Central University for Science & Technology

General English For First Year Students

(Semester 1)

2021

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 Contents
Subject Page

Introduction 2

General Objectives 3

Unit One: Know Your University 4

Unit Two: English as a World Language 14

Unit Three: Using Your Dictionary 28

Unit Four: The Ideal Job 41

Unit Five: A World Guide to Good Manners 56

Unit Six: For Fitness 64

Unit Seven: A Casual Encounter 75

Unit Eight: Robots 85

Unit Nine: The Wonderful World of Animals 93

Appendices 109-145

1
 Introduction
Dear Fresher ...

This is a two-semester General English course aims mainly to

improve your reading, writing, and study skills as newcomers to
university education. That is, as university students, you should
attain a good degree of proficiency in reading and writing skills;
since you are going to spend most of your academic life reading
textbooks and writing assignments for educational success.
The course consists of Nine units for each semester. It
includes interesting issues in education, health, employment,
sports, technology……, etc. Most of the units comprise three main
components:
1. A reading text giving an overview of a particular topic,
including a number of related comprehension exercises.
2. Grammatical rules, structures and other language functions.
3. Discussion activities and writing assignments.

In general, the course can prepare you for taking English

examinations and meeting the challenges of university-level
reading and writing activities. However, it is much useful if you
work on your own to ensure your language development.

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 General Objectives

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Read efficiently to convey any of the following reading strategies

and skills required for:
– Reading for main ideas and specific details.
– Dealing with unfamiliar words from their immediate contexts.
– Dealing with key words by checking your dictionary.
– Making predictions about your reading.
– Understanding how facts and opinions are connected.
– Pronouncing words correctly.
2. Understand grammatical rules and structures from authentic texts.
3. Understand a paragraph structure.
4. Write a well-organized topic.
5. Develop confidence and fluency in using English.

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 Unit One
Know Your University

Pre-reading:

Discuss the following questions with a partner.

1. What do you know about your University?
2. Name your college and why have you chosen it?

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Exercise [1]:
Read the following passage, as you do so complete the table below:
The Aims of English Course Are:

1. Academic a. Reading
b. Listening to ..............................
c. Writing essays and .....................
2. ................................. a. Reading and writing tasks such
as ...................... and reports.
b. Speaking and listening tasks
such as receiving ............., using the
..........and taking part in.............. and
.................

Central University for Science and Technology (CUST) was

established in 2014.

CUST consists of six faculties These faculties are: faculty of Heath

science, faculty of Education, faculty of Agricultural, faculty of Sharea
, faculty of

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Engineering, faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology

As you probably know, until 1991, English was the language of

instruction throughout the Somalia. During that time, English for Specific
Purpose (ESP) was taught to help students with their studies. Nevertheless,
English has become a university prerequisite for all the students in the
University, regardless of their specialization or level of proficiency.

The English course that we are starting now has two general aims.
Firstly, it aims to improve your academic performance as university
students. That is to help you study your subject effectively. Secondly, it aims
to improve your performance in your future jobs by teaching you some of
the most important skills you need for various businesses. Its aims are,
therefore, both academic (educational) and occupational.

As students coming to the University for the first time, you will
naturally find some aspects of studying a little more difficult, particularly
as you

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find some subjects and topics are in English. So you will be using a language
that is not your mother tongue. You will have to listen to English, read
textbooks in English and also write essays and examination answers in
English. One of the most important aims of the English Course, therefore, is
to help you with these tasks. It will concentrate on some aspects of reading,
writing, and study skills that you will need to master.

English, however, is not a language that you will use only in the
university. As students you will eventually be getting a job in an office, a
company or an institution, either in Somalia or abroad. For example, you
will often have to write letters, reports in English. You may receive and
converse with English-speaking visitors, either face-to face or over the
Internet. You may also have to take part in discussions, meetings and
interviews in English as part of your work. Therefore, this English course
teaches you all of these things. Also other students will need English to
continue their graduate studies outside the Somalia.

To start with, the first semester course will deal with the academic
needs; it provides reading, writing and language activities in disciplined
units.

However, what you can actually learn in class is limited, especially

when you have only English for two or four hours each week. The progress
you can make will depend on how much time you devote to it. There is no
best way for language development as practicing the language everyday for
the purpose of communication.

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 Finally, in the second semester, the English course is more specific. It
focuses on specific language and skills needed for pursuing your own study.
Here again we stress that the effort you devote personally can ensure your
language progress.
Exercise [2]:
True / False Statements
Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the
information in the passage.

1. The occupational aims are the same as the educational ones. T/F

2. You will have no use of English outside the class. T/F

3. The most effective way of learning a language is by using it a lot. T/F

4. Work in class is not enough for improving your English. T/F

5. English language is studied as an end not as a means. T/F

Exercise [3]:
Comprehension questions Answer these questions:
1. What are the two aims of the English course?
2. How many Faculties are there at Central University for Science and
Technology? What are they?

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3. Give two examples where we may use English at work?

4. How can we improve our English?

Exercise [4]:

Match the items in list (A) with those in list (B):

A B

EAP English for Specific Purpose (s)

CUST English for Academic Purpose (s)

ESP Central University for Science & Technology

A. List as many other abbreviations as you can and write what they
stand for.

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Exercise [5]:
Guessing meaning from the context.
When we read or listen, we often come across unfamiliar words. If we look
up all these words in a dictionary, it will take time and make our reading
speed very slow. For this reason, it is advisable to work out the meaning of
a word from the context.

1- Which word below is not the synonym of establish?

a) form b) create c) ruin d) inaugurate

2- Which word below is not the synonym of adopt?

a)form b) use c) select d) follow

3- Which word below is not the synonym of regardless?

a) in spite of everything b) any way

c) after all d) none of these

4- Which word below is not the synonym of aspect?

a) nature b) part

c) feature d) continuity
5- Which word below is not the synonym of effective?

a) striking b) adequate

c) affective d) expected result

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 FOCUS ON GRAMMAR (b)
Simple sentence structure
A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a
subject, a verb, and a completed thought.

Examples of simple sentences include the following:

1. Ali waited for the train.

"Ali" = subject, "waited" = verb

2. The train was late.

"The train" = subject, "was" = verb

3. Fatima and Nada took the bus.

"Fatima and Nada" = compound subject, "took" = verb

4. I looked for Fatima and Nada at the bus station.

"I" = subject, "looked" = verb

5. Fatima and Nada arrived at the bus station before noon and left on the
bus before I arrived.
" Fatima and Nada " = compound subject, "arrived" and "left" =
compound verb

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Exercise [6]:
Write five sentences about your plans for your first semester. Make sure you
use appropriate forms for talking about the future.
Example: I’m going to attend all my English classes in order to
improve my language.

1. _

2.

3. _

4.

5.

Exercise [7]:
Now use the prompts below to talk about your future.
1. earn/lots of money/my life?

2. How many/cars/have?

3. What/job/be?

4. own/house?

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 Unit Two

English as a World Language

Pre-reading:

Read the title of this article. Work with a partner to discuss the
following questions.

1. What makes people all over the world learn English?

2. For what purpose (s) do you need to learn English?

. Read quickly through (skim) the passage and tell what you think
it is about:

Today English is one of the major languages in the world, however, it

requires an effort of the imagination to realize that this is a relatively recent
thing. In Shakespeare’s time, for example, only a few million people spoke
English, and the language was not thought to be very important by the other
nations of Europe, and unknown to the rest of the world.

English has become a world language because of its establishment as

a mother tongue outside England, in many other parts of the world. This
exporting of English began in the seventeenth century, with the first
settlements in North America. Above all, the great population growth in the
United States, which was assisted by massive immigration in the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries, has given the English language its present standing
in the world.

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 People who speak English fall into one of three groups. Those who
have learned it as their native language, those who have learned it as a
second language in a society that is mainly bilingual and those who are
forced to use it for a practical purpose, i.e. administrative, professional and
educational. One person in seven of the world’s entire population belongs to
one of these three groups. Incredibly enough, 75% of the world’s mail and
60% of the world’s telephone calls are in English.

Basic Characteristics

Simplicity of Form. Old English, like modern French, Russian and Greek
had many inflections to show singular and plural tense etc. However, over
the centuries words have been simplified. Verbs now have very few
inflections, and adjectives do not change according to the noun.

Flexibility. As a result of the loss of inflections over the past five centuries,
the same word can operate as many different parts of speech. Many nouns
and verbs have the same form, for example swim, drink, walk, and smile.
We can talk about water to drink and to water the flowers; a paper to read
and to paper a bedroom. Adjectives can be used as verbs. We warm out
hands in front of a fire; if clothes are dirty they need to be cleaned and
dried. Prepositions too are flexible, a sixty year old man is nearing
retirement; we can talk about a round of golf, cards, etc...

Openness of Vocabulary. This involves the free admission of words from

other languages and the easy creation of compounds and derivatives. Most
world languages have contributed some words to English at some time, and

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the process is now being reversed, purists of the French, Russian, and
Japanese languages are resisting the arrival of English in their vocabulary.

The Future of English. Geographically, English is the most widespread

language on earth, and second only to Mandarin Chinese in the number of
people who speak it. It is the language of business, technology, sports and
aviation. This will no doubt continue the proposition that all other languages
will die out is absurd.

Exercise [1]:
While reading the text, decide whether the following
statements are true or false? Write (T) or (F) in front of each
statement.
1. English was already an important world language four hundred
years ago.

2. It is mainly because of the United States of America that English

becomes a world language.

3. One person out of seven in the world speaks perfect English.

4. There are lots inflections in modern English.

5. In English, many verbs can be used as nouns.

6. English has borrowed words from many languages.

7. In the future, all other languages will probably disappear.

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Exercise [2]:
Use the information in the passage to complete the diagram
below.
Characteristics of English

1. .................... 2..................... 3. …....................

Exercise [3]:

Match the items given with the information in the passage.

1. In the year of 1655 ................................................................

2. Between the years 1851 and 1910 ...........................................

3. Sixty per cent ......................................................

4. Seventy five per cent ................................................................

5. 500 years .................................................................

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Exercise [4]:

A. Scan the passage to link the items in list (A) with those in
list (B).

A B

- native speakers - learn the language as a second

language

- second language speakers - forced to use the language for

specific purposes

- foreign language speakers - learn the language as their mother

tongue

B. Which of the above groups do you belong to?

Exercise [5]:
Language:
a. Carefully read about the characteristic ‘flexibility’, then list other
word forms that can operate as many different parts of speech.

b. Openness of vocabulary involves:

1. ...................... 2. ............................... 3. ...............................

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Exercise [6]: Assignment:

Read about the characteristic ‘openness of vocabulary’ carefully, then search

for many words as you can to find vocabulary that came from Arabic to
English.

* Grammar Focus
A. The Past perfect Tense
The past perfect tense is used to describe something that had already
happened before something else happened:

When I met Ali yesterday, I remembered [that] we had met before,

about ten years ago.

When I got home, my wife had cooked the dinner.

Samira didn’t go to the stadium because she had already seen the

game.

I hadn’t flown before, so I was nervous about getting on the plane.

The past perfect in reported speech

This tense is also used to report things that had already happened when you
spoke about them:

I told him that I had weighed the soil.

She said she had heard it all before.

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Exercise [7]:
Put the verbs into the correct tense, the past perfect or the past
simple. The first one has been done as an example.
1. After Van Helmot had dried [dry] some soil he weighed [weigh] it,
then he planted [plant] a tree.

2. Five years later, he ...............[find] that the tree ..............[gain] a lot of

weight.

3. He ...................[wonder] where the weight of the tree .................. [come]

from.

4. He .................[think] it .....................[come] from the soil, but the soil

........................[weigh] the same as before.

5. Then he ................................[decide] that the weight

...................[come] from the water which he .......................... [add].

A. The passive
Change the active verbs to passive. Write the subject of the
passive sentence. The first one has been done.
1. SIMPLE PRESENT

(a) The teacher helps me. (a) I am helped by the teacher.

(b) The teacher helps John (b) _ by the teacher.

(c) The teacher helps us (c) by the teacher.

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2. SIMPLE PAST

(a) The teacher helped me. (a) by the teacher.

(b) The teacher helped them. (b) by the teacher.

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3. PRESENT PERFECT

(a) The teacher has helped Mary. (a) by the teacher.

(b) The teacher has helped us. (b) by the teacher.

4. FUTURE

a. The teacher will help me. (b) by the teacher.

b. The teacher is going to help me. (b) by the teacher.

c. The teacher will help strangers. (b) by the teacher.

by the teacher.
b. The teacher is going to help students. (b)

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 2.4 Grammar Focus
ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
(a) ACTIVE: Ali mailed the package. (a) and (b)
(b) PASSIVE: The package was mailed (c) and (d) have the same meaning
by Ali. (e) and (f)
(c) ACTIVE: The teacher corrects our (g) and (h)
homework.
(d) PASSIVE: Our homework is Notice: The object of an active
corrected by the teacher. sentence becomes the subject of a
(e) ACTIVE: Mr. Lee has taught this passive sentence:
class. S V O
(f) PASSIVE: This class has been Ali mailed The package
taught by Mr. Lee.
(g) ACTIVE: Ali will mail the
package. S V “by phrase”
(h) PASSIVE: The package was mailed by Ali.
The package will be mailed by Ali.

Notice: The subject of an active

sentence becomes part of the “by
phrase” in a passive sentence.
S V O
Ali mailed the package.

S V “by phrase”
The package was mailed by Ali.

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 Exercise [9]:
Change the verbs to the passive. Do not change the tense. The
first one has been done.
PAST
BE+ PARTCIPLE

1 Ali mailed The package was + mailed by Ali.

the package.
2 Mr. Catt delivers Our mail by Mr.
our mail. Catt.
3 The children have The cake by the
eaten the cake. children.
4 Linda wrote that That letter by Linda.
letter.
5 The Jeweler is going My watch by the
to fix my watch. jeweler.
6 Ms. Bond will teach Our class by Ms.
our class tomorrow. Bond
tomorrow.
7 That company Many people by that
employs many company.
people.
8 That company has Sue by that
hired Sue. company.

9 The secretary is The letters by the

going to type the secretary.
letters.
10 A high school My old car by a high
student bought my school
old car. student.
11 Mr. Adams will do The work by Mr.
the work. Adams.
12 The Janitor washed The widows by the
the windows janitor.

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Exercise [10]:

Change the sentences from active to passive. The first one has
been done.
1. Columbus discovered the New World.

The New World was discovered by Columbus.

2. Thomas Edison invented the phonograph.

3. Water surrounds an island.

4. A maid will clean our hotel room.

5. A plumber is going to fix the leaky faucet.

6. A doctor has examined the sick child.

7. The police arrested James Swan.

8. A large number of people speak English.

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9. The secretary is going to type the letter.

10. The teacher’s explanation confused Carlos.

11. My mistake embarrassed me.

12. Helicopters fascinate children.

Exercise [11]:
Compare these two sentences about the future. What is the
difference in emphasis between them?

In the future, computers will do the accounts.

In the future, the accounts will be done by computers .

1. Rewrite these sentences in the future simple passive. The first one
has been done.

1. We will do all our banking on mobile phones.

All our banking will be done on mobile phones.

2. Everybody will use credit cards instead of cash.

3. We will do most of our shopping on the Internet.

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4. Homes and industry will use solar heating.

5. All forms of transport will use energy cell batteries.

6. Surgeons will perform operations with the help of robots.

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 Unit Three
USING YOUR DICTIONARY
One of the main language learners’ tasks is to understand how to use
the dictionary. By “dictionary” here we are referring to monolingual
dictionary, i.e. a dictionary which uses only one language (English-English).
Because a monolingual dictionary, unlike a bilingual dictionary, provides a
lot of information besides giving the meaning, whereas a bilingual dictionary
concentrates mostly on the meaning.
In order to use a dictionary effectively, you must know
something about
A. the information the dictionary gives you?

- the meaning, e.g. homesick = unhappy when you are away from
home for a long time.

- the pronunciation, e.g. chaos /keıDs/, dreadful / dredf u l/.

Island /ail∂nd/

- the part of speech, e.g. dirty adj.(=adjective), lose v (=verb),

law n(=noun)

- any special grammatical features, e.g. advice (U)

(=uncountable)

- common collocations (word partners), e.g. you do homework

[NOT you make homework]

- example phrases or sentences, e.g. It was such a big menu, I

didn’t know what to choose.

- opposites (where they exist), e.g. polite (# impolite / rude)

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 Note: In most English-English dictionaries for foreign learners,
collocations are usually shown in bold or italics, or they are
included in the examples given after the definition.
B) The most important terms used in the dictionary:
a. Headword: A headword is the word you look up in the dictionary. It
is the name given to each of the words listed alphabetically throughout the
dictionary. Headwords are typed in large bold type. That means the letters
are black and thick like that of the headlines of a newspaper.

2. Entry (definition): This is the information explaining the meanings

and uses of the headword. There may be one or more definitions for a given
word. Sometimes two or more headwords have the same spelling. These are
numbered e.g. die1, die2,. Although these headwords have the same spelling,
they either have different meanings or they are different parts of speech.

When you meet a word for the first time, in a book or paper, you will
often find that its spelling is not the same as the headword to which it
belongs, and which you need to refer to. This may be because it is the plural
form for a noun (e.g. oxen boxes, men etc.) in which case you need to look
for its singular form. Sometimes, too you will meet the irregular past tense
or past participle forms of verbs (e.g. sprang, sprung, born, borne, spoke,
spoken). In these cases, the headwords are infinitives and you should refer
to (spring, bear, speak). Note; too, that if you meet the comparative “faster”
or the superlative “fastest”, of an adjective, it is the headword fast that you
must refer to.

3. Compound: A compound is a word formed by adding another word

to a headword. It is written as one word (nightdress), or as two words
separated by a hyphen (night-life). Note that the same compound may be
found in different books, newspapers, notices etc. written sometimes with a
hyphen, sometimes as one word, sometimes as two. This indicates that there
is no general agreement amongst the users of the language about how that
compound is written. The forms of compounds, given in the dictionary are

28
the most common in modern English use. Compounds are printed in bold
type.

4. An idiom: An important sign of a person who has learned English

from a native speaker (or a person who has the native speaker’s command of
the language) is his knowledge of the meaning and correct use of
expressions such as make up one’s mind, be all ears, with all one’s heart etc.
These are called idioms or idiomatic expressions. They are groups of two or
more words which must be learnt as a whole because the meaning of the
expression may be different from the meanings of its parts. An example is
hit the nail on the head which means ‘guess right. Idioms are printed in bold
italic type.

To find an idiom, look for it in the entry for, the most important word
in the phrase or sentence. For example, pick holes is found in the entry for
hole; get hold of the wrong end of the stick is found in the entry for stick.

5. A verb with a particle or preposition: English contains many phrases

made up of a verb and an adverbial particle, for example, go back, run away,
or of a verb and a preposition for example, go through, run into, take after
etc. Many of these are idiomatic and are printed and arranged in the same
way as idioms.

6. A derivative: This is a word formed by adding an ending (called a

suffix) to a headword, for example, -able- - ly - ness - ment as in acceptable,
dryness, yearly etc. In order to find a word ending with a suffix in a
dictionary you must look for the root word. If you want to find the word
employment, for example, look up the verb ‘employ’.

C) Abbreviations used in the dictionary

An abbreviation is a shortened way of writing a word. There are
many standard abbreviations used in English. Below are some of the
abbreviations used most often in the dictionary.

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Table (1)
adj. Adjective neg. Negative

adv. Adverb pl. Plural

aux. Auxiliary p.p. past participle

n. Noun pron. Pronoun

Table (2)
sb. somebody referring to a person

sth. something referring to a thing

colloq. colloguial belong to or suitable for ordinary conversation,

not formal (words and phrases)

arch. Archaic (words or phrases) not now used, of ancient

times.

comp. computing used in computer Sciences

D. Symbols used in the dictionary:

There are many signs used in the dictionary but the most common are:

/ / Slashes or two slanting lines for showing pronunciation

e.g. cook /kuk/
◻ box to show change in the part of speech
30
 different uses of a word

e.g. put

put down = to put sth you are holding

up = to raise sth to a higher position

back = to put sth in the place that it was in before

() Specialist English usage e.g. (anat.) which means a word that is used
in anatomy.

Δ Taboo: something which religion or custom regards as forbidden,

should not be spoken of.

-- cross-reference to a related word, figure or shape, diagram etc.

(U) uncountable use of a noun

(C) countable use of a noun

E) How to look up words in the dictionary

All headwords in the dictionary are arranged alphabetically.
Knowledge of the correct order of the English alphabet is essential. Though
it seems elementary, many of you, however, have not learnt it by heart.
You should learn them in the following order.

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 A B C D E F G H I

J K L M N O P Q R

S T U V W X Y Z

Words in the dictionary are arranged according to the first letter, e.g.
“boat” comes before “car”. When words begin with the same letter they are
arranged according to the second letter. Thus “back” comes before “book”.
Again if the first and second letters are identical, then words are arranged
according to the third letter and so forth.

At the top of each page in the dictionary, there are two words in bold
type. These are guide words. The first guide word is the same as the first
word on that page. The second guide word is the same as the last word on
that page. So when you want to look up a word, go through the dictionary
quickly concentrating on the guide words. When you come to the guide
word which is nearest in spelling to the word you want, then look down that
page for it.
* Problems with Pronunciation

a. Phonetics

With many languages you can look at a word and know (more or less)
how to pronounce it. With English this is not true: it is often very
difficult to know the pronunciation from looking at a word. For
example:

32
 cough (pronounced like ‘off’) enough (like ‘stuff’) through (like ‘too’)
and dough (like ‘so’). The only way you can be sure about the
pronunciation is to learn some phonetic symbols which tell you the
pronunciation. Dictionaries use them, and there is a table of phonetic
symbols, with examples below.

* Vowel sounds

Symbol Examples

/i:/ Sleep Me

/i/ happy recipe

/ı/ pin dinner

/u/ foot could pull

/u:/ do shoe through

/e/ red head said

/∂/ arrive father colour

/3:/ turn bird work

/‫כ‬:/ sort thought walk

/æ/ cat black

/ / sun enough wonder

/D/ Got watch Sock

/a:/ Part heart Laugh

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/eı/ name late aim

/aı/ my idea time

/‫כ‬ı/ boy noise

/e∂/ pair where bear

/∂u/ go home show

/ı∂/ hear beer

/au/ out cow

/u∂/ pure fewer

* Consonant sounds

Symbol Examples

/s/ since rice

/z/ zoo houses

/∫/ shop sugar machine

/3/ pleasure usual vision

/h/ hear hotel

/m/ make

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/n/ name now

/η/ bring

/l/ look while

/r/ road

/j/ young

/w/ wear

b. Silent letters and short syllables

There are many words in English where a letter is not pronounced:

fasten plumber calm knee wrong comb

There are also many words where we almost ‘eat’ one of the syllables,
and as a result a vowel sound almost disappears and a word, for example,
with three written syllables may be two (or two and a half) in spoken
English. For example:

Interested /ıntr∂stıd/ fattening /fætnıη/ vegetable /ved3t∂bl/

Exercise [1]:
a. Open your dictionary randomly, find headwords and

a. say what they mean.

b. say whether they have one or more than one definition.

b. Find headwords with the same spelling. Show whether they have
different meanings or they are different parts of speech.

35
c. Look at the following list of words; what are the headwords for these
words?

women children oxen largest biggest

went broken hung sprung taller shorter

Exercise [2]:
a. Find the meanings of the following idioms by looking
them up in your dictionary.
kicked the bucket

passed away

mind your own business

over head and ear

up to the one’s ears e.g. up to my ears

with all one’s heart e.g. with all my heart

b. Find the meanings of the following phrasal verbs by

looking them up in your dictionary.
look out

back up put down

side with look after

down with take after

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c. Look in your dictionary, list some words (derivatives)
ending in:
-er -ment -ance -able -ly and write down what they mean.

Exercise [3]:
Look into your dictionary and find out at least ten other
abbreviations not mentioned in tables (1) and (2).

Exercise [4]:
Look into your dictionary and find out at least five other
symbols used but not mentioned in the passage:

Exercise [5]:
Arrange the following words in alphabetical order:
opposite open order often organ

organize mountain boat board orange

Second made want war warn

37
Exercise [6]:
Below is lists of words, classify them according to the place
where you find them in the dictionary i.e. beginning, middle, or
end:
benefit alarm calm

shallow mate narrow

water bat zero

beginning middle end

............... ............... ...............

............... ............... ...............

............... ............... ...............

............... ............... ...............

............... ............... ...............

Exercise [7]:

Try using some phonetic symbols. Using your dictionary, fill in

the pronunciation of these words (put the symbols between the
/ /. Then practice saying the words and make sure you
can see and hear the difference in the pronunciation of the
words in each pair.

1. row / / cow / /

2. back / / bacon / /
38
 3. soup / / soap / /

4. vase / / razor / /

Exercise [8]:
Look at the underlined letters in these words. Which one is the
Odd one out in each case?

1. bread dream spread dead

2. spoon room flood choose

3. fast phrase blame sunbathe

4. cousin wound (n) rough trouble

5. virus pilot diet since

6. hyphen symptom type psychology

Exercise [9]:
Look at the underlined letters in these pairs of words. Is the
pronunciation the same or different?

know / knife muscle / scissors

island / Islam climb / bomb

listen / western honest / hope

aisle / Christmas wrong / wrist

hand / handsome calf / calm

39
 Unit Four The Ideal Job
* Pre-reading:

Discuss the following questions:

- What do you want to be by the next five years?

- What is the most important thing about your dream job?

Read the stories and complete the sentences that follow.

The Ideal job

Believe it or not, some people get paid—and well—for doing the

things that make them really happy. Here are a few people who have found
the job of their dreams.

“I know all about job-hunting.”—Betsy

A few years ago, I lost my job as a manager in a factory. I was so

unhappy. I was thirty-eight years old, out of work for the 100th time, and
without much hope. Then, one day I was thinking about the question, “What
do I do best?” and the answer came to me. I had been out of work many
times, so I knew every manual about how to find a job or change a career. I
must have been to over 100 interviews in my life, made 1,000 phone calls
asking for jobs, and sent out a résumé to almost 2,000 companies. When I
looked at my skills, I saw that my best skills were job-hunting skills! So I
started my own company, Career Consulting. It’s a business that helps

40
people find jobs. I hired two people to work with me. The three of us work
together on everything, but I’m the boss. It’s great! I love the work, and I
make a lot of money!

“I have the funniest job in the world.”—Amanda

I have been a matchmaker for forty-one years. Because of me, sixty

couples are now happily married or engaged. I’m a good matchmaker. I have
a very good eye for people. And I don’t mean I match people on how they
look. I mean I can meet a person just once for ten minutes, and I know for
sure what kind of person he or she is. I get a feeling. And this feeling tells
me, “Oh, he would be a great husband for Stephanie,” or “Ah, now here is
the woman for Timothy.” I can’t imagine a job that’s more fun. I meet
wonderful people. I work for myself. Nobody tells me what to do. I make
enough money to live a simple life. And I get so much joy from seeing what
happens to my matches. A month ago a couple stopped by on their way
home from the hospital with their new baby girl. I’m so happy to think that I
helped make that family!

“I have a job with an incredible view.”—Donna

Teaching skydiving is so exciting. I love seeing students on their first

jump. They are all nervous and excited. When they get to the ground, they
can’t wait to call everyone they know and tell them they just jumped out of
an airplane. Later, when they learn to turn and fly forward, they realize that
they’re not just a flying stone. They realize that they’re like a bird—they can
fly!

41
It wasn’t easy to get this job. I had to have about 1,000 jumps and about two
years of training. And the salary was only $15,000 for the first year. But I
don’t do it for the money. In fact, I don’t need to get paid at all. I love it that
much!

Exercise [1]:

Complete the sentences with the correct name from the

reading. The first one has been done for you as an example.

1. made $15,000 a year.

2. helped sixty couples find each other.

3. was out of work many times.

4. has had the same job for over forty years.

5. changed careers.

6. loves teaching.

Exercise [2]:

Read the paragraphs about skills, setting, and rewards and the
questions in each paragraph. How would the women in the
reading answer the questions? Write answers for each woman.
The first one has been done for you as an example.
42
1. Betsy

Skills: have a lot of job-hunting skills.

Setting: I like to work with other people. I like to have my own business.

Rewards: I like making a lot of money.

2. Amanda

Skills: _

Setting:

Rewards:

3. Donna

Skills: _

Setting:

Rewards:

4. What about you? How do you answer these questions?

Your name:

Skills: _

Setting:

Rewards:

43
* Exploring language

Exercise [3]:

Cross out the word or phrase that is not related to the

boldfaced word. The first one has done for you as an example.

1. résumé: work history, job hunting, money

2. want ad: newspaper, skill, job
3. employment agency: secretary, job hunting, résumé
4. career: city, work, experience
5. sky diver: plane, water, jump

6. out of work: job hunting, manager, free time

7. engaged: plan, school, ring

8. manual: book, information, newspaper

9. interview: company, answers, computers

10. advice: information, suggestions, exercises

* WORKING WITH WORDS

Exercise [4]:

Complete the e-mail from Cristina to Jenny with the words

below.

44
 hire interview out of work résumé skills specific

From: [email protected]

Sent: 01 July 1998 14:23

To: JRIOS@aol .com

Subject: New Job

Hi Jenny,

Guess what? I finally found a job. I’m so excited! I thought I was going to be (1)
forever. I was so nervous during the (2). I was sure they didn’t want to (3)
me. At first they asked me lots of general questions about my life. That
information was on my (4). But then they started to ask me lots of (5)
questions about computers. I’m so glad I took that Internet course last summer. It gave me a
lot of computer (6) that I can use at this job. Wow, I can’t believe it. I’ll call you next
week with my new work number.

Yours,

Web Master Cristina

Web Master: the job title for people who design Internet web pages.

Skills for expression

A. Grammar: Descriptive Adjectives and Possessive Adjectives

Read the e-mail from Cristina to Jenny. Notice the underlined words.
They are two kinds of adjectives: descriptive adjectives and possessive
adjectives.

45
From: [email protected]

Sent: 13 October 1998 9:12

To: [email protected]

Subject: Old Job

Hey Jenny,

A bad thing happened to me last week. Net Makers was sold, and I lost my new
job. Net Makers is a small company, so I knew this might happen. But I didn’t t hink it
would happen so fast! It was such a great job for me because I could use my skills. And
the job was fun. I guess I’ll have to start job hunting again. How about your job? How is it
going? The last time we talked, you were bored. Cristina is your job interesting now?
Don’t e- mail me at this address anymore. Just call me on my phone.

Exercise [5]:

List each adjective in the e-mail on one of the lines. The first ones have
been done for you as an example.

1. Descriptive adjectives: bad,

2. Possessive adjectives: my ,

46
* Focus ON GRAMMAR

See Descriptive Adjectives and Possessive Adjectives

below. Descriptive and Possessive Adjectives

Descriptive adjectives describe nouns. She is smart.

They can come after the verb be.

They can come before a noun. She is a smart teacher.

When a noun follows an adjective, use She is a smart teacher.
a, an, or the before the adjective. (a She’s an important writer.
and an are used only with count nouns) The new teacher isn’t here.
Remember: Do not use a, an, or the Gary is smart.
when the adjective is not followed by a
noun.
Possessive adjectives show belonging. I have a job. My job is very
interesting.
A noun always follows a possessive His boss is nice.
adjective. When using possessive
adjectives, do not use a, an, or the.
Possessive adjectives have the same Your paintings are beautiful.
form before singular or plural nouns. Your painting is beautiful.

Possessive Adjectives
my your his Her its our your their

47
Exercise [6]:

Use the words to write sentences. The first one has been done for you as
an example.

1. for/Jenny/a/is/career/looking/new Jenny is looking for a new career.

2. like/She/job/didn’t/old/her

3. Our/manager/was/old/nice

4. want ads/job/his/Juan/new/found/in/the

5. sister/out/work/of/is/My

6. an/Nelson Bolles/job/interesting/has

Exercise [7]:

Look at the pictures that follow. Write about the work that the people
do, how the people are feeling, and how they look. For each picture,
write at least three sentences. For each picture, use at least one
possessive adjective, one descriptive adjective before a noun, and one
descriptive adjective after be. You can use the descriptive adjectives
listed below. The first one has been done for you as an example.

sad sleepy Short straight big dirty

hungry curly Happ long messy old

y
young

1. The man:

48
He is a young man. He has short hair. He is hungry. He drives an old truck.

The truck:

His truck is old. The old truck is dirty.

2. The woman:

The desk:

49
3. The doctor:

The patient:

50
 Style: The sentence
Exercise [8]:

Read the following lines and then answer the questions.

1. Marika worked for a big camera company for six years.

2. My friend in Boston.

3. Eli works twenty hours a week.

4. He’s tired.
5. Teaches mathematics to college students in Massachusetts.

Which ones are sentences? Which aren’t sentences? How do you know?

* Parts of the Sentence

• Every sentence in English must have a He cooks.

subject and a verb. A sentence can have ↑ ↑
just a subject and a verb. But, usually, subject verb
sentences have other words, too.
• In commands we don’t say or Stop that! = You stop that.
write a subject. But the subject
of commands is always understood as
“you.”
• Subjects come before the verb and Everybody told me it was a great job.
often come at the beginning of the
sentence.

51
• Subjects can be one word. Everybody told me it was a great job.
• Subjects can be many words. My uncle, my sister, and all my friends
told me it was a great job.
• Subjects can’t be repeated. WRONG: Connie she told me it was a
great job.
• The first letter of the first word of a There was one problem.
sentence must be capitalized.
• A sentence must end with a period, I was bored.
question mark, or exclamation point. How many pens have you got?
That is wonderful!
• Some verbs (like laugh) don’t have She laughed.
objects. Some verbs (like hire) have one The company hired Tadashi.
object. Some verbs (like give) have two The company gave him the job.
objects.

Exercise [9]:

A. Each sentence has one mistake. Correct the mistakes. The

first one has been done for you as an example.

1. The camera company it paid Marika a lot of money.

2. She happy with her job at the camera company.

3. Decided to change her job anyway.

4. Her friends told to stay with the camera company.

5. they didn’t understand her decision.

52
6. Why did she change her job

7. Marika she just wanted her dream job.

8. Started Marika her own restaurant.

9. Marika happier now than ever before!

B. Writing Sentences

Write five sentences to describe someone’s job—for example,

your job, your father’s job, or a friend’s job.

Example: My friend Sarah is a Kindergarten teacher. Her job is very hard.

She is tired every day. But her job is also funny. Her job does not pay a lot
of money.

Exercise [10]:

* Writing Topics Assignment

Choose one of the following topics. Write one or two

paragraphs. Use some of the vocabulary, grammar, and style
that you learned in this unit. Be sure to write correct sentences.

1. Imagine your friend just finished college and doesn’t know what to do
for work. Write him or her a short note with advice. Use information
from "The Ideal Job". Give your friend at least three suggestions.
53
2. Do you know anyone who has found his or her dream job? Write
about this person. Answer these questions: Who is he or she? What
does he or she do? How did he or she get the job? What is most
important to him or her about the job?

3. Imagine you have your dream job. What do you do? Describe your
job. Be sure to discuss the three things that are important: the skills
you use, the setting, and the rewards.

* Drill

Interview someone who may want to change careers. This person

might be your friend, your teacher, your neighbor, or a relative.

1. Ask this person questions about his or her career dreams. You should
start with the following questions. If you want, add some more
questions of your own to the list.

a. What is your name?

b. What is your career now?

c. What do you do in your career?

d. What are the good and bad things about your career?

e. What kind of career do you want to have? Why?

f. Why would you like this dream career better than your career?

54
 Unit Five

A WORLD GUIDE TO GOOD MANNERS

* Pre-reading:

Look at the title of this article.

1. Do you think it will be serious or light-hearted? Why?

2. Why do some people behave badly abroad?

3. How might people benefit from a better understanding of other

cultures?

* Vocabulary

global village behave bang on time executives

community insult etiquette casual

* How to behave well abroad!

Traveling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in
a global village, but how well do we understand each other? Here is a simple
test. Imagine you have arranged a meeting at four o’clock. What time should
you expect your foreign business colleagues to arrive? If they are Germans,
they’ll be bang on time. If they’re Americans, they’ll probably be fifteen
minutes early. If they’re British, they’ll be 15 minutes late, and you should
allow up to an hour for the Italians.

55
 When the European Community began to increase in size, several
guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. At first many
people thought this was a jock, especially the British, who seemed to assume
that the widespread of their language meant that a corresponding
understanding of English customs. Very soon they have to change their
ideas, as they realized that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with
their foreign business friends.

Here are some examples of intercultural communication over business:

- The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss business
matters with a drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer not to work
while eating. Lunch is a time to relax and get to know one another,
and they rarely drink at lunchtime.

- The Germans like to talk business before dinner; the French like to
eat first and talk business afterwards. They have to be well fed and
watered before they discuss anything.

- American executives sometimes signal their feeling of ease and

importance in their offices by putting their feet on the desk while
talking on the telephone. In Japan, people would be shocked. Showing
the soles of your feet is the height of bad manners. It is social insult
only exceeded by blowing your nose in public.

The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and business
behaviour. Seniority is very important, and a younger man should never be
sent to complete business deal with an older Japanese man. The Japanese
business card almost needs a rulebook of its own. You must exchange cards
56
immediately on meeting because it is essential to establish everyone status
and position. When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be
given and received with both hands, and you must take time to read it
carefully, and not just put it in your pocket! Also the bow is a very important
part of greeting someone. You should not expect the Japanese to shake
hands. Bowing the head is a mark of respect and the first bow of the day
should be lower than when you meet thereafter.

The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal

Japanese manners. They prefer to be casual and more informal, as illustrated
by the universal “Have a nice day!”. American waiters have one-word
imperative “Enjoy!”. The British, of course are cool and reserved. The great
topic of conversation between strangers in Britain is the weather —
unemotional and impersonal. In America, the main topic between strangers
is the search to find a geographical link. “Oh, Really? You live in Ohio? I
had an uncle who once worked there”.

“When in Rome, do as the Romans do.”

Here are some final tips for traveling:

- In France you shouldn’t sit down in a café until you’ve shaken hands
with everyone you know.

- In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello.

- In Pakistan you mustn’t wink. It is offensive.

- In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting,
eating, drinking, or smoking. Also you should take care not to admire
57
 anything in your hosts’ home. They will feel that they have to give it
to you.

- In Russia you must match your host’s drink for drink or they will
think you are unfriendly.

- In Thailand you clasp your hands together and lower your head and
eyes when you greet someone.

- In America you should eat your hamburger with both hands and as
quickly as possible. You shouldn’t have a conversation until it is
eaten.

Exercise [1]:

Answer these questions:

1. Which nationalities are the most and least punctual?

2. Why did the British think that everyone understand their customs?

3. Which nationalities do not like to eat and do business at the same

time?

4. An American friend of yours is going to work in Japan. Give some

advice about how he should and shouldn’t behave.

5. Imagine you are at a party in (a) England (b) America. How could you
begin and continue a conversation with a stranger?

6. Which nationalities have rules of behaviour about hands? What are

the rules?

58
* Grammar review

Exercise [2]:
Read the following story and complete it with these verbs in
the simple past. (See appendix [1] for irregular past).

want buy ring go look be

can give ask thank explain start

I was in Italy on business in late October and I was invited to dinner by an

Italian business colleague. I ............................to take her a present so I
………………… to the market to buy some flowers. As I said, it was late
October and so the mums( or flowers) ..................................... especially
beautiful. I ............................some magnificent yellow ones. Then I went to
my colleague’s house and ...............................the bell. When she opened the
door, I ..........................her the flowers, and I smiled. But I ....................tell
that something was wrong because her face .......................so strange. She
..............me politely but I could see she wasn’t pleased.

Later I .................my friend about it. ‘What flowers did you buy?’ he
asked. “mums,’ I replied, and he .........................laughing. “What’s the
joke?” I asked, and he ...............................that in Italy November 2nd is the
Day of the Dead and everyone takes mums to the cemetery to decorate the
family tomb. No one has them in the house.

Exercise [3]:

1. Why were the mums not an appropriate present?

59
2. If you want to do business in a foreign country:

a. which of the topics below do you think you should know a lot
about?

b. which of the topics are ‘safe’ to discuss with someone from a

different culture?

- religion

- the family

- style of dress

- holidays

- history

- punctuality

- food and drink

- education system

- entertainment

- spending habits

- politics

- geography

- special customs

60
* Word review

Exercise [4]:

Match each numbered word (in the text below) with a word or
phrase (in the list) that has a similar meaning.

When in Rome ....

Studying abroad(1) is a great opportunity(2), and for many people, it’s

dream(3) come true. However, it is important to realize that people in other
cultures may think and behave differently. In some cultures, for example,
your options(4) of what to wear may be different. It may also be wrong to
drink alcohol, or for women and men to socialize(5) in certain places. If you
go to another country on a study or trip(6), try to respect the culture you are
living in. You may not be comfortable(7) about certain things, but do not
believe your values(8) are always better. Try to understand, and live as the
local people live.

a. ................ vacation b. ............... Chance

c. ............... ambition d. .............. Ideas
e. .............. choices f. ............... meet people
g. ............. happy h. ............. in another country

61
* Discussion:

1. Why is it not a good idea to …..

a- say that you absolutely love Egyptian vase.

b- go to Russia if you do not drink alcohol.
c- say ‘Hi! See you later?’ when you’re introduced to someone in
Afghanistan.
d- discuss politics with your American friend in McDonald’s.
2. Choose one or more of the following questions to discuss with
your classmates in preparation for writing.

- How might you become more aware of your own culture and
traditions through contact with someone from another culture?

- Do you think the Sudanese business people show real respect for their
customers and time?

Exercise [5]: Writing

* Assignment

Write a paragraph about the characteristics of a well-behaved

person. Consider the following points in your writing:

- showing good manners

- good interpersonal relations with younger and older people
- respecting others in their different life style

62
 Unit Six

FOR FITNESS

* Pre-reading:

1. Mention some leisure activities and sports that you know.

2. What are the benefits of exercise?
* Vocabulary

fitness weight-lifting health clubs aerobic

benefit muscles diet stress

Exercise [1]:

Now read the text quickly and say the three types of exercise
that are mentioned.

In recent years, the fitness movement has been gaining popularity all
over the world. Health clubs, exercise classes, and bodybuilding centers
have sprung up from Tokyo to Rome-and even Moscow. Health magazines,
books, records, videotapes are selling like lemonade on hot summer day.
And yet, despite the fitness boom, there are still many people who are unfit.
This includes millions who play tennis, baseball, or football. It includes
millions who work out at health clubs. The problem is, our workouts don’t
make sweat enough or breathe hard enough. We don’t run far enough, or
exercise long enough.

63
 We need to put more aerobic training in our lives. Aerobic is the
system of exercise first developed by Dr. Kenneth Cooper. It involves
moving vigorously and steadily over a period of twenty to forty-five
minutes, so that the cardiovascular system (heart, lungs, and circulatory
system) works harder and supplies more oxygen to the muscles. When the
oxygen reaches the muscles, it combines with the fuel sources to produce
energy. The more oxygen we can supply to the muscles, the more efficiently
the body can utilize this oxygen, and the more physically fit we become.

There are many kinds of exercise that will help us to get in shape.
Three most popular are running, weight-training and swimming.

Running

The best aerobic exercise is running, and the best distance runner on
this planet is the human beings, such as cheetah, can run faster over short
distances, but the human over performs all other animals of comparable size
in long distance running.

Humans are the best distance runners because we have the most
efficient sweat glands in the animals' kingdom. Our superior cooling system
makes it possible for us to run long distances on hot days. We also have
superior breathing system, enabling us to change speed without losing
efficiency. And our diet, which includes carbohydrates, allows us to store
energy longer than carnivores and most other animals. All this adds up to
some simple fact: we were born to run, especially to run long distance.

64
Weight-training

Although running is the excellent aerobic exercise, it isn’t enough for

total fitness. If you want to put on muscles and get stronger, the best way to
do this is through weight-training. Lifting weights can make your muscles
larger, firmer, and stronger. And it doesn’t take very long — most people
begin to see changes in the mirror within a week or so of first laying hands
on iron.

Before starting a weight-training program, everyone has some

instructions. The most important thing is to do it easy at the beginning. Start
with moderate weights and take a little more time. Showing off, even to
yourself, how much you can lift is the easiest way to hurt yourself. As you
improve, you can increase the weight and the number of repetitions. Also
pay attention to form. Good form will help protect you from injury.

In the past, weight-lifting was primarily an activity for men, but today
thousands of women are pumping iron in gyms all over the world. Women
are discovering that lifting weights has benefits. It makes them healthier,
stronger, and more energetic, and it gives them a feeling of power.

Swimming

For all-around fitness, there’s no sport that can take the place of
swimming. Swimming builds up your limbs, heart, and lungs. It improves
coordination and strength, and for aerobic benefit it is almost as good as
running. There’s very little risk of injury, and it is an activity you will
probably never grow too old to do. Some people enjoy swimming because it
gives them a feeling of peace. They enter a cool, wet world where there are
65
no -distractions- no one to listen to and no one to argue with. This solitude
can be the most pleasant part of swimming, a chance to let the mind relax as
the body works, a time to relieve stress and work off tension. What’s more,
swimming can build your self-esteem and help sleep better at night.

In spite of all the benefits we get from exercise, there are still many
people who don’t like to work out. Ask them why they don’t exercise and
they might say that running, swimming, and weight-lifting are boring. Or
they are too busy. But a good exercise program doesn’t have to take up a lot
of time, and it can be a lot of fun. Working out is good for the mind as well
as for the body. When we are in shape, we feel good about ourselves and are
less likely to suffer from depression. Regular exercise not only makes us
look and feel better, but also defends us from illness and prolongs our lives.

Exercise [2]:

Answer these questions:

1. What are some of the benefits of exercise?

2. How is it possible for some people to play sports and still be out of shape?

3. What does aerobic exercise do for the human body?

4. What is the best aerobic exercise?

5. Which animal is the best long-distance runner?

6. What advantages do humans have when it comes to long-distance

running?

66
7. What is weight-training good for?

8. What things should you keep in mind when you start a weight-training
program?

9. Why is weight training becoming more popular among women?

10. What is the best sport for all fitness?

11. What are some benefits of swimming?

12. What are some excuses people give for not exercising?

13. How often do you exercise? What is your favorite exercise?

Exercise [3]:

These phrasal verbs are used in the text. Can you guess what
do they mean?

1. sprung up

2. work out

3. showing off

4. build up

5. take up

* Language Focus

* Phrasal verbs (get up, break down, fill in, etc) a. We often
use verbs with these words:
67
 on off in out up Down away
back over about around forward Through along
We often use these words with verbs of movement. For example:

get on The bus was full. We couldn't get on.

drive off She got into the car and drove off.

come back Tom is leaving tomorrow and coming back on Saturday.

turn around When I touched him on the shoulder, he turned around.

But often these words (on/off/up/down. etc.) give a special meaning to a

verb. For example:

Sorry I'm late. The car broke down.

Look out! There’s a car coming.
It was my first flight. I was very nervous as the plane took off.
I was so tired this morning that I couldn’t get up.
These verbs (break down / get up/ take off. etc.) are phrasal verbs.

b. Sometimes a phrasal verb has an object. Usually there are two

possible positions for the object. So you can say:

object object

I turned off the light, or I turned the light off.

Here are some more examples:

fill out this form?

68
 Could you fill this form out?
Take off your coat.
It's warm. Take your coat off.
Put out the fire.

The fire fighters soon arrived and put the fire out.
throw away these old newspapers.
I think I’ll throw these old newspapers away.
breaking down the door.
The police got into the house by breaking the door down.
Sometimes the object of a phrasal verb is a pronoun
(it/them/me/you/him/her/us). These pronouns go before
on/off/in/out/up/down. etc.

They gave me a form and told me to fill it out. (not fill out it)
Ann’s asleep. Don’t wake her up. (not wake up her)
“What should I do with these old newspapers?” “Throw them away.”
Here’s the money you need. Don’t forget to pay me back.
c. Sometimes we use a phrasal verb + preposition. For example: look
forward to / keep up with / cut down on. The object always comes after
the preposition:

Are you looking forward to your vacation?

You’re walking too fast. I can’t keep up with you.
Jack has cut down on smoking. He only smokes five cigarettes a day
now.

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Exercise [4]:

Complete the sentences using an appropriate phrasal verb

from the box. Use the correct form of the verb each time. The
first ones have been done for you as an example.

break down clear up (= become take off

bright-

for weather)

speak up grow up

(= speak louder)

turn up show off(= show how fall off

good you are at
(= appear/arrive)
something)

close down move in

70
1. Be careful on that horse! Don’t fall off!

2. Sorry I’m late. The car broke down on the way here.

3. What time did the plane finally… ......................... ?

4. There used to be a very good store on the corner, but it ………..a year
ago.

5. “We’ve bought a new house.” “Oh, have you’? When are you
……………………………..?“

6. Susie is eight years old. When she …………………., she wants to be

a pilot.

7. I arranged to meet Jim at the club last night, but he

didn’t………………….

8. The weather’s horrible, isn’t it? I hope it................................later.

9. We all know how wonderful you are. There’s no need

to…………………..

10. (On the telephone) I can’t hear you very well. Can you ………………
a bit?

Exercise [5]:

Complete these sentences as shown in the examples.

Examples: He told me to fill out the form, so I filled it out.

71
 He told me to throw away the newspapers, so I threw them away.

1. He told me to put out my cigarette, so I ……………………...

2. He told me to take off my shoes, so I…………………………

3. He told me to turn on the TV, so………………………….......

4. He told me to call up Ann, so………………………...……….

5. He told me to give up smoking, so……………………………

6. He told me to put on my glasses, so…………………………..

7. He told me to write down my address, so ….…………………

Exercise [6]:

Complete these sentences using an appropriate phrasal verb

from the box. Where necessary use the past tense of the verb.
Each time use it/ them/ me with the verb. The first one has been
done for you as an example.

look up turn down wake up shave off

pick up cross out knock out try on

1. The radio is a little loud. Can you turn it down please?

2. There was a $20 bill lying on the sidewalk, so I……………

72
3. The children are asleep. Don’t……………………………..

4. If you make a mistake, just………………………………..

5. I saw a jacket I liked in the store, so I went in and ……….to see if it

fit me.

6. There were a few words that I didn’t understand, so I …….in my

dictionary.

7. He had a beard for a long time, but he got tired of it, so

he……………….

8. A stone fell on my head and ………….. I was unconscious for half an

hour.

73
 Unit Seven

A CASUAL ENCOUNTER

1. How do you go to university? Tick ( ) the means you use:

By

train

bus

a private car

other than these (specify) …………………………………….

2. Where do you often go for entertainment? Why? Tick ( )

Malls (e.g. Afraa)

Movies

Stadium (playground)

Parks

* Reading aloud

Read the interview and answer the questions that follow:

Q: Do you often go to Afraa?

Suzan: Yes, very often. I come from Assalama.

Q: Where's that?

74
 Suzan: A couple of kilo meters south Khartoum. It takes about half an
hour by bus.

Q: Are you waiting for the bus now?

Suzan: No, I'm not. I'm going to work. I'm having a cup of coffee and
something to eat. Then I'm off to work.

Q: Do you often stop off for coffee?

S: Most days, sure.

Q: May I ask, er… what do you do?

S: I'm an engineer. I work for an Engineering Company.

Q: Where do you work?

S: Khartoum North, near Abud Park, a few blocks along al-Ingaz

Street.

Q: And how do you get there from here? Do you take a taxi?

Suzan: No, I usually take public transport.

* Comprehension Questions:

A. Circle True / False

a- Suzan often has a cup of tea. T/F

b- She always takes a taxi. T/F
c- She works down al- Ingaz St. T/F
d- She is an officer. T/F

75
B. Answer these questions:

a- What does she do?

b- What's she doing at the moment?
c- How does she usually get to work?
d- Is she waiting for a bus or train?

C. Word order in questions:

Fill in the gaps (in the groups of questions 1 – 3) with a suitable verb.

1. Personal information

a- Where ................. you from?

b- Where do you ..................... ?
c- Do you ............................... any brothers and sisters?

2. Work

a- What do you..................... ?
b- Do you ……………. your job?
c- Do you …………….. any foreign languages? Which?

3. Studies

a- What do you .......................... ?

b- What universities do you ............... to?

76
* My Home

A. Use the pieces of information below, then work on the following

questions.

Where do you live? e.g. I live in an industrial town.

a small town in …………..

It's a village near ………..

an old city on the coast of ………..

a modern city on the River…………….

a port

What's the countryside like? The area is mountainous.

hilly.

very industrial.

very pretty.

The countryside is rather dull.

a university.

What sort of town is it? good shops.

The town has a good night life.

77
 an interesting old port.

lots of places to visit.

It's very quiet.

busy.

factories.

It's full of traffic.

tourists.

students.

retired people.

terraced house.

What kind of house do you live in? I live in a detached house.

flat.

two miles from the town centre.

How far is your house from the …? It's very near the harbour.

78
 not far from the shopping centre.

old/modern.

What's it like? It's quiet/noisy.

comfortable / uncomfortable.

tidy/ untidy.

It has a big garden.

There isn't a garden.

What do people do? Most people work in offices/factories.

commute to the big cities.

Is there much to do in the evenings? There's a lot to do.

There isn't a lot to do.

People go for a stroll a long the

Nile River avenue.

stay at home.

How do you spend your leisure time? I enjoy fishing and going to the
Park.

What's the difference between the following? Can you draw them?

detached, semi-detached, terraced house, bungalow, flat, bedsitter.

79
Activity

1. Interview someone about themselves and their home for five minutes.
Then they will interview you. Take notes. Then give a one-minute
report on the other person to the class.

2. Write a short dialogue using the words:

detached house industrial near

B. A five-minute interview

Do a five-minute interview with anybody. Ask them about themselves and

their homes. Take notes while you are doing the interview. Send your report
to the following e-mail address:

[email protected]

C. Write a short dialogue using these words:

detached house
industrial
near
* Language focus

* Present continuous tense

Form: [am / is / are] + verb + ing

The present progressive tense takes the form be+V ing

80
The form of be is determined by the subject of the sentence.

He is singing

She is listening

They are sleeping

I am going home

In English, the present progressive is used to indicate actions happening at

the time of speaking, or right now.

Examples:

Jake is speaking to his mother right now.

Please keep quiet! The baby is sleeping.

The present progressive can also be used to indicate actions occurring over a
period of time around the present.

Grace is working at a chemical factory.

What are you doing these days?

The present progressive is sometimes used to indicate ongoing, developing,

imminent or future actions.

* Ongoing actions:

Don’t bother Mr. Grumpy while he is watching the football game.

* Developing actions:

81
 I’m beginning to like this place!

* Imminent actions:

A: Honey, where are you?

B: I’m coming. Just let me put on my shoes.

* Future (notice the presence of future time words).

A: Are you going to the concert this weekend?

B: I wish I could, but I’m meeting an important client from

Oklahoma.

Some verbs cannot be used in the progressive tense. These are called non-
action verbs. Non-action verbs indicate state, sense, desire, possession, or
opinion. The most common non-action verbs are:

be* seem appear* (existence)

look* sound* smell* taste* feel* (senses)

like want prefer love* (desire)

have* own possess (possession)

think* believe consider* (opinion)

Notice the usage in the following sentences:

Mr. Tactful is seeming like a nice guy. (wrong!)

82
Mr. Tactful seems like a nice guy. (correct)

This salad is tasting delicious. (wrong!)

This salad tastes delicious. (correct)

I am liking banana cream pie. (wrong!)

I like banana cream pie. (correct)

Some verbs have both action and non-action meanings. They are indicated
by an asterisk* in the table above. The situation determines whether the
action or non-action form of the verb is used.

Those flowers look beautiful. (non-action)

Flora is looking out the window. (action)

I think that’s a great idea. (non-action)

I am thinking about my upcoming speech. (action)

We have a brand new car. (non-action)

We are having a party this weekend. (action)

Craign is a real estate agent. (non-action)

Billy’s being naughty today. (action)

83
 Unit Eight ROBOTS
* Pre-reading:

1. What's a robot?

2. Do you have a robot?

Go to the box below to find out:

* Prompt:

Ali is a student at Central University for Science and Technology, College

of Engineering. His elder brother, Ibrahim, is also an engineer .In
*1999, Ibrahim went to America and became a famous roboticist .He sent

a robot to his younger brother ,Ali ,who is currently doing a project on

intelligent robots .Read the text and see how Al i interacts with his robot
.
What do you think a robot can do?

Example: it can clean the floor.

Ali is talking to his robot, Tom. Read the dialogue and fill in the
gaps. Use these words:

84
 cooked / haven't / have / I've / cleaned

Ali: Hello, Tom. How are you?

Tom: Very well, thanks.

Ali: Well, what have you done today?

Tom: I've fed the cat.

Ali: Good (1)…………….. you (2) ..................... the dinner?

Tom: Yes, I (3) …………….. and (4) ........................ done the washing.

Ali: Very good. Have you (5) ........................... the bathroom?

Tom: No, I (6) ……………………. I'm sorry.

Ali: Oh! Never mind.

* What has Tom done?

Example: He has fed the cat.

Copy and complete the tables.

Affirmative
I Have Cooked the dinner.
Tom ………….. …………. the cat.

Negative
…………… Made the dinner.

85
Tom hasn't …………. the bathroom.

Question Short answers

………… You Done the washing? Yes, I …………..
Has Tom …………. the bathroom? No, he……………

* Writing

Ali programmed his robot, Tom, to do more housework but his battery
stopped before he finished all the work.

Now, write sentences about what Tom has or hasn't done before the battery
stopped. Use the verbs below.

make / feed/ wash/ cook / do / tidy / put away/ clean / lay

Write your answers here:

………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………

* Focus on Grammar

Present perfect: Uses

Introduction
The present perfect tense is common in English. It is used for many different
functions. This section will explain the most important uses of the present
perfect tense.
86
1. Action which started in the past and are still continuing
The present perfect is often used for an action that started at some time in the
past and is still continuing now. Often, the words for (with a length of time)
and since (with a starting time) are used along with the present perfect.

He has lived in Canada for five years. (He started living in Canada five years
ago, and he’s still living there now).

She has worked at the University since 1994. (She started working at the
university in 1994, and she’s still working there now).

2. Actions which happened at some unknown time in the

past
Sometimes, it’s important to say that something happened (or didn’t
happen), but it’s not important (or not known) when it happened. In this
case, we can use the present perfect too. We often use the words already,
yet, ever or never along with the present perfect. These words usually go
before the past participle in the sentence.
I’ve already seen that film. I don’t want to see it again. (It doesn’t
matter when I saw it)
Have you ever been to Germany? (It doesn’t matter when you went, I
just want to know whether you have been there or not).
3. Actions which happened in the past, but have an effect in
the present

87
This use is a little more difficult than the other two. In this case, the action
happened at some time in the past, but the effect of the action is still
important now. It’s easiest to understand this use if we compare present
perfect sentences with simple past sentences.
Present perfect I’ve lost my keys. I don’t have the keys. They are
still missing.

Simple past I lost my keys yesterday. I didn’t have them yesterday,

but may be today I found them.

Present perfect She’s broken her arm. The arm is still injured.

Simple past She broke her arm. The arm is probably Ok now.

Exercise [1]:
“For” or “Since”?
Each of these present perfect sentences contains a time expression. Each
time expression is a length of time (which requires for) or a starting time
(which requires since). Select the correct word for each sentence.

1. Mary has kept a diary .................... she was ten years old.

a. since b. for

2. They’ve been married. ................ twenty-five years.

a. since b. for

3. First Nations people in British Columbia have told stories about the
eagle ............... hundreds of years.

a. since b. for

88
4. So far, it has rained .................. five hours.

a. since b. for

5. The beaver has been an emblem of Canada ............... many years.

a. since b. for

6. I haven’t been snowboarding .................... last winter.

a. since b. for

7. Maya has been a professional singer ................... 1989.

a. since b. for

8. The Canadian two-dollar coin (or toonie) has been in circulation

..................1996.

a. since b. for

9. Jo has been a student here........... March.

a. since b. for

10. Cougars have almost disappeared from the Victoria area

...................humans settled there.

a. since b. for

Exercise [2]:
You are writing a letter to a friend and giving news about
people you both know. Use the words given to make sentences
and put the verb into the correct form.
Example: Phil/find a new job Phil has found a new job.

Dear Chris,

89
Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.

1. Fred / go / Brazil / Fred .........................................................

2. Jack and Jill / decide / to get married ............................................

3. Suzanne / have/ a baby ..................................................................

4. Liz /give up / smoking ...................................................................

5. George / pass / his driving test ........................................................

Exercise [3]:
Read the situation and then write an appropriate sentence. Use
the verb given.
Example: Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it.

[lose] He has lost his key.

1. Sue’s hair was dirty. Now it is clean. [wash] She ...........................

2. Tom weighted 190 pounds. Now he weights 170. [lose weight]

........................................................................................................

3. The car has just stopped because there isn’t any more gas in the tank.
[run out of gas] ........................................................................

4. This morning Bill was playing football. Now he can’t walk and his leg
is in a cast. [break] .....................................................................

Exercise [4]:
Use just. Answer the questions using the words given.
Example: Would you like something to eat? [no thank you/I / just / have /
dinner]

90
 No thank you. I’ve just had dinner.

1. Have you seen John anywhere? [yes / I / just / see / him]

...........................................................................................................

2. Has Ann called yet? [yes / she / just / call] .......................................

3. Would you like a cigarette? [no thanks / I / just / put / one out]
............................................................................................................

Exercise [5]:
Write sentences with already.
Example: Don’t forget to mail that letter. I’ve already mailed it.

1. Don’t forget to call Eric. I ...........................................................

2. Why don’t you read the paper? .....................................................

3. Shall I pay the waiter? No, I ........................................................

Exercise [6]:
Fill in been or gone
Example: “Where’s Amy?” “She's on vacation. She has gone to Italy”.

1. Hello! I’ve just ................to the store. Look at all the things I’ve
bought.

2. Jim isn’t here at the moment. He’s ......................... to the store.

3. “Are you going to the bank?” “No, I’ve already .....................to the
bank.”

91
 Unit Nine

THE WONDERFUL WORLD OF ANIMALS

* Pre-reading:

1. Where do chimpanzees live?

2. Which animal among the following looks like human?
Tick ( )

a lion a camel a chimp

* Reading [A] Chimps

Exercise [1]:
* Read the texts below. Are these sentences true (T) or false
(F)?

1. Baby chimpanzees can walk.

2. Chimpanzees often swim.

3. Chimpanzees build their nest quickly.

4. Chimpanzees can go to the dentist (doctor).

A baby chimpanzee can't move on

its own. When it is six months old
it rides on its mother's back, and
when it is 4 years old it can travel
independently. They can live for Chimpanzees can't swim but
over 40 years. sometimes they walk into shallow
1 water and look for food.
96

2
Chimpanzees can weigh up to 40
kilos, but they sleep up in the trees
in a nest [2]:
Exercise of leaves. They can build
them in less than five minutes.

Chimps can have trouble with their teeth

when they get older, but unlike us, they
can't go to the dentist!
3

Exercise [2]:
Below you have a list of words. Which words are the opposite
of the ones in A.
Write your answer in C. Refer to the text to get the answers.

The word (A) Is the opposite of C

Baby
Move
on its own
Ride
Independent
Survive
Trouble
Like
Shallow

97
* To what does the word "us" (in the box No. 4) refer?

* Language focus:

Can

Can is used to talk about ………………..

1. Ability
Can chimpanzees walk?
Yes, they can.
Chimps can ……………
They can't …………….

2. possibility
Can they go to the dentist?
No, ................. can't.
Chimps can ……………….
They can't …………………

3. Permission
Can we use dictionaries?
Yes, you can.
You can go home now.

98
Exercise [3]:

* Say if the following sentences show permission, ability or

possibility.

Example: Tigers can run fast.

= Ability

1. An ostrich egg can weigh 1.3 kg.

2. Cows can't fly.

3. You can't get an elephant in a phone box.

4. You can't feed the animals in the zoo.

5. Sharks can swim.

6. Can I feed the chimps?

Exercise [4]:

* Circle the best answer a, b, or c.

1. I can climb that mountain in two hours.

Can = a. ability b. permission c. know how to

2. Can you ride a bicycle?

Can = a. ability b. permission c. know how to

99
3. The weather can be very hot in Khartoum.

Can = a. ability b. know how to c. it is possible

4. People can't live on nothing.

Can = a. it is possible b. it is impossible c. all of these

B] Nasty pets

- Reading and writing

Look at the pictures and give each animal a nastiness score

100
Key for individual scores
1 = OK
2 = not very nice
3 = horrible
4 = absolutely revolting

* Reading and Speaking

Add up the scores, then see whether you like or dislike each
animal.

Example: We think worms are OK.

Key for group scores

1—4=OK
5—8 = not very nice
9—12 = horrible
13—16 absolutely revolting

* Reading and Writing

Read these texts and give the animals a nastiness score,

then answer these questions:

1. Where do scorpions live?

2. When do cockroaches come out?

101
3. What do worm lovers usually want to do?

* Scorpions

Scorpions live in many hot countries. Scorpions like dark places. They
hide during the daytime and come out to hunt at night. They feed on insects
and other small animals. They kill them with their big claws and the sting at
the end of their tails.

If you go camping in the desert, put your shoes on sticks. Don’t leave
them under your bed. You don’t want to find a little pet in your shoe in the
morning.

The boy’s boots are not on sticks, and there is a scorpion in one of his
boots.

Scorpions can’t climb sticks, so can’t get in your boots.

Cockroaches eat everything. They often live inside TVs where they eat
electrical wires. Cockroaches sleep during the day, so if you want to see one,
leave some food out at night. In the middle of the night, go into the kitchen
and switch on the light. They hate bright lights and try to run under the
fridge. Move fast if you want to catch one in your hand.

102
* Grammar Focus:

* PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

* Writing

Copy the table.

Questions Short answers

Does a cat eat meat? Yes, it does.
Do they live in Africa? No, they don't.

Did you know?

The Giant Gippsland earthworm of

Australia can grow 3.6m long!

* When do we use do? When do we use does? Which is

singular and which is plural?

Exercise [5]:

Write questions and short answers.

Example: scorpions / like / dark / places

Do scorpions like dark places? Yes, they do.

- scorpions / make / good / pets?

- a cockroach / sleep / at night?

- worms/ eat / leaves?

103
- scorpions / live / inside TVs?

- a cockroach / hate / bright lights?

- worms / live / in the ground?

Exercise [6]:

Copy and complete the table.

Wh- questions
When ……………. a cockroach sleep?
……… …………… a worm eat?
………. ……………. scorpions hide?

Exercise [7]:

Read the texts again. Write questions for these answers. Use
when, where and what.

Example: Dark places.

Where do scorpions hide?

- During the day.

- Inside TVs.

- Electrical wires.

- In the ground.

104
- When it rains.

- Bright lights.

- Leaves.

- At night.

* The Simple Present Tense

Use 1: Repeated Actions
Use the simple present tense to express the idea that an action is repeated or
usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event
or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often
forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:

- I play tennis.

- She does not play tennis.

- Does he play tennis?

- The train leaves every morning at 8.a.m.

- The train does not leave at 9. a.m.

- When does the train usually leave?

- She always forgets her purse.

- He never forgets his wallet.

- Every twelve months, the Earth circles around the Sun.

- Does the Sun circle around the Earth?

105
Use 2: Facts or Generalizations
The simple present tense can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact
was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important
if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make
generalizations about people or things.

Examples:

- Cats like milk.

- Birds do not like milk.

- Do pigs like milk?

- California is in America.

- California is not in the United Kingdom.

- Windows are made of glass.

- Windows are not made of wood.

Use 3: Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use the simple Present tense to talk about scheduled
events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about
public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:

- The train leaves tonight at 6 p.m.

- The bus does not arrive at 11 a.m. it arrives at 11 p.m.

- When do we board the plane?

- The party starts at 8 o’clock.

106
Use 4: Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
Speakers sometimes use the simple present tense to express the idea that an
action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with
non-continuous verbs and certain mixed verbs.

Examples:

- I am here now.

- She is not here now.

- He needs help right now.

- He does not need help now.

- He has his passport in his hand.

- Do you have your passport with you?

- Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:
always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:
- You only speak English.

- Do you only speak English?

107
* Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the
sentence. And the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end
of receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can
also not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] +[be]+[past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing

action]

Examples:

The students are taught by the

professor.

Subject passive verb

receiving action doing action

The dishes are washed by John.

Subject passive verb

receiving action doing action

Exercise [8]:
Simple Present / Present Continuous
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with
the appropriate tenses: Simple Present or Present Continuous
1. Every Monday, Sally [drive] ................ her kids to football practice.

2. Usually, I [work] ................as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I

[study] ...................French at a language school in Paris. That is why
I am in Paris.

108
3. Shhhhhh! Be quiet! John [sleep] ...............................

4. Don’t forget to take your umbrella. It [rain] ......................

5. I hate living in Seattle because it [rain, always] ......................

6. I’m sorry! I can’t hear what you [say] ...................because everybody

[talk] .......................... so loudly.

7. Justin [write, currently] .........................a book about his adventures

in Tibet. I hope he can find a good publisher when he is finished.

8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?

Denise: Oh, I’m sorry, I can’t. I[go] ............................to a movie

tonight with some friends.

9. The business cards [be’ normally] ...............printed by a company in

New York. Their prices [be] ............inexpensive, yet the quality of
their work is quite good.

10. This delicious chocolate [be]...................made by a small chocolatier

in Zurich, Switzerland.

109
Exercise [2]:
Match the words that mean the opposite. Write the word from
Column B next to the word in Column A.
A B
Educated Rider
grown-up Dependent
Incomplete Listener
Driver Finished
Business Uneducated
Independent Owner
Length Width
Agreement Child
Speaker Weak
Strong Disagreement

110
111
 Appendix [1]
Irregular Verbs
Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle

B
Be was , were Been

Become became become

Begin Began Begun

Bend Bent Bent

Bite bit bitten

blow blew blown

break broke broken

Bring Brought Brought

Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast

Build Built Built

Buy Bought Bought

C
Catch Caught Caught

Choose Chose Chosen

Come Came Come

Cost cost cost

Cut cut cut

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D

Dig Dug Dug

Do Did Done

Draw drew Drawn

drink drank drunk

Drive Drove Driven

Eat Ate Eaten

F
Fall Fell Fallen

Feed Fed Fed

Feel Felt Felt

Fight Fought Fought

Find found Found

fit fit fit

Fly Flew Flown

Forget Forgot Forgotten

Forgive Forgave Forgiven

Freeze Froze Frozen

Get Got gotten [got]

Give Gave Given

113
Go went Gone

Grow grew Grown

hang hung hung

have had had

Hear heard Heard

Hide Hid Hidden

Hit Hit Hit

Hold held Held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept Kept

Know knew Known

L
lay laid Laid

Lead Led Led

Leave Left Left

Lend lent Lent

Let Let Let

lie lay lain

Light lit [lighted] lit [lighted]

Lose lost Lost

114
M

make made made

Mean meant Meant

Meet met Met

pay paid Paid

Put Put Put

quit quit Quit

R
read read Read

Ride rode Ridden

Ring rang Rung

Rise rose Risen

run ran run

S
say said Said

See Saw Seen

Sell sold Sold

send sent sent

Set Set Set

Shake shook Shaken

115
Shoot shot Shot

Shut shut Shut

Sing sang Sung

Sit Sat Sat

sleep slept Slept

Slide Slid Slid

Speak spoke Spoken

Spend spent Spent

Spread spread Spread

stand stood Stood

Steal stole Stolen

Stick stuck Stuck

Strike struck Struck

Swear swore Sworn

sweep swept swept

Swim swam Swum

take took Taken

Teach taught Taught

tear tore Torn

Tell told Told

Think thought Thought

116
Throw threw Thrown

U
understand understood Understood

Upset upset Upset

wake woke waked [woken]

Wear wore Worn

Win won Won

Withdraw withdrew Withdrawn

write wrote Written

117
 Appendix [2]
Spelling of –ing and –ed forms
End of verb Double the Simple - -
consonant? form ing ed

-e No a. smile smilling smiled -ing form: drop the

–e, add –ing.
hope hoping hoped
Ed form: just add –
d.

Two No b. help helping helped If the verb ends in

consonants two consonants, just
learn learning learned
add –ing or –ed.

Two No c. rain raining Rained If the verb ends in

vowels + two vowels + a
heat heating Heated
one consonant, just add
consonant –ing or –ed.

One vowel Yes One syllable verbs

+ one
d. stop stopping stopped If the verb has one
consonant
syllable and ends in
plan planning planned
one vowel + One
consonant, double
the consonant to
make the –ing or –
ed form.

No Two syllable Verbs If the first syllable

of a two-syllable
e. visit visiting Visited
verb is stressed, do
offer offering Offered not double the
consonant.
118
 Yes f. prefer preferring preferred If the second
syllable of a two-
admit admitting admitted
syllable verb is
stressed, double the
consonant.

-y No g. play playing played If the verb ends in a

vowel + y, keep the
enjoy enjoying enjoyed
–y. Do not change
it to –i.

If the verb ends in a

consonant +-y keep
the –y for the –ing
form, but change
the –y to –i to make
the –ed form.

Ie N/A i. die Dying died -ing form: Change –

ie to –y and add –
tie tying tied
ing.

-ed form: just add –

d.

Exercise [1]:
Write the –ing and –ed forms of the following verbs. [The
simple past / past participle of irregular verbs is given in
parentheses].
-ing -ed
1. start starting started

2. Wait ......................... .........................

3. Quit ......................... ........[quit].......
119
4. write ......................... [wrote/written]

5. shout ......................... .........................

6. cut ......................... ...........[cut]........

7. meet ......................... ..........[met]........

8. hope ......................... .........................

9. hop ......................... .........................

10. help ......................... .........................

11. sleep ......................... ........[slept].......

12. step ......................... .........................

13. tape ......................... .........................

14. tap ......................... .........................

15. rain ......................... .........................

16. run ......................... ......[ran/run]......

17. whine ......................... .........................

18. win ......................... .........[won].......

19. explain ......................... .........................

20. burn ......................... .........................

1. swim........................................................................... [swam/swum].

22. aim ......................... .........................

23. charm ......................... .........................

24. cram ......................... .........................

25. tame ......................... .........................

120
Exercise [2]:
Write the –ing and –ed forms of the following verbs.
-ing -ed
1. open ......................... .........................

2. begin ......................... ..[began/begun]..

3. occur ......................... .........................

4. happen ......................... .........................

5. refer ......................... .........................

6. offer ......................... .........................

7. listen ......................... .........................

8. admit ......................... .........................

9. visit ......................... .........................

10. omit ......................... .........................

11. hurry ......................... .........................

12. study ......................... .........................

13. enjoy ......................... .........................

14. reply ......................... .........................

15. stay ......................... .........................

16. buy ......................... .....[bought]......

17. try ......................... .........................

18. tie ......................... .........................

19. die ......................... .........................

20. lie* ......................... .........................

121
* Lie is a regular verb when it means ‘not tell the truth’. Lie is an irregular verb when it
means ‘put one’s body flat on a bed or another surface’: lie, lay, lain.

Exercise [3]:
Write the –ing and –ed forms of the following verbs.
-ing -ed

1. lift ......................... .........................

2. promise ......................... .........................

3. slap ......................... .........................

4. wave ......................... .........................

5. carry ......................... .........................

6. happen ......................... .........................

7. choose ......................... [chose/chosen]

8. ride ......................... .[rode/ridden]....

9. mop ......................... .........................

10. mope ......................... .........................

11. smile ......................... .........................

12. file ......................... .........................

13. fail ......................... .........................

14. drag ......................... .........................

15. use ......................... .........................

16. prefer ......................... .........................

122
17. pray ......................... .........................

18. point ......................... .........................

19. appear ......................... .........................

20. relax ......................... .........................

21. borrow ......................... .........................

22. cry ......................... .........................

23. eat ......................... ....[ate/eaten].....

24. remind ......................... .........................

25. tip ......................... .........................

123
 Appendix [3]
Capitalization
Capitalize the following:

1. The first word of a a. We saw a movie last Capitalize = use a big

sentence night. It was very good. letter, not a small letter.

2. The names of people b. I met George Adams

yesterday.

3. Titles used With the c. I saw Doctor [Dr.] Compare:

names of people Smith. Do you know
I saw a doctor.
Professor [Prof.]
Alston? I saw Doctor Wilson.

4. Months, days, holidays d. I was born in April. Note: Seasons are not
capitalized: spring,
Ali arrived last
summer, fall, autumn,
Monday.
winter
It snowed on Thanks-
giving Day.

5. The names of places: e. He lives in Chicago. Compare:

City She was born in She lives in a city.

California.
state/province She lives in New York
They are from Mexico. City.
country
Tibet is in Asia. Compare:
Continent
They crossed the They crossed a river.
ocean
Atlantic Ocean.
They crossed the
lake
Chicago is on Lake Yellow River.
river Michigan.

124
Desert The Mississippi River Compare:
flows south.
mountain I go to a university.
The Sahara Desert is in
School I go to the University
Africa.
of Texas.
business
We visited the Rocky
Compare:
street, etc. Mountains,
We went to a park.
building I go to the University of
Florida. We went to Central
park, zoo
Park.
I work for the General
Electric Company.

He lives on Grand
Avenue.

We have class in Ritter

Hall.

I went jogging in Forest

Park.

6. The names of courses f. I’m taking Chemistry Compare:

101 this term.
I’m reading a book
about psychology.

I’m taking Psychology

101 this term.

7. The names of languages g. She speaks Spanish. Words that refer to the
and nationalities names of nations,
We discussed Japanese
nationalities, and
customs.
languages

are always capitalized.

125
8. The names of religions h. Islam, Words that refer to the
Buddhism,
Christianity, Hinduism, names of religions are
and Judaism are always capitalized.
major religions in the
world. Talal is a
Moslem.

Exercise [1]:
Add capital letter where necessary. W T
1. we’re going to have a test next tuesday.
2. do you know richard smith? He is a professor at this university.

3. professor smith teaches at the university of arizona.

4. the nile river flows into the mediterranean sea.

5. john is a catholic. Ali is a moslem.

6. anna speaks french. she studied in france for two years.

7. i’m taking a history course this semester.

8. i’m taking modern european history 101 this semester.

9. we went to vancouver, british columbia, for our vacation last summer.

10. venezuela is a spanish-speaking country.

11. canada is in north america.*

12. canada is north of the united states.

13. the sun rises in the east.

14. the Mississippi river flows south.

When north, south, east and west refer to the direction on a compass, they are not
capitalized; Japan is east of China.
When they are part of a geographical name, they are capitalized: Japan is in the
Far East.

126
Exercise [2]:
Add capital letters where necessary.
1. We don’t have class on saturday.

2. I’m taking biology 101 this semester.

3. I’m taking history, biology, english, and calculus this semester.

4. We went to a zoo. We went to brookfield zoo in chicago.

5. I live on a nice street. I live at 2358 olive street.

6. We went to canada last summer. We went to montreal in july.

7. I like vietnamese food.

8. The religion of saudi arabia is islam.

9. She works for the xerox corporation. It is a very large corporation.

10. Pedro is from latin america.

11. My uncle lives in st. Louis. I’m going to visit uncle bill next spring.

12. On valentine’s day [february 14], sweethearts give each other

presents.

13. We went to a park. We went to woodland park.

14. Are you going to go to the university of oregon or oregon state

university?

15. Alice goes to a university in oregon.

16. I voted for senator jones. A senator is an important person.

127
 Appendix [4]
Preposition Combinations

1. Preposition Combinations with Verbs and Adjectives

This list contains only those preposition combinations used in

exercises in the text.

A. be absent from

be accustomed to

be acquainted with

admire [someone] for [something]

be afraid of

agree with [someone] about [something]

be angry at/with

apologize to [someone] for [something]

apply to [a place] for[something]

approve of

argue with [someone] about [something]

arrive at [a building, a room]

arrive in [ a city, a country]

ask [someone] about [something]

ask [someone] for [something]

128
B be bad for

believe in

belong to

be bored with/by

borrow [something[ from [someone]

C be clear to

compare [X] /with [Y]

complain to [someone] about [something]

consist of

be crowded with

D depend on/upon [someone] for [something]

be different from

be disappointed in

be divorced from

be done with

dream about /of

be drunk on

E be engaged to

be equal to

be excited about

excuse [someone] for [something]

be exhausted from

129
F be familiar with

be famous for

be finished with

forgive [someone] for [something]

be friendly to / with

be frightened of/by

be full of

G get rid of

be gone from

be good for

graduate from

H happen to

hear about / of

hear from

help [someone] with [something]

hope for

be hungry for

I insist on

be interested in

introduce [someone] to [someone]

invite [someone] to [something]

be involved in

130
K be kind to

know about

L laugh at

listen to

look at

look for

look forward to

M be mad at

be married to

matter to

be the matter with

N be nice to

O be opposed to

P pay for

be polite to

be prepared for

protect [X] from Y]

be proud of

Q be qualified for

R be ready for

be related to

rely on/upon

131
 be responsible for

S be satisfied with

be scared of/by

search for

separate [X] from [Y]

be similar to

speak to/with [someone] about [something]

stare at

T talk to /with [someone] about [something]

be terrified of/by

thank [someone] for [something]

be thirsty for

be tired from

be tired of

travel to

W wait for

wait on
be worried about

ll. Two –word verbs

This list contains only those two-word verbs used in the exercises
in the text. The verbs with an asterisk* are no separable. The
others are separable.
A. ask out .............................. ask someone to go on a date
132
C call back ............................ return a telephone call

call off ............................... cancel

*call on ............................ ask to speak in class

call up. .............................. make a telephone call

cross out ............................ draw a line through

D do over ............................... do again

*drop in [on] .......................visit without calling first or without an

invitation

*drop out [of] .................... stop attending school

F figure out............................. find the solution to a problem

fill in ................................. complete a sentence by writing in a blank.

fill out .....................write information in a form [e.g. an application

form]

fill up ..................................fill completely with gas, water, coffee, etc.

find out ..............................discover information

*fool around [with] ................... have fun while wasting time

G *get along [with]........................have a good relationship with

*get back [from] ........................ return from a trip

*get in [to] ................................. enter a car, a taxi

* get off ......................... leave a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a

bicycle

*get on...........................enter a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a

bicycle

*get out [of] ................... leave a car, a taxi

133
 *get over .......................... recover from an illness

*get through [with] ................ finish

give back. ................. return something to someone

give up........................ quit doing something or quit trying

*grow up [in] ................... become an adult

H hand in .................................give homework, tests papers, etc., to a

teacher

hand out ................................give something to this person, then that

person, then another person, etc.

hang up ...............................[1] hang on a hanger or a hook; [2] end a

telephone call.

K * keep on ............................ continue

L leave out ................................omit

*look out [for] ........................be careful

look up ................................... look for information in a reference book

M make up ..................................invent

P pay back ............................... return money to someone

pick up.................................... lift

put away ..............................put something in its usual or proper place

put back................return something to its original place

put down ........................... stop holding or carrying

put off .............................. postpone

put out ........................... extinguish [stop] a fire, a cigarette. a cigar

134
 put on .......................... put clothes on one’s body

R *run into ..................meet by chance

*run out [of] ...................... finish the supply of something

S shut off ............. stop a machine or light, turn off

start over ................. start again

T take off ................... remove clothes from one’s body

tear down ................... destroy a building

tear off.......................detach, tear along a dotted or perforated line

tear out [of] ............. remove a piece of paper from a book or notebook

tear up.................... tear into small pieces

throw away/out ............... put in the trash, discard

try on ..................... put on clothing to see if it fits

turn down .................... decrease the volume

turn off ................... stop a machine or a light, shut off

turn on ............... begin a machine or a light

turn up ..............increase the volume

W wake up ............................ stop sleeping

*watch out [for] ......................... be careful

write down ...................... write a note on a piece of paper

135
 Appendix [5]
Guide to Correcting Compositions
To the student: Each underlined word or phrase represents an area of usage.
Refer to this list to find out what kind of error you have made and then make
the necessary correction.

1. Singular-plural He have been here for six month.

He has been here for six months.

2. Word form I saw a beauty picture.

I saw a beautiful picture.

3. Word choice She got on the taxi.

She got into the taxi.

4. Verb tense He is here since June.

He has been here since June.

5.+ Add a word I want go to the zoo.

I want to go to the zoo.

5.- Omit a word She entered to the university.

She entered the university.

6. Word order I saw five times that movie.

I saw that movie five times.

7. Incomplete sentence I went to bed. Because I was tired.

I went to bed because I was tired.

8. Spelling An accident occured.

136
 An accident occurred.

9. Punctuation What did he say.

What did he say?

10. Capitalization I am studying english.

I am studying English.

11. Article I had a accident.

I had an accident.

12?. Meaning not clear He borrowed some smoke. [???]

13. Run-on sentence My roommate was sleeping, we didn’t want

to

wake her up.

My roomate was sleeping. We didn’t

want to wake her up.

137
 Appendix [6]:
Model Examination with Answer Key

Subject: English Name: ……………..................

College: ……………………. Index No.: ………………........
Time allotted: 2 hrs. Total mark: ………….............

Attempt All Questions

Section [A]: Reading

Read this article carefully, then answer the questions that follow.
Lifetimes Magazine-issue 24

Three steps to success

She had no job. She was a single mother, living in a small apartment
with her baby daughter. Life was hard. Now, she is a great success.
Children and adults buy her books all over the world – in thirty
languages. It seems her books win awards and break records almost
every day. Who is she? J.K. Rowling – the woman who wrote the
Harry Potter stories.

What is the secret of her success?

STEP 1: Do something that you enjoy.

Rowling says she wrote “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone” because
she wanted a challenge. She wanted to achieve something special. She likes
writing. In fact, she wrote her first book (called “Rabbit”) when she was six

138
years old. Perhaps this is the first reason for her success – she chose to do
something that she enjoyed.

STEP 2: Follow your dream.

But how did she become such a great success? Well, in 1992, Rowling left
her job in England and went to Portugal. She moved to Portugal to have
more time to do what she loved most – write. She worked as an English
teacher. She used her free time in the mornings to write “Harry Potter and
the Philosopher’s Stone.”

STEP 3: Never give up.

She married, but later divorced. She returned home to the U.K. with her
baby daughter Jessica. She lived in Edinburgh in Scotland. She lived in a
very small, cold apartment. Life as a single mother was hard, but she was
determined to finish writing “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone.” She
wrote mostly in cafes and while her daughter was asleep. She had no money
for a computer or typewriter – she used a pen and paper. When things
became difficult, she didn’t forget her goal, and she didn’t stop working.

The road to success was hard for Rowling, but eventually she succeeded.
Her advice to people who want success is simple: Try your best. If you
really want to succeed, then you will. Be prepared to make mistakes – learn
from them. You have to be strong, and never give up. Sounds simple,
doesn’t it?

Question [1]

1. Why did Rowling write “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone.”?
…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
139
2. What was the title of the first book she wrote?
…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………

3. How many languages are the Harry Potter books available in?
…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………

4. What is the name of her daughter?

…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………

5. What are the three steps to her success?

a. ........................................................................................................
b. ........................................................................................................
c. ........................................................................................................
[7 marks]

Question [2]

Read the article again. Write true [T] or false [F] for each of these
statements.
1. Rowling is very rich now.
2. Both children and adults like her books.
3. She has a daughter.
4. She wrote many books before “Harry Potter and the
philosopher’s Stone.”
5. She doesn’t enjoy writing very much.
[5 marks]

140
Question [3]

Put these events in Rowling’s life in order.

1. ................... She lived in Edinburgh.

2. ................... She got married.
3. ................... She got divorced.
4. ................... She worked in Portugal.
5. ................... She left her job in England.
[10 marks]

Question [4]

Use the words in the box to complete this text.

achieve - challenge - determined - failure - goals -

hard - success - successful

Believe it or not, ..................................doesn’t always make you happy!

1-

It’s natural to want to 2-......................................... a lot in life. We all need 3-

.............................................. to aim for, and no one wants to feel like a 4-
........................................ However, some people are so 5 ............................ to
6- 7- ..............................
be .........................that they never stop. When one is
over, they immediately look for another one. These people can find it 8-
..................................to relax and enjoy what they have. For them, success is
the most important thing of all-and they pay a high price for it.
[8 marks]

141
Section [B]: Language Reference

Question [5]

Write these words in phonetic symbols.

e.g. right /raıt/

1. cite / / 2. talk / /
3. shoe / / 4. crime / /
5. cycle / / 6. fixed / /
7. orphan / / 8. advice / /
9. health / / 10. wrestling / /
[5 marks]

Question [6]

Make sentences and questions with these words.

1. I / meet / we / hope / again / soon.

..........................................................................................................

2. for / Jack’s murder / The police / yet/ haven’t / arrested / anyone.

............................................................................................................

3. email / Everyone / address / an / have / will.

...........................................................................................................

4. his / What / in / does / Ahmed / do / free time?

..........................................................................................................

5. are / What / this / do /going / to / evening / Khalid and Mohamed ?

..........................................................................................................
[10 marks]
142
Question [7]

Read the sentences carefully. Choose the best word [a, b or c] for each
space.

1. In 2005, Ahmed married Sulma ................................... in 2007 he came

to live in Khartoum with his family.
a. and b. because c. when
2. Nelson Mandela was in Prison................. 1962 .................... 1990.
a. from/until b. since/until c. in/to
3......................................... do you know in your new class?
a. Who b. How c. What
4. A new restaurant has just ...............................near our house.
a. come b. opened c. begun
5. A. Did you watch television yesterday?
B. Yes, I ...............................................
a. watched b. did c. have
6. Who does .................................. as a receptionist?
a. works b. work c. to work
7. A. England ............................ win the next World Cup.
B. Do you think Brazil will win?
a. would b. won’t c. will
8. That’s your towel not ....................................
a. my b. yours c. mine
9. English ................................ in over 45 countries.
a. has spoken b. spoke c. is spoken

143
10. Look at the pronouns [it, she, they] which is incorrect?
a. Mrs. Adam works for a furniture company. She is a sales
representative.
b. I want to sell some books. It’s in very good condition.
c. I hope you like the new chairs. They are very cheap!

[10 marks]

Question [8]
Write a composition of not less than 200 words on something you have
done with your community. Your description of that thing may answer
some of the following questions:
- What did you do?
- Who did you do it with?
- Why did you do it?
- What did you think about the experience?
- What did that experience teach you?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
144
………………………………………………………………

145
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………….
[15 marks]

Good Luck

146
 * Answer Key

Questions [1]:
1. She wrote it because she wanted a challenge.

2. Her first book was called Rabbit.

3. They are available in thirty languages.

4. Her daughter is called Jessica.

5. a. Do something that you enjoy.

b. Follow your dream.

c. Don't give up.

Question [2]:

1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F

Question [3]:

The order of events is as follows:

5 4 2 3 1

Question [4]:

1. Success 2. achieve 3. goals 4. failure

5. Determined 6. successful 7. challenge 8. hard

147
Question [5]:

1. /saıt/ 2. /t :k/ 3. / u:/ 4. /kraım/

5. /saıkl/ 6. /fikst/ 7. / :fn/ 8. /ədvaıs/

9. /helӨ/ 10. /resliη/

Question [6]:

1. I hope we meet again soon.

2. The police haven't arrested anyone for Jack's murder yet.

3. Everyone will have an email address.

4. What does Ahmed do in his free time?

5. What are Khalid and Ahmed going to do this evening?

Question [7]:

1. a 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. b
7. b 8. c 9. c 10. b

Question [8]:
Answers will vary

148
149