil with low humus and acidic.

7. RESOURCES
Mineral Belts of India

I. Chotanagpur Belt
- This belt stretches over,
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa,
and West Bengal.
- This region is rich in coal, mica,
manganese, chromite, ilmenite,
bauxite, iron, phosphate, copper,
dolomitr, china-clay, and
limestone.

II. The Midland Belt

- This belt sprawls over the states
of Chhattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and
Maharashtra.
- This belt is rich in manganese
ore, bauxite, mica, copper,
graphite, limestone, lignite,
marble, and limestone.

III. The Southern Belt

- It stretches over the states of
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
- This belt is rich in gold, iron ore,
chromite, manganese, lignite, mica, bauxite, gypsum, asbestos, dolomite, ilmenite, china-clay, and
limestone.

pg. 45
IV. The Western Belt
- This belt stretches over the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
- The belt is rich in non-ferrous metals like copper, lead, zinc, uranium, mica, manganese, asbestos,
building stonnes, precious stonnes, mineral oil, and natural gas.

V. The South-Western Belt

- This belt sprawls over Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala.
- It contains the deposits of iron ore, ilmenite, zircon, monazite sands, garnet, china-clay, bauxite, mica,
limestone, and soapstone.

VI. The Himalayan Belt

- In general, the Himalayan Belt is poor in metallic minerals.
- There are, however, valuable pockets of minerals, like copper, lead, zinc, bismuth, bauxite, antimony,
nickel cobalt, tungsten, precious stones, gold, silver, gypsum, limestone and dolomite in the Himalayas.

VII. The Indian Ocean

- The continental shelf of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are rich in mineral oil and natural gas.
- The seabed also contains high grade nodules of manganese, phoshate barium, aluminium, silicon, iron,
titanium, sodium, potassium, chromium, monazite, ilmenite, magnetite, and garnet.

Coal Reserves in India

pg. 46
Production of Crude Oil

Oil Refineries of India

pg. 47
Major Minerals Belts

pg. 48
 8. CROPPING PATTERNS IN INDIA

Crop Pattern Region/State

Rice-Wheat UP, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh.

Rice-Rice Irrigated and Humid coastal system of Orrisa, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
and Kerala.
Rice- Groundnut Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orrisa and Maharashtra.

Rice-Pulses Chhattisgarh, Orrisa and Bihar.

Maize-Wheat UP, Rajasthan, MP and Bihar
Sugarcane-Wheat UP, Punjab and Haryana accounts for 68% of the area under sugarcane.
The other states which cover the crops are; Karnataka and MP.
Cotton-Wheat Punjab, Haryana, West UP, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.
Soya bean-Wheat Maharashtra, MP and Rajasthan
Legume Based MP, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Cropping Systems

pg. 49
(Pulses-Oilseeds)
Bajra North Western and Western parts of the country
Maize All over India except North East
and Eastern regions

Leading ones – MP, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka,

Rajasthan, UP
Pulses Drylands of Decca, Central
Plateaus, North Western parts
Cotton (Kharif) Punjab,
Haryana and
N. Rajasthan,
Gujarat and
Maharashtra and Plateau
of Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka
Jute West Bengal,
Bihar, Assam
Sugarcane UP, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Bihar,
Punjab etc
Tea Topography of hilly areas and well drained
soils in humid and
sub-humid tropics and
sub-tropics Assam, WB (Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri
and Cooch Bihar
districts), lower slopes
of Nilgiri and
Cardamom hills inWestern Ghats, Tamil Nadu; -Some areas in HP and Uttarakhand but
low contribution Sikkim
Coffee Cultivated 900-1800 m above sea level Karnataka, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu and Andhra.
Tobacco Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu and Bihar
Rubber Kerala – largest –
accounts for 90% of
production Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka
Silk Karnataka, J&K,
Andhra Pradesh and
Assam, Bihar

pg. 50
 9. MAJOR SEA PORTS IN INDIA
 India has 13 major seaports
(12 Government-owned and
one private) and 205 notified
minor and intermediate ports
that handle a huge volume of
traffic.
 India’s extended coastline
forms one of the major
portions of land that juts out
into a water body. Thirteen
major ports in the country
handle a lot of volume of
container and cargo traffic.

Ports on the Eastern Coast of

India

I. Chennai Port
- The Chennai Port also
known as Madras Port
which is the second
largest Port of India.
- The operation of this Port
started in the year 1881
and it is the third oldest
Port of India.
- It is the Tamil Nadu's main Port and lies on the Coromandel coast of the Bay of Bengal.

II. Tuticorin Port

- Tuticorin Port is one of the major ports of India which was constructed recently in Tamil Nadu.
- It is properly connected by railways and roads. This Port mainly trades with Sri Lanka

III. Visakhapatnam Port

- The Visakhapatnam port is located in a beautiful Creek in the Andhra Pradesh state of India.
- It has three main harbours namely outer harbour, inner harbour and the fishery harbour.
- This Port deals with the trade of coal, iron ores, pallets, oil and alumina.

IV. Paradip Port

- The Paradip Port situated in the Orissa state which is a major deep water seaport in India.
- It is a very deep seaport which allows it to handle heavy and bulk containers.
- This Port mainly deals with the trade of coal and iron ores.

pg. 51
V. Kolkata Port
- It is situated on the bank of river Hugli, 128 km from the Bay of Bengal.
- The Kolkata Port is also known as the 'Gateway of Eastern India'.
- It is the only Port having two docks namely Kolkata docks and Haldia docks.

VI. Ennore Port

- It is located 24 km from the Chennai Port on the Coromandel coast.
- It has both railway and road links for the ease of transportation.
- It is the major exporter of coal.

Ports on the Western coast of India

I. Kandla Port
- The Kandla Port is situated 90 km from the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat.
- The place where it is situated is called Kandla creek.
- It is the first export processing Port of India.

II. Mumbai Port

- It is the largest Port of India located on the mainland of West Mumbai.
- It is 10 to 12 metre deep natural harbour.
- It handles about one fifth of India's foreign trade.

III. Jawaharlal Nehru Port

- The Jawaharlal Nehru Port is situated in the east of Mumbai, Maharashtra.
- It is also known by the name Nhava Sheva. It is the largest container Port of India.

IV. Mormugao Port

- The Mormugao Port is situated in Goa. This Port flourishes the trade affairs of the state.

V. Cochin Port
- The Cochin Port is situated in Kerala. It is one of the largest and highly growing ports on the Arabian Sea.

VI. Mangalore Port

- It is located in the coastal city of Mangalore.
- It is the major seaport of India situated at the northern bank of the Gurupura river.

pg. 52
 10. INDUSTRIES
Textile Industry in India

Distribution

 The cotton textile industry is one of

the most widely distributed
industries in the country.

 Maharashtra and Gujarat together

account for a major chunk of cloth
produced in India.

I. Maharashtra
- It is the leading producer of
cotton yarn and cloth. It is
the third most important
state from the point of view
of the number of mills.
- Here Mumbai is known as
cottono-polis of
India followed by Solapur,
Nagpur, Pune, Jalgaon,
Kohalpur, etc.

II. Gujarat
- It ranks second in cotton
yarn and cloth
production and in terms of a number of mills. Important centres are Ahmadabad, Surat, Broach,
Baroda, Bhavnagar, Cambay, Rajkot, Kalal, etc.

III. Tamil Nadu

- It has the largest number of mills. Important centres are Coimbatore, Madras, Madurai, Tirunelveli,
Tuticorin, etc.

IV. Uttar Pradesh

- The industry is concentrated in the western parts of the state where most of the cotton is grown.
Important centres are Kanpur, Modinagar, Moradabad, Aligarh, Agra, Etawah, Meerut, Ghaziabad etc.

V. Kerala
- In Kerala Alwaye, Cochin, Alleppey, Allapanagar, Trivendrum have emerged as the main centre for the
production of cotton textiles

pg. 53
 VI. Rajasthan
- In Rajasthan Kota, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Ganganagar, Bhilwara, etc. are the main centre for the production
of cotton textiles
VII. Haryana
- Hissar and Bhiwani are the main centres of the cotton textiles industry in Haryana.

VIII. Delhi:
- Delhi as also emerged as an important center for the production of cotton textiles due to the
presence of a huge market.

IX. Madhya Pradesh

- All the mills are concentrated in the cotton tract of the Western Malwa Plateau. Important centres
are Gwalior, Indore, Ujjain, Raipur, Dewas, Bhopal, Jabalpur etc.

X. Karnataka
- Important centre of production are Bangalore, Bellary, Mysore, Devangiri etc.

XI. West Bengal

- Most of the mills are located around Calcutta and Howrah and in the 24-Paragana district.
- All lmportant centres are Calcutta, Howrah, Sodepur, Serampore, and Shyamnagar.

XII. Andhra Pradesh

- The industry has grown up in the cotton-growing areas of Telangana.
- Important centres are Hyderabad, Warangal, Guntur, Ramagundam, Tirupati, etc.

XIII. Punjab
- Punjab has come up as a leading cotton-
producing state in the country. New varieties of
cotton e.g. BT cotton are being introduced with
R&D done simultaneously on better varieties.
- Amritsar and Ludhiana main centres of the
cotton textiles industry in Punjab.

Jute Textile Industry

 West Bengal has the largest concentration of the jute

industry accounting for more than 80% of production
and mills.
 Dispersal of the industry has taken place westwards
with Andhra accounting for another 10% and rest in
UP and Bihar.

pg. 54
Major Steel Plants of India

I. TISCO Jamshedpur
- This is the oldest Iron and Steel centre of India.
- It is a private-sector enterprise.
- It was established in 1907 by Jamshedji Tata at Sakchi in the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.

II. IISCO Kulti, Hirapur and Burnpur

- Three plants at Hirapur (pig iron), Kulti (steel), and Burnpur (rolling) in West Bengal were set up in
1864, 1908, and 1937 respectively.
- These plants have been merged together and are known as Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO).

III. The Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Plant, Bhadravati

- It was established as Mysore Iron and Steel Company (MISCO) in 1923 by the erstwhile state of
Mysore.
- It is located at Bhadravati on the banks of river Bhadravati in Shimoga district of Karnataka

IV. Bhilai Steel Plant

- Bhilai iron and steel centre was set up in Durg district of Chhattisgarh in 1957 with the technical and
financial support of the then Soviet Union.

V. Rourkela Steel Plant

- The plant of Hindustan Steel Limited at Rourkela is situated in the Sundargarh district of Orissa.
- It was set up with the help of the then West German firm, Krupps, and Demang, during the Second
Five Year Plan.

VI. Bokaro Steel Plant

- A new public sector company, Bokaro Steel Ltd. was formed in 1964 to erect a steel plant with the
collaboration of the erstwhile Soviet Union at Bokaro near the confluence of the Bokaro and Damodar
rivers in Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand

Fertilizer Industry

 The Indian fertilizer industry has made good progress in the case of Nitrogen-based fertilizers.
 India is the 2nd largest consumer of Urea fertilizers after China.
 India also ranks 2nd in the production of nitrogenous fertilizers and 3rd in phosphatic fertilizers.
 Potash requirement is met through imports.
 Fertilizer industry in India is concentrated in certain major regions of the country. This industry is mainly
spread over 5 regions.

I. Gujarat Region
- It includes Gujarat and Maharashtra and is the largest producer of fertilizer in the country.
- Petrochemical industries and oil refineries of this region produce Naphtha which is a basic raw material
for nitrogenous fertilizer.

pg. 55
 II. Chotanagpur plateau region and
other Iron and Steel locations
- Here the fertilizer industries
have cropped up due to
proximity to Iron and Steel
industries.
- Important centers are
Jamshedpur, Rourkela,
Durgapur, Burnpur, Sindri,
Bhilai, etc

- Bhilai, Vizag, Mettur are

other centers having fertilizer
industry due to the presence
of the Iron and Steel industry.
III. Tamil Nadu Region
- It is the availability of Sulphur
in the Tamil Nadu region that
has propelled the growth of
the industry in this region.
- Important centers are
Coimbatore, Neyveli, Alwaye
(Kerala), Kochi (Kerala),
Tuticorin, Ennore.
IV. North West region:
- This location has the advantage of huge market as it is the agriculturally most advanced region and
market driven demand fuelled the growth of fertilizer industry in this region.
- Important centres are Bhatinda, Nangal (Punjab), Panipat (Haryana) and Delhi.
V. Uttar Pradesh region
- This region became the hub of the fertilizer industry due to the availability of the mineral Phosphate.
- Phosphatic fertilizer plants are located here i.e. Jagdishpur, Gorakhpur, Aonla, Shahjahanpur, Babrala
etc.

pg. 56
11. MOUNTAIN RANGES INDIA

pg. 57
12. HILL RANGES INDIA

pg. 58
13. MAJOR RESERVOIR INDIA

pg. 59
14. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS OF INDIA

pg. 60
15. ELEPHANT RESERVES IN INDIA

pg. 61
 16. TIGER RESERVES IN INDIA

Year of Area of
Year of Area of
Notification/ the core / Total
Inclusion the buffer /
Name of Tiger Re-notification critical area
. State under peripheral
Reserve under Section tiger (In
Project (In Sq.
38V, WPA, habitat (In Sq.Km.)
Tiger Km.)
1972, India Sq. Km.)

Nagarjunsagar
1. Andhra
Srisailam TR Largest 1982-1983 2007 2,595.72 700.59 3,296.31
Pradesh
Tiger Reserves

pg. 62
 Year of Area of
Year of Area of
Notification/ the core / Total
Inclusion the buffer /
Name of Tiger Re-notification critical area
. State under peripheral
Reserve under Section tiger (In
Project (In Sq.
38V, WPA, habitat (In Sq.Km.)
Tiger Km.)
1972, India Sq. Km.)

2. Kamlang Tiger Arunachal

2016-2017 2015 671.00 112.00 783.00
Reserve Pradesh

3. Namdapha Tiger Arunachal

1982- 1983 1987 1,807.82 245.00 2,052.82
Reserve Pradesh

4. Arunachal
Pakke Tiger Reserve 1999-2000 2012 683.45 515.00 1,198.45
Pradesh

5. Kaziranga Tiger
Assam 2008-2009 2007 625.58 548.00 1,173.58
Reserve

6.
Manas Tiger Reserve Assam 1973-1974 2008 526.22 2,310.88 2,837.10

7.
Nameri Tiger Reserve Assam 1999-2000 2000 320.00 144.00 464.00

Orang Tiger Reserve

8.
Assam 2016 2016 79.28 413.18 492.46
Smallest Tiger
Reserve

9.
Valmiki Tiger Reserve Bihar 1989-1990 2012 598.45 300.93 899.38

10. Achanakmar Tiger

Chhattisgarh 2008-2009 2009 626.195 287.82 914.01
Reserve

11. Indravati Tiger

Chhattisgarh 1982-1983 2009 1,258.37 1,540.70 2,799.07
Reserve

12. Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger

Chhattisgarh 2008-2009 2009 851.09 991.45 1,842.54
Reserve

13. Palamau Tiger

Jharkhand 1973-1974 2012 414.08 715.85 1,129.93
Reserve

14. Bandipur Tiger

Karnataka 1973-1974 2007 872.24 584.06 1,456.30
Reserve

pg. 63
 Year of Area of
Year of Area of
Notification/ the core / Total
Inclusion the buffer /
Name of Tiger Re-notification critical area
. State under peripheral
Reserve under Section tiger (In
Project (In Sq.
38V, WPA, habitat (In Sq.Km.)
Tiger Km.)
1972, India Sq. Km.)

15.
Bhadra Tiger Reserve Karnataka 1994-1995 2007 492.46 571.83 1,064.29

16. Biligiri Ranganatha

Karnataka 2010-2011 2011 359.1 215.72 574.82
Temple Tiger Reserve

17. Dandeli-Anshi (Kali)

Karnataka 2008-2009 2007 814.884 282.63 1,097.51
Tiger Reserve

18. Nagarahole Tiger

Karnataka 2008-2009 2007 643.35 562.41 1,205.76
Reserve

19. Parambikulam Tiger

Kerala 2008-2009 2009 390.89 252.77 643.66
Reserve

20.
Periyar Tiger Reserve Kerala 1978-1979 2007 881.00 44.00 925.00

21. Bandhavgarh Tiger Madhya

1993-1994 2007 716.90 820.03 1,536.93
Reserve Pradesh

22. Madhya
Kanha Tiger Reserve 1973-1974 2007 917.43 1,134.36 2,051.79
Pradesh

23. Madhya
Panna Tiger Reserve 1993-1994 2007 576.13 1,021.97 1,598.10
Pradesh

24. Madhya
Pench Tiger Reserve 1992-1993 2007 411.33 768.30 1,179.63
Pradesh

25. Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Madhya

2008-2009 2011 812.57 861.93 1,674.50
Reserve Pradesh

26. Madhya
Satpura Tiger Reserve 1999-2000 2007 1,339.26 794.04 2,133.30
Pradesh

27.
Bor Tiger Reserve Maharashtra 2014 2012 138.12 678.15 816.27

28.
Melghat Tiger Reserve Maharashtra 1973-1974 2007 1,500.49 1,268.03 2,768.52

pg. 64
 Year of Area of
Year of Area of
Notification/ the core / Total
Inclusion the buffer /
Name of Tiger Re-notification critical area
. State under peripheral
Reserve under Section tiger (In
Project (In Sq.
38V, WPA, habitat (In Sq.Km.)
Tiger Km.)
1972, India Sq. Km.)

29. Nawegaon-Nagzira
Maharashtra 2013-2014 2013 653.67 1,241.27 1,894.94
Tiger Reserve

30.
Pench Tiger Reserve Maharashtra 1998-1999 2007 257.26 483.96 741.22

31. Sahyadri Tiger

Maharashtra 2009-2010 2012 600.12 565.45 1,165.57
Reserve

32. Tadoba-Andhari Tiger

Maharashtra 1993-1994 2007 625.82 1,101.77 1,727.59
Reserve

33.
Dampa Tiger Reserve Mizoram 1994-1995 2007 500.00 488.00 988.00

34. Satkosia Tiger

Odisha 2008-2009 2007 523.61 440.26 963.87
Reserve

35. Similipal Tiger

Odisha 1973-1974 2007 1,194.75 1,555.25 2750.00
Reserve

36. Mukandra Hills Tiger

Rajasthan 2013-2014 2013 417.17 342.82 759.99
Reserve

37. Ramgarh Vishdhari

Rajasthan 2022 2022 481.91 1,019.98 1,501.89
Tiger Reserve

38. Ranthambore Tiger

Rajasthan 1973-1974 2007 1,113.36 297.92 1,411.29
Reserve

39.
Sariska Tiger Reserve Rajasthan 1978-1979 2007 881.11 332.23 1,213.34

40. Anamalai Tiger

Tamil Nadu 2008-2009 2007 958.59 521.28 1,479.87
Reserve

41. Kalakad-Mundanthurai
Tamil Nadu 1988-1989 2007 895.00 706.54 1,601.54
Tiger Reserve

42. Mudumalai Tiger

Tamil Nadu 2008-2009 2007 321.00 367.59 688.59
Reserve

pg. 65
 Year of Area of
Year of Area of
Notification/ the core / Total
Inclusion the buffer /
Name of Tiger Re-notification critical area
. State under peripheral
Reserve under Section tiger (In
Project (In Sq.
38V, WPA, habitat (In Sq.Km.)
Tiger Km.)
1972, India Sq. Km.)

43. Sathyamangalam
Tamil Nadu 2013-2014 2013 793.49 614.91 1,408.40
Tiger Reserve

Srivilliputhur
44.
Megamalai Tiger Tamil Nadu 2020-2021 2021 641.86 374.70 1,016.57
Reserve

45. Amrabad Tiger

Telangana 2014-2015 2015 2,166.37 445.02 2,611.39
Reserve

46.
Kawal Tiger Reserve Telangana 2012-2013 2012 893.23 1,123.21 2,015.44

47. Dudhwa Tiger Uttar

1987-1988 2007 1,093.79 1,107.98 2,201.77
Reserve Pradesh

48. Uttar
Pilibhit Tiger Reserve 2014 2014 602.798 127.45 730.25
Pradesh

49. Ranipur Tiger Uttar

2022-2023 2022 230.31 299.05 529.36
Reserve Pradesh

50. Uttar
Amanagarh buffer 2012-2013 2012 - 80.60 80.60
Pradesh

51.
Corbett Tiger Reserve Uttarakhand 1973-1974 2010 821.99 466.32 1288.31

52.
Rajaji Tiger Reserve Uttarakhand 2015 2015 819.54 255.63 1075.17

53.
Buxa Tiger Reserve West Bengal 1982-1983 2009 390.58 367.32 7,57.90

54. Sunderbans Tiger

West Bengal 1973-1974 2007 1,699.62 885.27 2,584.89
Reserve

pg. 66
 17. NATIONAL HIGHWAYS IN INDIA

Total 40 World Heritage Sites

located in India [32 cultural, 7
natural, and one, the
Khangchendzonga National Park, is
of mixed type].

- Countries With Major Number of

WHS: Italy (58), China (56), Germany
(51), France (49), Spain (49) and
India (40)- 6th Largest I World

pg. 67
 18. WATERWAYS MAP

19. RENEWABLE ENERGY MAP

pg. 68
20. THERMAL POWER PLANTS

pg. 69
21. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

pg. 70
22. ENERGY MAP OF INDIA

pg. 71
pg. 72