HEATENGINES

A machine or device which takes heat from the combustion of fuel and converts its energy into a
mechanical energy is called heat engine. Heat engines are classified into the internal combustion
engine and external combustion engine.
An internal combustion engine is a reciprocating heat engine in which fuel mixed with air and burn
inside the cylinder. If the combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder then it is known as the
external combustion engine. In case of steam engine the combustion takes place on the fire grate of
the boiler and the heat energy of fuel is used to convert water into steam, then steam goes to the
steam engine for steam turbine where the work is produced.

APPLICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

• Road vehicles locomotives ships and aircraft.

• Portable stand by unit for power generation in case of electric power generation.
• It is used in Tractors Earth Movers concrete mixture device etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINE

The IC engines are classified on the basis of following systems

1. Number of strokes required for the completion of one cycle

•Two stroke engines in which the engine cycle is completed in two stroke of the piston and thus one
revolution of crankshaft occur.
• Four stroke engines in which the engine cycle is completed in 4 stroke of the piston and so two
revolution of crankshaft completed.
2. Thermodynamic cycle
• Constant volume combustion cycle or Otto cycle most of the petrol and gas engine work on this
cycle
• Constant pressure combustion cycle or diesel cycle low speed Diesel engine work on this cycle
• Mixed or Limited pressure dual cycle. The high speed Diesel engine works on this cycle
3. Ignition system
Spark ignition in case of petrol engine The Spark is used to Ignite the mixture of fuel Compression
ignition since the diesel have high compression ratio due to this the temperature increases and then
fuel will burn.
4. Kind of fuel used
• Light oil engine like kerosene or petrol
• Heavy oil or diesel oil engines
• Gas engines the gas may be used
• Bi fuel engines the gas is used as the main fuel and liquid fuel is used for starting purpose.
5. Number and arrangement of cylinder
• In-line engines all the cylinders are arranged with their access parallel and that transmit power to a
single crankshaft
• V engines the engine contains two Bank of cylinders connected to the same crank.
• Radial engines the cylinder are arranged radially E and connected to a single crankshaft
6. Fuel supply system
• Carburettor engines mixture of petrol and air is prepared in the carburettor and is supplied during
the suction stroke.
• Solid injections for airless injection of fuel pump is used to inject the fuel in case of diesel
engines.
• Air injections fuel is supplied under pressure to the engine cylinder or diesel engine by using

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compressed air.
7. Cooling system
• Water cooled
• Air cooled engines
8.Lubrication systems lubrication systems
refer to the act of reducing friction by
introducing a lubricant between metal part
• Splash lubrication
• Pressure lubrication
9.Valve location
• Overhead valve
• Sidewall meaning
10.Speed engine having above 900 rpms are
called high speed engine and less than 400
called Slow speed engines.

ENGINE PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

1. Cylinder and cylinder head the cylinder is the main body of the engine where the combustion of fuel
takes place. The cylinder is a stationary component and the Piston reciprocates inside it. The cylinder head
closes one end of the cylinder and usually casted as one piece. It is made up of cast iron for alloy Steels.

2. Piston and Piston rings A Piston is a metal cup, the function of the Piston together with the Rings is to
confine the gas in the combustion space and thus transmit the full force to the connecting rod and crankshaft.
There are usually two sets of piston rings which generally prevent the leakage of gas between the wall of
piston and cylinder
upper Piston rings called compression rings provide the gas tight seal and prevent the leakage of high
pressure gases
low Piston rings called oil rings provide effective seal and prevent leakage of oil in cylinder.

3. Connecting rod the connecting rod transmit the force given by the Piston to the Crank causing it to turn
and thus convert the reciprocating motion of the Piston into a rotatory motion of the crankshaft. The
connecting rod connects the Piston at one end and the crank at the other end, the Piston end is called the
small-end and the crank and is called the big-end. The connection at the small end is made by a pin called
Piston pin, wrist pin or gudgeon pin. It is generally as I section.

4. Crank and crankshaft the reciprocating motion of the piston is converted into rotatory motion by the
connecting rod and crank mechanism.

5. Crankcase the engine cylinder Piston and crankshaft are placed in the crankcase, which also contains oil
for lubrication purpose the oil level is checked by the help of oil stick.

6. Camshaft and valve mechanism The camshaft operates the inlet and the exhaust valve through the cam,
cam-followers, pushrod and rocker arm. It is used to open and close the valve at the requirement. It is made
by forged steel. The valve may be provided at the top or side of the engine cylinder. Use- 4 stroke Engines.

7. Flywheel The flywheel is a heavy and balanced disc fitted on the end of crankshaft it store excess energy
during the power stroke and return this energy during the other stroke it is made by cast iron or cast Steel.
8. Governor Governor is used to adjust the supply of fuel so that the engine operates at constant speed.

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9. Fuel pump and injector in case of diesel engine fuel pump are used to deliver the correct quantity of fuel
at the precise instant and injector inject the fuel in the cylinders in form of spray. Injector use- diesel engine
10.Carburettor and spark plug The carburettor delivers combustion mixture of air and fuel so that they
burn efficiently inside the cylinder and the spark plug create the spark at a particular time so so the fuel can
Ignite. spark plug use in petrol engine.

TERMINOLOGY
1.Top Dead Centre (TDC)
when piston reach its highest position this is known as top
dead centre. in horizontal engine it is called inner dead
centre(IDC)
2.Bottom Dead Centre (BDC)
when Piston reach its lowest position is known as bottom
dead centre. In horizontal engine it is called outer dead
centre(ODC)
3.Stroke (L)
the distance travel by the piston from TDC to BDC is
known as stroke.
4.Clearance Volume (VC)
when the piston positioned at TDC, the volume inside the
upper part of cylinder is known as clearance volume.
5.Swept Volume (Vs) the volume from TDC to BDC is
known as swept volume.
6.Total Volume (Vt)
It is the sum of clearance volume and swept volume. If the piston is at BDC, the total volume inside
the upper part of the cylinder is known as total volume.
Vt = Vs+ Vc
7.Compression Ratio It is the ratio of total volume to the clearance volume.
Vs+ VC
CR=Vt ⁄ VC or CR = VC
8.Bore (d) cylinder diameter is known as bore.

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WORKING OF 4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE
In this the one cycle of engine completed in four strokes which are suction, compression, power or
working and exhaust stroke. In this the Crank shaft revolves two revolutions.

The Four Strokes are Given Below

1. INTAKE OR SUCTION STROKE
Initially the piston is at top dead centre position the inlet valve is open and outlet valve remains
close. Piston moves downward from TDC to BDC position and the pressure inside the cylinder
reduced and vacuum created, so the mixture of air and petrol (charge) enters from inlet valve.
During the TDC to BDC motion the Crank revolves 180°.

2. COMPRESSION STROKE
In this both valve (inlet and outlet) remains close and piston moves from BDC to TDC position.
The charge inside the cylinder compressed up to the clearance volume and pressure and temperature
inside the cylinder increases. During the BDC to TDC motion the Crank revolves 180°.

3. WORKING, EXPANSION OR POWER STROKE

When the Piston reach TDC position, the charge is ignited by the electric spark (sparkplug used)
which is located in the cylinder head, during combustion the chemical energy of fuel is released and
pressure and temperature increases at constant volume. The temperature is about 1800°C to 2000
°C and the pressure reach 40 bar.
Since the both wall remains closed and the gas expands and push the Piston in downward direction
so the work is done by the system. The rotatory motion of Crank gives the work.
4. EXHAUST STROKE
The inlet valve remains closed but exhaust valve opens. The Piston reach BDC position towards the
completion of power stroke the pressure falls slightly above the atmospheric pressure at constant
volume. The Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC and this upward movement of piston pushes
the burn gases into the atmosphere through the exhaust valve and the exhaust manifold and the all
cycles are completed.