Death and Funeral Practices

in Poland

This book provides a shortform definitive reference text on funerary

practice in Poland. An overview of the important features of the Polish
funeral law, funerals, cremations, cemeteries, and funeral industry, the
book also covers the demographic characteristic of mortality in Poland.
Drawing on original empirical research, the book is interdisciplinary,
which facilitates further transnational comparative research on this
important topic. It is the first book to offer a broad look at the
evolution and current status of Polish funerary practices. It provides
an essential summary to researchers with an interest in funeral practices
in Poland. Some of the areas explored are the country’s historical
development, the contemporary legal framework and how Poland
manages its cemeteries, crematoria and other death spaces. Built on
original ethnographic research conducted by the authors, this book
interprets the predominance of Catholic funerals, examines the relatively
recent history of cremation, and contextualizes the practices of com-
memoration and memoralisation.
This interdisciplinary book will be of interest to academics,
policymakers and practitioners interested in the historic, geographic,
demographic, (multi)cultural and political context in which the funerary
practices in Poland have developed, as well as the technical and
professional aspects of the industry.

Anna E. Kubiak is a Professor at the Institute of Philosophy and

Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland, and a Lecturer at the
Graduate School for Social Research, Warsaw, Poland.

Anna Długozima is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of

Environmental Engineering at WULS, Warsaw, Poland.

Agnieszka Wedeł-Domaradzka works at the Faculty of Law and

Economics at Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland.
Routledge International Focus on Death and
Funeral Practices
Series Editor: Julie Rugg
University of York, UK

Death Studies is an international and interdisciplinary endeavour and

encompasses an interest in all mortality-related themes. This series of
shortform books provides essential information on death and funeral
practices in countries throughout the world.
Fully referenced, and supported by relevant images, figures and
tables, books in the series provide an essential research resource on
practices, the law, and funeral-related procedures around the world.
Collectively, the series provides an invaluable framework for interna­
tional comparison.
This series is a continuation of Funerary International, a series dis­
tributed by Emerald Publishing. Four books were published in this
legacy series: Funerary Practices in England and Wales (Rugg & Parsons,
2018); Funerary Practices in the Netherlands (Mathijssen & Venhorst,
2019); Funerary Practices in the Czech Republic (Nešporová, 2021); and
Funerary Practices in Serbia (Pavićević, 2021).

Death and Funeral Practices in Russia

Sergei Mokhov

Death and Funeral Practices in Portugal

Rafaela Ferraz Ferreira, Ana Júlia Almeida Miranda and
Francisco Queiroz

Death and Funeral Practices in Poland

Edited by Anna E. Kubiak, Anna Długozima and
Agnieszka Wedeł-Domaradzka

For more information on the series please visit: www.routledge.com/

Routledge-International-Focus-on-Death-and-Funeral-Practices/book-
series/DEATH
Death and Funeral
Practices in Poland

Edited by Anna E. Kubiak,

Anna Długozima and
Agnieszka Wedeł-Domaradzka
First published 2024
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business
© 2024 selection and editorial matter, Anna E. Kubiak,
Anna Długozima and Agnieszka Wedeł-Domaradzka; individual
chapters, the contributors
The right of Anna E. Kubiak, Anna Długozima and
Agnieszka Wedeł-Domaradzka to be identified as the authors
of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual
chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and
78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library

ISBN: 978-1-032-07552-5 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-07553-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-20763-4 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003207634
Typeset in Times New Roman
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Contents

List of Figures x
List of Tables xii
List of Abbreviations xiii
Contributors xv
Acknowledgments xvii

1 Poland: Introduction 1
ANNA DŁUGOZIMA, ANNA E. KUBIAK, AND
AGNIESZKA WEDEŁ-DOMARADZKA

2 History 4
ANNA E. KUBIAK, AGNIESZKA WEDEŁ-DOMARADZKA,
AND ANNA DŁUGOZIMA

Funerary Culture in Poland: Slavic and

Christian Traditions 4
Chronology of Major Legislation 6
History of the Funeral Industry 7
History of Cremation in Poland 9
Historic Development of Cemeteries 10

3 Mortality 15
PIOTR SZUKALSKI

General Characteristics of Mortality in Poland 15

Places of Death 18
Causes of Death 20
vi Contents

4 Legal Framework of Funerals and Cemeteries 24

AGNIESZKA WEDEŁ-DOMARADZKA AND
ANNA DŁUGOZIMA

Law and Regulations Concerning Funerary

Activity 24
Registering Death 24
Body Transportation and Repatriation 26
Legal Framework and Practice of Burial and
Exhumation 27
Coroner: A New Vision of Confirming,
Documenting, and Registering Death 30
Procedure for Dealing with Corpses Not
Buried by Entitled Persons 31
Burial Space Regulations 32
Limitations on Type and Size of Memorial 33
Cemeteries and Burials of the Deceased
Act, 1959 34
Determining Which Areas in Terms of
Sanitation Are Suitable for Cemeteries
Regulation, 1959 35
Establishment, Enlargement, and Design
of Cemeteries 35

5 Governance 44
ANNA DŁUGOZIMA AND
AGNIESZKA WEDEŁ-DOMARADZKA

Local Government Structure 44

Public Enterprises 45
Private Companies 45
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) 46
Professional Funeral Organizations 46
 Contents vii

6 Religious Beliefs and Funerary Practices

of the Churches 48
ANNA E. KUBIAK AND ANNA DŁUGOZIMA

The Catholic Church 48

The Orthodox Church 49
The Protestant Churches 50
Judaism 51
Other Faith Groups 52

7 The Funeral Industry 57

ANNA E. KUBIAK

A General Characterization of Funeral Parlors

in Poland 57
Modern Funeral Establishment 58
Presence in the Public Space 59
Necro-Business 61

8 The Funeral 62
ANNA E. KUBIAK

General Characteristics 62
The Principal Components of a Funeral 63
After Death 63
Funeral Arrangements 63
Artifacts 64
Humanizing the Corpse 64
Viewing the Deceased 65
The Traditional Funeral Ceremony 65
At the Cemetery 66
Funeral Meal 66
Polish Savoir Vivre at Funerals 67
Differences Between the Village and the City 67
Economic Differences 68
Humanistic Ceremony 68
Beyond the Framework of Tradition 69
viii Contents

New Technologies 71
Funerals of Motorcyclists 71
Funerals and Cemeteries of Animals 72

9 Funeral Costs 76
ANNA DŁUGOZIMA

The Costs of Funeral Services 76

Average Prices 76
The Funeral Benefit 78
Social Funerals 79
Cemetery Costs 80

10 Cemeteries, Burial Sites, and Graves 84

ANNA DŁUGOZIMA

Current State of Cemeteries 84

Municipal Cemeteries 84
Religious Cemeteries 86
War Cemeteries 93
Grave Arrangement 93
‘Monumental Mason’ Industry 96

11 Cremation 100
ANNA E. KUBIAK AND ANNA DŁUGOZIMA

The Proportion of Deaths Followed by

Cremation 100
Scenarios of Ceremonies Held in Crematoria 102
The Disposition of Ashes 103
Crematoria Design 104

12 Commemoration and Memoralisation 110

ANNA DŁUGOZIMA AND
AGNIESZKA WEDEŁ-DOMARADZKA

All Souls’ Day and Visits to the Graves 110

Decoration and Maintaining the Grave 113
Memorials in Public Spaces 113
 Contents ix

War and Holocaust Commemoration 114

Virtual Commemoration 115
Pro-Ecological Practices 116

13 Protecting Funerary Heritage 120

ANNA DŁUGOZIMA

Index 124
Figures

1.1 The location of Poland in the context of Europe,

taking into account the administrative division and
the partitions of Poland 2
2.1 Ashtray in the museum in Międzyrzecz 5
3.1 Deaths and life expectancy in Poland in the years
1990–2021 16
3.2 The distribution of deaths in one-year age groups in
2004 and 2021 by sex 17
3.3 The place of death by age and marital status of the
deceased in 2021 (as a percentage of the total
number of deaths at a given age and with a given
marital status) 19
3.4 Age vs causes of death of women in 2021 21
3.5 Age vs causes of death of men in 2021 22
7.1 Funeral home in Warsaw 58
7.2 Funeral home in Łódź 59
7.3 Reception desk in a funeral home in Łódź 60
8.1 Animal grave in Konik Nowy during the Animal
Day of the Dead 73
8.2 Animal grave in Konik Nowy during the Animal
Day of the Dead 74
10.1 Rakowicki Cemetery in Kraków is an example
of a municipal cemetery 85
10.2 Roman Catholic cemetery in Wasilków and
monumental sculptures by Father Rabczyński built
during the dark communist years 88
10.3 Jewish cemetery in Lesko 89
10.4 The memorial of Sophie Biedermann is one of the
most spectacular tombs in the Old cemetery in Lodz
(Evangelical section of the three-denominational
necropolis) 90
 Figures xi

10.5 Cemetery around the Orthodox Church of the

Dormition of the Mother of God in Wojnowo
(Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship) 91
10.6 Mizar in the village Bohoniki (Podlaskie Voivodeship)
with the status of a monument of history 92
10.7 The most popular way of arranging a grave site in
Poland, municipal cemetery in Szczęsne (Mazowieckie
Voivodeship) 94
10.8 Graveside bench with religious emblem and tool
locker, municipal cemetery in Lidzbark Warmiński
(Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship) 95
10.9 Simple burial ground with decking-wood frame and
folding bench in a municipal cemetery in Koszalin
(Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship) 96
10.10 Model of urn grave arrangement in a new municipal
cemetery in Częstochowa (Śląskie Voivodeship) 96
11.1 Spatial distribution of crematoria in Poland, taking
into account the location in relation to the cemetery
by Anna Długozima 101
11.2 Reliquaries sold at trade fairs in Poznań 104
11.3 Architecture of a crematorium in Pruszków
(Mazowieckie Voivodeship) is reminiscent of
residential architecture 107
11.4 Architecture of a crematorium in Karakule (Podlaskie
Voivodeship) is reminiscent of services architecture 107
11.5 View on the main square with the entrance to
the crematorium and administration buildings in
Antoninów (Mazowieckie Voivodeship) 108
12.1 The graves of former residents of the Świątki village are
cleaned and decorated with chrysanthemums, in the
church cemetery (Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship) 111
12.2 Cleaning of the graves by the Glotowo inhabitants
one week before the 1st and 2nd of November
celebrations (Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship) 112
12.3 Climbers covering ceremonial building, municipal
cemetery in Częstochowa 117
12.4 A green roof of a building complex that is completely
covered with vegetation, Southern Municipal
Cemetery in Antoninów 117
13.1 Evangelical cemetery in former manor Zajączki
(Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship) as an example
of funerary heritage protected by inhabitants and
foresters 122
Tables

3.1 The marital status of the deceased in the years

1990–2021 by sex (as a percentage of the total
number of deaths of people of a given sex) 17
3.2 The distribution of deaths by place of death in Poland
in the years 1990–2021 (as a percentage of all deaths) 18
3.3 Causes of death in the years 1990–2021 20
9.1 Price list of funeral services in Poland, with division of
costs into basic and additional (as of February 2023) 77
9.2 Comparison of the cost of traditional and secular
burial without the cost of a tombstone 78
9.3 List of burial costs (as of April 2022) 81
9.4 List of costs for burial site (as of April 2022) 82
10.1 Approximate number of religious cemeteries in Poland,
as of 1994 87
11.1 References to residential, services, and religious archi-
tecture in the design of contemporary crematoria 106
Abbreviations

CBOS Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej [Public Opinion

Research Center]
ECtHR The European Court of Human Rights
FIAT-IFTA Fédération Internationale des Associations de
Thanatologues (FIAT) – International Federation of
Thanatologists Associations (IFTA)
GUS Główny Urząd Statystyczny [Statistics Poland]
mpzp miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego
[local spatial development plan]
NGO organizacja pozarządowa [non-governmental
organization]
NID Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa [National Heritage
Board of Poland]
NIK Naczelna Izba Kontroli [Supreme Audit Office]
NSA Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny [Supreme Administrative
Court]
PESEL Powszechny Elektroniczny System Ewidencji Ludności
[Universal Electronic Civil Registration System]
PLN Polish zloty
PIP Polska Izba Pogrzebowa [Polish Funeral Chamber]
PSP Polskie Stowarzyszenie Pogrzebowe [Polish Funeral
Association]
SARP Stowarzyszenie Architektów Polski [the Association
of Polish Architects]
SN Sąd Najwyższy [Supreme Court]
suikzpg studium uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania
przestrzennego gminy [study of conditions and directions
for spatial development]
UCChZ Ustawa o cmentarzach i chowaniu zmarłych [Cemeteries
and Burials of the Deceased Act]
WWI First World War
xiv Abbreviations

WWII Second World War

ZSRR Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich, Związek
Radziecki [USRR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]
ZUS Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych [Social Insurance
Institution in Poland]
Contributors

Anna Długozima is a landscape architect, planner, graduate of Spatial

Development at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-
SGGW) and the Faculty of Journalism and Political Science, Institute
of International Relations at the University of Warsaw, and an Assistant
Professor at WULS, Warsaw, Poland. She is the author of the book
Cmentarze jako ogrody żywych i umarłych (Cemeteries as Gardens of the
Living and the Dead). Her research interests include protection and
designing of cemeteries. In 2017–2021, she was a member of the Central
Conservation Commission attached to the General Monument
Conservator in the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. In
2016–2021 she was the principal investigator of the National Science
Centre Poland grant Planning cemeteries in the existing urban and rural
structures in Poland, seen from the spatial order aspect, against the
background of the contemporary sepulchral space.
Anna E. Kubiak is a sociologist and a cultural anthropologist, a Professor
at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Poland, and a lecturer at the Graduate School for Social
Research, Warsaw, Poland. She is the author of books including INNE
ŚMIERCI. Antropologia Umierania i Żałoby w Późnej Nowoczesności
(OTHER DEATHS. Anthropology of Dying and Mourning in Late
Modernity) (Warszawa 2014), Pogrzeby to Nasze Życie (Funerals
Are Our Lives) (Warszawa 2015), and Assisted Death in the Age of
Biopolitics and Bioeconomy (Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2020). Her
research interests include death studies, biopolitics, bioeconomy, social
trauma, the Fourth Age of global ageing societies, visual anthropology,
and animal studies. For more author information, see https://ifispan.pl/
members/akubiakifispan-waw-pl/.
Piotr Szukalski is an associate professor at the University of Lodz, Lodz,
Poland. His research interests are population ageing, family caregiving,
older adults activities, ageism, intergenerational relations, and regional
demography. He has published more than 250 articles and chapters
xvi Contributors

related to social gerontology, demography, intergenerational relations

and family issues. He is a member of the Committee on Demographic
Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, and Committee on Forecasting,
Polish Academy of Sciences, the National Council for Development at
the President of the Republic of Poland, The Governmental Council for
Population Policy at the Polish Prime Minister (vice-chairman), and the
Council for Senior Policy at the Polish Minister of Family and Social
Policy (Vice-chairman).
Agnieszka Wedeł-Domaradzka received a PhD in international law from
Nicolaus Copernicus University, and is employed at Kazimierz
Wielki University in the Faculty of Law and Economics in Poland.
Her research focuses on human rights in the context of the right to
life, private and family life, and vulnerable groups’ rights. She is
the author of more than 80 human rights and international law
publications and is the author of the monograph Death and Human
Rights. She has also completed a grant from the National Science
Centre dedicated to the ‘Legal aspects of burial – international and
national standards in the face of contemporary challenges’. She is
currently working on the topic of the concept of the best interests of
the child in ECHR jurisprudence.
Acknowledgments

We appreciate the support of many academics and other persons in

writing this book.
We are deeply thankful to Julie Rugg, who invited us to the Funerary
International Series and who put in a great deal of work to help us
prepare the proposal. What is more, from the very start she offered
advice in all substantive matters. We are also especially grateful to
Krzysztof Wolicki, president of the Polish Funeral Association, who
shared his materials about the funerary industry and always answered all
questions concerning these issues. We express our deep appreciation to
Elżbieta Morawska, the chief editor of the publishing house of the
Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, who
granted permission to use excerpts from the book Pogrzeby to Nasze
Życie (Funerals are Our Lives) by Anna E. Kubiak, released by this
publisher in 2015. We are pleased to present up-to-date data on burial
law, planning and designing cemeteries, and the funeral industry, which
was possible thanks to the implementation of grants funded by the
National Science Center, Poland: ‘Planning cemeteries in the existing
urban and rural structures in Poland, seen from the spatial order aspect,
against the background of the contemporary sepulchral space’ (principal
investigator Anna Długozima), ‘Legal aspects of burial – international
and national standards in the face of contemporary challenges’
(principal investigator Agnieszka Wedeł-Domaradzka), and ‘The
evolution of the funeral culture in Poland. The funeral industry
perspective’ (principal investigator Anna E. Kubiak).
1 Poland
Introduction

Anna Długozima, Anna E. Kubiak, and

Agnieszka Wedeł-Domaradzka

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland (RP), along with Bulgaria,

Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,
Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia is counted among the cultural and
civilization realm of Central Europe (Smętkowski, Wójcik 2009;
Winnicki 2017). Poland’s area is 312,696 square kilometers, which ranks
9th in size in Europe. In 2021, Poland’s population was 38,179,800 (GUS
2021), placing it 8th in Europe (Figure 1.1).
Poland is characterized by a diverse landscape. Protected areas make
up 20% of the country’s area (GUS 2019). Poland is located between the
Baltic Sea in the north and the Sudeten and Carpathian Mountains in
the south.
Poland is characterized by a polycentric spatial structure. In addition
to Warsaw – the capital with a population of 1.8 million – the largest
urban centers include Katowice, Kraków, Łódź, Poznań, and Wrocław –
each inhabited by more than 500,000 people. The raw material industrial
regions of southwestern Poland, i.e., Silesia (hard coal, zinc, and lead
ores) and Legnica (copper basin), also tend to create spatial clusters.
They are among the most industrialized areas in Central Europe. Poland
is also one of the leading agricultural producers in the EU.
Poland experienced partitioning (1772–1918), during which its lands
were divided up among three neighboring empires. The northern,
western, and southwestern areas of the country were partitioned by
Prussia, the southern and southeastern areas were annexed by Austria,
and the central and eastern Polish territories became part of Russia.
To this day, the diversity of infrastructure and spatial layout, but
also the status and development of cemeteries that arose during the
partition period, is discernible (Rogowska 2014; NIK 2016 Długozima
2020; Staszyńska 2020).
Before WWII, the Polish lands were famous for the diversity of their
ethnic communities. WWII, which began with Germany’s attack on
Poland on September 1, 1939, brought severe destruction to that mosaic,

DOI: 10.4324/9781003207634-1
2 Anna Długozima et al.

Figure 1.1 The location of Poland in the context of Europe, taking into account
the administrative division and the partitions of Poland. Prepared by
the authors using QGIS3 tools.

as Poland’s Jewish population was almost completely annihilated in the

Holocaust. Overall, more than 6 million Polish citizens were killed.
However, cemeteries still bear witness to the multiculturalism of prewar
times. On Polish soil today are cemeteries of the following nationalities
and ethnic groups: Jewish, Ukrainian (including Lemko and Boyko),
Tatar, wartime cemeteries – Russian, German, British, and Italian – as
well as single graves of Roma and Armenians. In addition to Roman
Catholic cemeteries, there are cemeteries of other faiths: Jewish,
Protestant, Greek Catholic, Orthodox, Old Believers, Old Catholic
Mariavite Church, Tatar, and Karaite. Many of these cemeteries are
deteriorating, and only recently have activists from various associations,
along with volunteers, taken up the task of restoring them.
In the late 1990s, Poland was held up as a success story in the dem-
ocratic transition underway behind the former Iron Curtain a process
that resulted in its admission to the European Union in 2004. On the
basis of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland adopted in 1997, it is
an example of a parliamentary republic based on the tripartite division
of legislative, executive, and judicial power. Local government in Poland
is organized at three levels: provincial (16), district (314), and municipal
(2,477) (GUS 2021). The basic territorial unit and the basic link of the
spatial planning system is the municipality, which carries out public
tasks of local importance, related to meeting the collective needs of the
local community (Niewiadomski 2003). Authorities at the municipal
level are responsible for such tasks as technical infrastructure, social
infrastructure, order, and environmental protection, including green
areas and cemeteries.
 Poland 3

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[21.10.2021]
Staszyńska Maria 2020, “Regionalne zróżnicowanie pochówków w Polsce” (The
Regional Diversification of Burials in Poland), Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej,
16(4), 210–231
Winnicki Zdzisław 2017, “Europa Środkowa czy Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia?
Europejskie kręgi cywilizacyjne” (Eastern or Central-Eastern Europe? European
civilization circles), Wschodnioznawstwo, 11, 11–20

History
Act of 17 March 1932 on the burial of the dead and ascertaining the cause of death
(JoL of 1932 No.35 item.359)
Act of 22 November 2018 on graves of veterans fighting for freedom and
independence of Poland (JoL of 2018, item.2529).
Ariès Philippe 1982, The Hour of Our Death. The Classic History of Western
Attitudes Towards Death Over the Last One Thousand Years, Oxford University
Press, Oxford
Basic Sanitary Act of 19 July 1919 (JoL of 1919, 9No.63 item.371).
Biegeleisen Henryk 1930, Śmierć w obrzędach, zwyczajach i wierzeniach ludu
polskiego (Death in the rites, customs, and beliefs of the Polish people), Dom
Książki Polskiej, Warszawa
Burak Marek , Okólska Hanna 2007, Cmentarze dawnego Wrocławia (Cemeteries
of old Wrocław), Muzeum Architektury we Wrocławiu, Wrocław
Concordat between the Holy See and the Republic of Poland , signed in Rome on
10 February 1925 (ratified in accordance with the Act of 23 April 1925, JoL. of
1925. No.47, item 324). (JoL of 1925 No.72, item.501)
Czartoryska Izabela 1805, Myśli różne o sposobie zakładania ogrodów
(Miscellaneous thoughts on how to establish gardens), Wilhelm Bogumił Korn print,
Wrocław
Chróścicki Juliusz A. 1974, Pompa Funebris. Z dziejów kultury staropolskiej,
(Pompa Funebris. From the history of Old Polish culture), PWN, Warszawa
Danecka Aleksandra 2004, “Zakłady pogrzebowe w przedwojennej Warszawie”
(Funeral homes in pre-war Warsaw), Memento 1, 15
Dziobek-Romański Jacek , 1998, Cemeteries – outline of historical, legal and
canonical regulations [in:] “Rocznik Historyczno-Archiwalny”, T. XIII, Przemyśl, pp.
3–32.
Dąbrowska Joanna 2006, Charakterystyka cmentarzy i usług pogrzebowych na
terenie Gdyni w latach 1920–1939 (Characteristics of cemeteries and funeral
services in Gdynia between 1920–1939), Master Thesis, University of Gdansk
Długozima Anna 2020, How might landscapes be better designed to accommodate
increasing cremation practices in Europe? Vol. 87, Landscape Online, 1–31
Fisher Adam 1921, Zwyczaje pogrzebowe ludu polskiego (Funeral customs of the
Polish people), Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Lwów
Gajewska Magdalena 2009, Prochy i Diamenty. Kremacja ciała zmarłego
człowieka jako zjawisko społeczne i kulturowe (Ashes and Diamonds. Cremation of
the body of a dead person as a social and cultural phenomenon), Nomos, Kraków
Janiszewska-Jakubiak Dorota 2020, “Zachować pamięć” (Preserve the memory)
(in:) Czyż A. S. , Gutowski B. (eds) Podręcznik do inwentaryzacji polskich
cmentarzy i nagrobków poza granicami kraju (Manual for the inventory of Polish
cemeteries and tombstones abroad), Wydawnictwo Polonika, Warszawa, 3–8
Kolbuszewski Jacek 1996, Cmentarze (Cemeteries), Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie,
Wrocław
Krzywobłocka Bożena 1986, Stare i nowe obyczaje (Old and new customs), IWZZ,
Warszawa
Kubiak Anna E. 2015, Pogrzeby to nasze życie (Funerals are our lives), IFiS PAN,
Warszawa
“List Episkopatu Polski w sprawie kremacji” (Letter of the Polish Episcopate on
cremation). http://www.opoka.org.pl/aktualnosci/news.php?id=40254&s=opoka
[21.11.2012].
Łuka Alicja 1956, Kultura Pomorska na Pomorzu Wschodnim (Pomeranian Culture
in Eastern Pomerania), Muzeum Pomorskie, Gdańsk
Lewandowski Henryk 1939, “O większą kulturę w cmentarnictwie. Z rozważań i
doświadczeń przy zakładaniu cmentarzy” (For More Culture in Cemeteries. From
Cemetery Establishment Considerations and Experiences), Teologia Praktyczna,
Vol. 1–3, 225–236
Majdecka-Strzeżek Anna 2016, “Ogrody wiecznej pamięci w krajobrazie
kulturowym” (Memorial gardens in the cultural landscape), Kwartalnik Architektury i
Urbanistyki, No. 3, 23–36
Majdecki Longin 2008, Historia ogrodów (Gardens history), PWN, Warszawa
Ordinance of the Minister of Internal Affairs of 23 October 1936 issued in
agreement with the Ministers of Military Affairs and Social Welfare on the
implementation of the Act of 28 March 1933 on war graves and cemeteries (JoL
No.85, item.595).
Mórawski Kazimierz 1989, Przewodnik historyczny po cmentarzach warszawskich
(Historical Guide to Warsaw Cemeteries), Wydawnictwo PTTK “Kraj”, Warszawa
Ordinance of the Minister of Social Welfare of 30 November 1933 on the burial of
the dead and ascertaining the cause of death, issued in agreement with the
Minister of the Interior and the Minister of Religious Denominations and Public
Enlightenment. https://sip.lex.pl/#/act/16836594/86666/chowanie-zmarlych-i-
stwierdzanie-przyczyny-zgonu?cm=RELATIONS.
Ordinance of the Ministry of Public Health of 6 May 1920 On the transportation and
exhumation of corpses (JoL of 1920 No.42, item.257).
Rogowska Barbara 2014, “Stanowisko władz komunistycznych w latach
siedemdziesiątych XX wieku w zakresie cmentarnictwa wyznaniowego i
komunalnego” (The position of the communist regime on the religious and
communal cemeteries in the 1970s.), Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae
Cracoviensis Studia Politologica, XIII, Folia 165, 75–93
Rudkowski Tadeusz 2003, “Jak wyprowadzono cmentarze z miast polskich na
przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku” (How cemeteries were moved out of Polish cities at
the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries) [in:] Studium Urbis Charisteria Teresiae
Zarębska Anno Iubilaei Oblata, Wydawnictwo Książkowe “Linia”, Gdańsk, 189–194
Stachowiak Andrzej 2015, “Niemieckie cmentarze na Ziemiach Zachodnich jako
miejsca niepamięci” (German Cemeteries in the Western Lands as the Places of
Oblivion), Prace Etnograficzne, 43 (2), 123–140

Mortality
GUS 2014, “Prognoza ludności” (Population forecast). Prognoza ludności - Baza
Demografia - Główny Urząd Statystyczny [04.02.2023].
GUS 2022. Główny Urząd Statystyczny / Obszary tematyczne / Roczniki
statystyczne / Roczniki Statystyczne / Rocznik Demograficzny 2022 [04.02.2023].
Szukalski Piotr 2021, “Czy Covid-19 wpłynął na zmianę miejsca zgonu Polaków?”
(Did Covid-19 affect the change in the place of death of Poles?), Demografia i
Gerontologia Społeczna. Biuletyn Informacyjny, No. 1,
http://hdl.handle.net/11089/37729 [01.02.2023].
Wróblewska Wiktoria 2019, “Zmiana liczby zgonów i trwania życia w latach
2016–2018. Przyczynek do analizy zgonów w Polsce” (Change in deaths and life
expectancy from 2016 to 2018. A contribution to the analysis of deaths in Poland),
Studia Demograficzne, No. 1(175), 9–25. 10.33119/SD.2019.1.1 [01.02.2023].

Legal Framework of Funerals and Cemeteries

Act of 15 May 2015 Amending the Law on cemeteries and burying the dead, the
Law on graves and war cemeteries, and the Law on the Institute of National
Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish
Nation (JoL 2015, item. 935).
Act of 16 April 2004 on Nature Protection (JoL 2022 item. 916)
Act of 23 April 1964 Civil Code (JoL 1964 No.16 item. 93).
Act of 27 March 2003 on Spatial Planning and Development (JoL 2022 item. 503).
Act of 28 March 1933 On war graves and cemeteries (JoL 2018 item. 2337).
Act of 28 November 2014 On civil status records (JoL 2014 item. 1741).
Act of 3 October 2008 On the provision of information on the environment and its
protection, public participation in environmental protection and environmental
impact assessments (JoL 2022 item. 1029).
Act of 31 January 1959 On cemeteries and burial of the deceased (ct. JoL 2020,
item. 1947).
Act of 4 July 1991 on the Relationship of the State to the Polish Autocephalous
Orthodox Church (JoL 2014 item. 1726).
Act of 6 June 1997 Criminal Code (JoL 1997 No.88 item. 553).
Act of 7 July 1994 Building Law [UPB] (JoL 2021 item. 2351).
Burial rules for the Navy are set out in Decision No.242/MON of the Minister of
Defence of 21 June 2011 on the implementation of the Rules of Service on Navy
Ships.
Case of Solska and Rybicka v. Poland, application nos. 30491/17 and 31083/17,
ECtHR judgment of 20 September 2018.
Długozima Anna 2020, “Lokalizacja współczesnych cmentarzy komunalnych w
Polsce” (Location of contemporary communal cemeteries in Poland), Prace
Geograficzne, No. 161, 81–106.
Długozima Anna 2020, Social infrastructure of burial nature in Poland by
voivodeships – conditions and changes, Acta Sci. Pol., Administratio Locorum
19(1), 19–31.
Draft of 21 November 2019 Act of… …… … . … .. on ascertaining, documenting
and registering deaths,
https://legislacja.rcl.gov.pl/docs//2/12327506/12643140/12643141/dokument42807
1.pdf.
Drembkowski Paweł 2018, Ustawa o cmentarzach i chowaniu zmarłych.
Komentarz (Cemeteries and Burials of the Deceased Act. Commentary), C.H.
Beck, Warszawa.
Giedych Renata , Szumański Marek 2008, Krajobraz z paragrafem. Architekt
krajobrazu – wybrane aspekty prawne wykonywania zawodu (Landscape with a
Paragraph. Landscape architect – selected legal aspects of practising the
profession), SGGW, Warszawa
Hrynicki Wojciech. M 2013, “Zakładanie, rozszerzanie i utrzymywanie cmentarzy –
przyczynek do dyskusji” (Establishment, expansion, and maintenance of
cemeteries – contributing to the discussion), Administracja: Teoria, Dydaktyka,
Praktyka 4(33).
Judgment of SN of 13 February 1979I CR 25/79.
Judgment of SN of 31 March 1980, II CR 88/80.
Judgment of the NSA of 5 October 2021. II GSK 1275/21, LEX nr 3266973.
Judgment of the SN of 11 November 1976, II CR 415/76.
Judgment of the SN of 13 January 1965, I CR 646/64.
Judgment of the SN of 16 June 1998, I CKN 729/97.
Judgment of the SN of 17 February 2016, III CSK 84/15.
Judgment of the SN of 19 November 2020, II CSK 30/19, LEX nr 3082395.
Judgment of the SN of 23 May 1975, II CR 193/75.
Judgment of the SN of 25 September 1972, II CR 353/72.
Judgment of the SN of 29 January 2003, I CKN 1453/00.
Judgment of the SN of 6 February 2008, II CSK 474/07
Judgment of the SN of 6 November 1978, IV CR 359/78.
Judgment of the SN of 7 June 1966, I CR 346/65.
Judgments of the SN: of 13 February 1979, I CR 25/79 and of the panel of seven
judges of 11 December 1990, III CRN 455/90 – unpublished.
Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court in Katowice of 19 May1997, SA/Ka
1717/95, (in:) 'Wokanda' 1998, no. 2 .
Kalisz Anna , Kowalczyk Ewa 2011, “Świadczenie usług cmentarnych i
pogrzebowych a uprawnienia zarządcy cmentarza w świetle ustawy
antymonopolowej. Studium przypadku Kościoła Rektoralnego w Lublinie”
(Provision of cemetery and funeral services, and the powers of the cemetery
administrator under the Antimonopoly Act. A case study of the Rectoral Church in
Lublin), Radca Prawny, 2011, No. 2.
Krekora-Zając Dorota 2017, “Akt donacji zwłok ludzkich (uwagi de lege lata i de
lege ferenda)”, (The act of donating a human corpse (de lege lata and de lege
ferenda remarks)), Państwo i Prawo, No. 11.
Księżak Paweł , Robaczyński Wojciech 2012, “Skuteczność woli zmarłego co do
jego pochówku i sprawowania kultu jego pamięci” (Effectiveness of the will of the
deceased as to his burial and the exercise of the cult of his memory), Palestra, No.
9-10.
Księżak Paweł , Robaczyński Wojciech 2015, “Dysponowanie zwłokami ludzkimi
dla celów naukowych i medycznych” (Disposing of human remains for scientific
and medical purposes), Państwo i Prawo, No. 1.
Niewiadomski Zbigniew 2003, Planowanie przestrzenne. Zarys systemu (Spatial
planning. Legal framework), Wydawnictwo Prawnicze LexisNexis, Warszawa.
Nowicki Marek Antoni 2019, Ekshumacja ofiar katastrofy smoleńskiej. (Exhumation
of Victims of the 2010 Smolensk Catastrophe. Discussion of the ECtHR judgment
of 20 September 2018,30491/17 Solska and Rybicka), LEX/el.
Ordinance of 7 March 2008 Of the Minister of Infrastructure on requirements on
requirements for 513 cemeteries, graves and other places of burial of corpses and
remains (JoL 2008, No. 48, item. 284).
Ordinance of the MS of 7 July 2010 On the manner of handling the bodies of
persons deprived of liberty who died in penal institutions and detention centres
(JoL 2010 No. 123, item. 839).
Ordinance of the MZ of 23 March 2011 On the manner of storage of bodies and
remains (JoL 2011 No. 75, item. 405).
Ordinance of the MZ of 27 December 2007 On the issue of permits and certificates
for the transport of human remains and cadavers (JoL 2007 No. 249 item. 1866).
Ordinance of the MZ of 7 December 2001 On the handling of remains and human
remains (consolidated text JoL 2021, item. 1910).
Ordinance of the MZiOS of 3 August 1961 On the declaration of death and its
cause (JoL 1961 No. 39, item. 202).
Ordinance of the Minister of Municipal Economy of 25 August 1959 on determining
which areas are suitable for cemeteries from the sanitary point of view (Journal of
Laws, No. 52, item 315) .
Pasierb Jan Stanisław 1995, Ochrona zabytków sztuki kościelnej (Protection of
ecclesiastical art monuments), Biblioteka Towarzystwa Opieki nad Zabytkami,
Warszawa.
PKOB 1999, Polska Klasyfikacja Obiektów Budowlanych (Polish Classification of
Building Facilities). http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/ [12.02.2022].
Resolution of the SN – Civil Chamber of 2 December 1994, III CZP 155/94, OSP
1995/6, item. 134 and OSNC 1995/3, item. 52.
Rudkowski Tadeusz Maria 2003, “O ochronę cmentarzy zabytkowych” (For the
protection of historical cemeteries), Ochrona Zabytków, No. 1/2, 104–114.
Rudnicki Stanisław 1999, Prawo do Grobu. Zagadnienia Cywilistyczne (Right to the
Grave. Civil Law Issues), Zakamycze, Kraków.
Sierpowska Iwona 2020, Rejestracja zgonu i postępowanie ze zwłokami [in:]
Śmierć w ujęciu prawa administracyjnego, (Registration of Death and handling of
corpses) [in:] Death in terms of administrative law, Warsaw.
Sobczak Aleksander 2003, Poradnik cmentarny. Kościelne i cywilne normy prawne
o cmentarzach i chowaniu zmarłych, wraz z orzecznictwem (Cemetery Handbook.
Ecclesiastical and civil legal norms on cemeteries and the burial of the deceased,
including case law), Gaudentinum, Gniezno.
Starzecka Katarzyna 2014, “Lokalizacja cmentarza wyznaniowego w świetle
przepisów prawa polskiego o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym”
(Location of a religious cemetery in the light of the Polish law on planning and
spatial development), St.zPr.Wyz, no. 17.
Wedeł-Domaradzka Agnieszka 2021, Prawo do pochówku i prawo do sprawowania
kultu w odniesieniu do osób zasłużonych wobec państwa i społeczeństwa - de lege
lata i de lege ferenda (The right to burial and the right to worship concerning
persons of merit to the state and society - de lege lata and de lege ferenda), [in:]
Prawa zmarłych? (Rights of the dead?), ed. Krzysztof Motyka , Lublin Publishing
House of the Catholic University of Lublin.

Governance
Act of 12 March 2004 On social assistance (JoL of 2021, item. 2268).
Act of 28 March 1933 on war graves and cemeteries (JoL of 2018, item. 2337).
Deloitte 2014, Polish Construction Companies 2013 – key players, development
and diversification prospects. https://www2.deloitte.com/ [12.04.2022].
Lis Piotr 2019, Negotiations, expropriation and compensation for establishing
cemeteries in Poland an overview of the subject matter, Acta Universitatis
Lodziensis Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica, 35, 47–57.
Niewiadomski Zbigniew 2003, Planowanie przestrzenne. Zarys systemu (Spatial
planning. Legal framework), LexisNexis, Warszawa.
NIK 2016, Zarządzanie cmentarzami komunalnymi (Municipal cemeteries
management). https://www.nik.gov.pl/plik/id,12230,vp,14613.pdf [12.04.2022].

Religious Beliefs and Funerary Practices of the Churches

Act of 13 May 1994 On the Relationship of the State to the Evangelical-Augsburg
Church in the Republic of Poland, JoL of 1994, No. 73, item. 323.
Borecki Paweł 2007, “Zasada równouprawnienia wyznań w prawie polskim”
(“Principle of equality of religions in Polish law”), Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego,
Vol. 10, 115–159.
Bielawski Krzysztof, 2017, Ohele w Polsce z uwzględnieniem ich występowania na
cmentarzach wielkomiejskich (Ohels in Poland with consideration of their
occurrence in metropolitan cemeteries) [in:] Irmina Gadowska (ed.), Wielkomiejskie
cmentarze żydowskie w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej (Urban Jewish cemeteries
in Central and Eastern Europe), Łódź. http://cmentarze-
zydowskie.pl/ohele_w_polsce.pdf [10.05.2022]
CEC 2019, Conference of European Churches. https://ceceurope.org/ [10.05.2022]
Drembkowski Paweł 2018, Ustawa o cmentarzach i chowaniu zmarłych.
Komentarz (Law on Cemeteries and Burial of the Dead. Commentary),
Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck, Warszawa
Dziekan Marek M. 2011, History and culture of Polish Tatars (in:) Górak-
Sosnowska K. (ed.), Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe Widening the
European Discourse on Islam, University of Warsaw Faculty of Oriental Studies
Warszawa, 27–39.
Fiedorczuk Jan , Fiedorczuk Justyna , Fiedorczuk Irena 2013, Death as a mystery.
The funeral picture in The Eastern Orthodox Church (in:) Krajewska-Kułak E. ,
Guzowski A. , Kułak W. , Rozwadowska E. , Łukaszuk C. , Lewko J. (eds.), Death
education – the importance of medical care, Medical University of Białystok Faculty
of Health Sciences, Białystok, 243–255.
Firkovičius Mykolas (ed.) 1999, Karaj dińliliarniń jalbarmach jergialiari. 2 bitik.
Ochumach üčiuń adieť vahdalarynda, Vilnius
Gruber Samuel , Myers Phyllis 1995, Survey of historic Jewish monuments in
Poland: a report to the United States Commission for the Preservation of America's
Heritage Abroad, Jewish Heritage Council, World Monuments Fund, New York.
GUS 2019, Wyznania religijne w Polsce w latach 2015–2018 (Religious
denominations in Poland 2015–2018), Warszawa.
GUS 2022, Wyznania religijne w Polsce w latach 2019–2021 (Religious
denominations in Poland 2019–2021), Warszawa.
Kołodziejczyk Arkadiusz 1998, Cmentarze muzułmańskie w Polsce (Muslim
cemeteries in Poland), Ośrodek Ochrony Zabytkowego Krajobrazu, Narodowa
Instytucja Kultury, Warszawa.
Kowalik Krzysztof 2010, Religious and Cultural Potential of Protestantism in
Catholic Poland (in:) Kowalik K. , Ulanowski K. (eds.), The role of religious
minorities in functioning of the society of Gdańsk and the chosen European cities:
the experiences of the past, contemporary days and the prognosis for the future,
Instytut Kaszubski, Gdańsk, 43–51.
Krajewska-Kułak Elżbieta , Kułak Wojciech , Guzowski Andrzej , Kułak Piotr , Kułak
Agnieszka , Bejda Grzegorz , Rozwadowska Emilia , Łukaszuk Cecylia , Lewko
Jolanta , Van Damme-Ostapowicz Katarzyna , Cybulski Mateusz , Klimaszewska
Krystyna , Kowalczuk Krystyna , Sierakowska Matylda 2013, The symbolism of
burial and cemeteries of Jehovah's Witnesses, sun worshipers, Buddhists, Karaite,
Armenian, Lemko and secular (in:) Krajewska-Kułak E. , Guzowski A. , Kułak W. ,
Rozwadowska E. , Łukaszuk C. , Lewko J. (eds.), Death education – the
importance of medical care, Medical University of Białystok Faculty of Health
Sciences, Białystok, 579–600.
Kramer Kenneth Paul 2007, Śmierć w różnych religiach świata (Death in different
world religions), WAM, Kraków.
Kryczyński Stanisław 2000, Tatarzy litewscy. Próba monografii historyczno-
etnograficznej (The Lithuanian Tatars. Outline of a historical and etnographic
monograph), Zakład Graficzny “Drukprasa”.
Kubiak Anna E. 2015, Pogrzeby to nasze życie (Funerals are our lives), IFiS PAN,
Warszawa.
Kulikowski Selim 2012, “Mizary – nekropolie mało znane. Tam, gdzie nie palono
zniczy” (Mizars – little-known necropolises. Where no candles were burnt),
Memento. Dwumiesięcznik Funeralny, No. 6, 35–37.
Łyszczarz Michał 2011, Generational changes among young Polish Tatars [in:]
Górak-Sosnowska K. (ed.), Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe Widening the
European Discourse on Islam, University of Warsaw Faculty of Oriental Studies
Warszawa, 53–68
Nalborczyk Agata , Borecki Paweł 2011, Relations between Islam and the state in
Poland: the legal position of Polish Muslims, Islam and Christian – Muslim
Relations, 22(3), 343–359. 10.1080/09596410.2011.586514.
Olej-Kobus Anna , Kobus Krzysztof , Rembas Michał 2009, Nekropolie. Zabytkowe
cmentarze wielokulturowej Polski (Necropolies. Historic cemeteries of multicultural
Poland), Carta Blanca, Warszawa.
Oleksiak Wojciech 2015. The Disputed Origins of Poland's Smallest Ethnic
Minority. https://culture.pl/en/article/the-disputed-origins-of-polands-smallest-
ethnic-minority [10.05.022].
Pasek Zbigniew 2020, “Kościoły i związki wyznaniowe we współczesnej Polsce:
wykaz wraz z komentarzem” (Churches and religious organizations in
contemporary Poland: the list along with commentary), Przegląd Religioznawczy.
The Religious Studies Review, 2(276), 199–221.
Rogowska Barbara 2014, “Stanowisko władz komunistycznych w latach
siedemdziesiątych XX wieku w zakresie cmentarnictwa wyznaniowego i ko-
munalnego” (The position of the communist regime on the religious and communal
cemeteries in the 1970s.), Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis
Studia Politologica, XIII, Folia 165, 75–93
Romanowicz Wiesław 2015, “Współczesne oblicze polskiego prawosławia”
(Modern face of the Polish Orthodox Church), Colloquium Wydziału Nauk
Humanistycznych i Społecznych, 3, 159–180.
Rykała Andrzej 2009, “Uwarunkowania geograficzno-polityczne oraz społeczne
genezy i rozprzestrzeniania się protestantyzmu w Polsce” (Geopolitical and social
determinants of origin and expansion of protestantism in Poland), Acta
Universitatis Lodziensis Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica, 10, 61–87.
Warmińska Katarzyna 1999, Tatarzy polscy. Tożsamość religijna i etniczna (Polish
Tatars. Religious and ethnic identity), Universitas, Kraków.
Washington Hebrew Congregation, A Guide for Jewish Funeral Practices,
http://secure.whctemple.org/site/usermedia/application/7/guide-for-jewish-funeral-
practices.pdf.
Wilczura Aleksandra 2010, “Śmierć i życie pozagrobowe w żydowskich
wierzeniach ludowych” (The Death and Afterlife in Jewish folk beliefs), Studia
Bliskowschodnie, 1(4), 34–41.
Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices 2015, 2nd Edition, Gale.
https://corp.credoreference.com/component/booktracker/edition/11477.html
[10.05.2022].

The Funeral Industry

Kolek Antoni , Lang Grzegorz , Kozłowski Łukasz 2019, Branża pogrzebowa w
Polsce (Funeral industry in Poland), Centrum Analiz Legislacyjnych i Polityki
Ekonomicznej, Warszawa.
Kubiak Anna E. 2015, Pogrzeby to nasze życie (Funerals are our lives), IFiS PAN,
Warszawa.

The Funeral
Howarth Glennys 1996, Last rites. The work of the modern funeral director,
Baywood Publishing Company, Amityville, New York.
Kubiak Anna E. 2015, Pogrzeby to nasze życie (Funerals are our lives), IFiS PAN,
Warszawa.
Kultura Pogrzebu 2012, 8, 19.
Laderman Gary 2003, Rest in Peace. A cultural history of death and the funeral
home in twentieth-century America, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Memento 2006, 1, 17–19.
Memento 2007, 4, 11.
Memento 2007, 6, 36.
Ostrowska Antonina 1997, Śmierć w doświadczeniu jednostki i społeczeństwa
(Death in the experience of the individual and socjety), IFiS PAN, Warszawa.
Walter Tony 2001, “Sekularyzacja” (Secularization), in: Parkes C. , Laungani P. ,
Young B. (eds.), Przemijanie w kulturach. Obyczaje żałobne, pocieszenie i
wsparcie (Passing in Cultures. Mourning customs, consolation and support),
Astrum, Wrocław, 232–261.

Funeral Costs
Franczyk Adam 2017, “Pochówek nomen nominandum” (Nomen nominandum
burial), Memento. Dwumiesięcznik Funeralny, 4, 16–19.
Grodziska Beata 2019, “Sprawienie pochówku przez gminę w świetle orzecznictwa
sądów administracyjnych” (Conducting a burial by the commune in the light of the
judicature of administrative courts), Studenckie Prace Prawnicze,
Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne, 28, 221–234.
Kubiak Anna E. , 2015, Pogrzeby To Nasze Życie (Funerals Are Our Lives), IFIS
PAN, Warszawa.
Lewandowicz-Machnikowska Monika 2015, “Zasiłki pogrzebowe i inne świadczenia
na pokrycie kosztów pogrzebu i upamiętnienia osoby zmarłej” (Death grants and
other allowances aiming at covering of funeral and commemoration costs) (in:)
Gołaczyński J. , Mazurkiewicz J. , Turłukowski J. , Karkut D. (eds), Non omnis
moriar: osobiste i majątkowe aspekty prawne śmierci człowieka: zagadnienia
wybrane, Oficyna Prawnicza Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław, 554–566
https://www.repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/dlibra/publication/79431/edition/77872?langu
age=pl [12.04.2022].
NIK 2016, Zarządzanie cmentarzami komunalnymi (Management of municipal
cemeteries). https://www.nik.gov.pl/plik/id,12230,vp,14613.pdf [12.04.2022].
Omega , 2020, Raport branżowy. Industry report, Magazyn Omega. Idea book dla
branży pogrzebowej, No. 1, 10–14.
Wolicki Krzysztof 2018, Petycja w sprawie podwyższenia kwoty zasiłku
pogrzebowego do wysokości 6000 zł (Petition to increase the amount of funeral
benefit to PLN 6000). https://www.polskiestowarzyszeniepogrzebowe.pl
[12.04.2022].

Cemeteries, Burial Sites, and Graves

Act on the Guarantees of the Freedom of Conscience and Faith, JoL 1989, No. 29,
item. 155.
Act on the relation of the State to the Karaim Religious Union in the Republic of
Poland, JoL 1936, No. 30, item. 241.
Act on the relationship between the State and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in
the Republic of Poland, JoL 1994, No. 73, item. 323.
Act on the relationship between the State and the Polish Autocephalous Orthodox
Church, JoL 1991, No. 66, item. 287.
Act on the relationship of the State to Jewish religious communities in the Republic
of Poland, JoL 1997, No. 41, item. 251.
Act on war graves and cemeteries, JoL 1933, No. 39, item. 311.
Bielawski Krzysztof 2017, “Ohele w Polsce z uwzględnieniem ich występowania na
cmentarzach wielkomiejskich” (Ohels in Poland with consideration of their
occurrence in metropolitan cemeteries) (in:) Gadowska I. (ed.), Wielkomiejskie
cmentarze żydowskie w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej (Urban Jewish cemeteries
in Central and Eastern Europe), Łódź. http://cmentarze-
zydowskie.pl/ohele_w_polsce.pdf [10.04.2022].
Borecki Paweł , 2007, “Zasada równouprawnienia wyznań w prawie polskim” (The
principle of equal rights of religions in Polish law), Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego,
10, 115–159.
Code of Canon Law .
https://www.katolicki.net/ftp/kodeks_prawa_kanonicznego.pdf [21.04.2022].
Czyż Sylwia Anna , Gutowski Bartłomiej 2020, Podręcznik do inwentaryzacji
polskich cmentarzy i nagrobków poza granicami kraju (Manual for the inventory of
Polish cemeteries and gravestones abroad), Polonika, Warszawa.
Długozima Anna 2020, Social infrastructure of burial nature in Poland by
voivodships – conditions and directions of changes, Acta Scientiarum Polonorum
Administratio Locorum, 19(1), 19–31.
Długozima Anna 2022, How to find a suitable location for a cemetery? Application
of multi-criteria evaluation for identifying potential sites for cemeteries in Białystok,
Poland, Moravian Geographical Reports, 30(1), 34–53.
Drembkowski Paweł 2018, Ustawa o cmentarzach i chowaniu zmarłych.
Komentarz (Law on Cemeteries and Burial of the Dead. Commentary),
Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck, Warszawa.
Drozd Andrzej , Dziekan Marek M. , Majda Tadeusz 1999, Meczety i cmentarze
Tatarów polsko-litewskich (Mosques and cemeteries of the Polish-Lithuanian
Tatars), Res Publica Multiethnica, Warszawa.
Dziobek-Romański Jacek 1998, “Cmentarze – zarys regulacji historycznych,
prawnych i kanonicznych” (Cemeteries – an outline of historical, legal and
canonical regulations), Rocznik Historyczno – Archiwalny, T. XIII, Przemyśl, 3–32.
Kolek Antoni , Lang Grzegorz , Kozłowski Łukasz 2019, Branża pogrzebowa w
Polsce. Diagnoza i wyzwania (The funeral industry in Poland. Diagnosis and
challenges), CALPE sp. z o.o., Warszawa.
Królikowska Anna 2012, Estetyka współczesnych cmentarzy (Aesthetics of
contemporary cemeteries), Opuscula Sociologica, No. 1, 59–72.
Kubiak Anna E . 2018, Civilized and wild heterotopia – the case of the Polish
cemeteries, Anthropological Researches and Studies, 8, 276–284.
Michałowski Andrzej 1995, “Ochrona cmentarzy w Polsce” (Cemetery protection in
Poland) (in:) Czerner O. , Juszkiewicz I. (eds.), Cemetery Art – Sztuka Cmentarna
– l’art de cimetiere, ICOMOS, Wrocław.
Mórawski Kazimierz 1989, Przewodnik historyczny po cmentarzach warszawskich
(Historical guide to Warsaw cemeteries), Wydawnictwo PTTK “Kraj”, Warszawa.
NID 2017, Raport o stanie zachowania zabytków nieruchomych w Polsce. Zabytki
wpisane do rejestru zabytków (Report on the state of preservation of immovable
monuments in Poland. Monuments in the register of monuments). https://nid.pl/wp-
content/uploads/2021/11/RAPORT-O-STANIE-ZACHOWANIA-ZABYTKOW-
NIERUCHOMYCH.pdf [10.03.2022].
NIK 2016, Zarządzanie cmentarzami komunalnymi (Management of municipal
cemeteries). https://www.nik.gov.pl/plik/id,12230,vp,14613.pdf [10.04.2022].
Olej-Kobus Anna , Kobus Krzysztof , Rembas Michał 2009, Nekropolie. Zabytkowe
cmentarze wielokulturowej Polski (Necropolies. Historic cemeteries of multicultural
Poland), Carta Blanca, Warszawa.
Puzdrakiewicz Krystian , Cemeteries as (un)wanted heritage of previous
communities. An example of changes in the management of cemeteries and their
social perception in Gdańsk, Poland, Landscape Online, 86, 1–26.
PZK 2019, Stone Masonry Industry Standards.
http://www.zpbk.pl/download/wytycznenagrobki/wytyczne_1_01.pdf [10.04.2022].
Rhoads Loren 2017, 199 Cemeteries to See Before You Die, London, Sphere.
Rogowska Barbara 2014, “Stanowisko władz komunistycznych w latach
siedemdziesiątych XX wieku w zakresie cmentarnictwa wyznaniowego i
komunalnego” (The position of the communist regime on the religious and
communal cemeteries in the 1970s.), Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae
Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica XIII, 165, 75–93.
Skrodzka Agnieszka 2017, “Nagrobki osobistości z końca XVIII i 1. połowy XIX
stulecia na Cmentarzu Ewangelicko-Augsburskim w Warszawie” (Tombstones of
important people in the Evangelical-Augsburg cemetery in Warsaw at the turn of
the 19th century), Rocznik Historii Sztuki, XLII, 173–191.
Sobotka Sławomir , Długozima Anna 2015, Evaluation and development
opportunities of the disused Lutheran cemeteries within the Maskulińskie and Pisz
forest divisions for thanatourism, Tourism, 25/1, 67–75.
Stasiak Andrzej , Tanaś Sławoj 2005, “Przestrzeń sepulkralna w turystyce” (The
sepulchral space in Tourism), Turystyka i Hotelarstwo, 8, 9–42.
Starzecka Katarzyna 2014, “Lokalizacja cmentarza wyznaniowego w świetle
przepisów prawa polskiego o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym”
(Location of religious cemetery on the basis of the polish law provisions of the
spatial planning and land use management), Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego, 17,
173–191.

Cremation
Ariès Philippe 1989, Człowiek i śmierć (The hour of our death), PIW, Warszawa.
Building Law Act, JoL 1994, No.89, item. 414.
Długozima Anna 2020, How might landscapes be better designed to accommodate
increasing cremation practices in Europe?, Landscape Online, vol. 87, 1–31.
Gajewska Magdalena 2009, Prochy i Diamenty. Kremacja ciała zmarłego
człowieka jako zjawisko społeczne i kulturowe (Ashes and Diamonds. Cremation of
the body of a dead person as a social and cultural phenomenon), Nomos, Kraków.
Jasiński Andrzej 2012, “O zjawisku dematerializacji formy architektury
współczesnej” (On dematerialization of forms of contemporary architecture),
Czasopismo Techniczne . Architektura, vol. 5-A/2, 240–245.
Kolek Antoni , Lang Grzegorz , Kozłowski Łukasz 2019, Branża pogrzebowa w
Polsce (The funeral industry in Poland), Centrum Analiz Legislacyjnych i Polityki
Ekonomicznej, Warszawa.
Polish Classification of Building Facilities, JoL 1999, No. 112, item. 1316.
Polish Classification of Products and Services, JoL 2015, item. 1676.
Zamasz Jan 2007, “Architektura cmentarza komunalnego w Świdniku k. Lublina.
Autorskie doświadczenie projektowo-realizacyjne” (Architecture of the municipal
cemetery in Swidnik by Lublin. Project and constructing experience of the author),
Teka Komisji Arch.-Urb. i Studiów Krajobrazowych, vol. 3, 189–202.
Commemoration and Memoralisation
Act of 2 July 1947 on the commemoration of the martyrdom of the Polish Nation
and other Nations in Auschwitz (JoL No. 52, item. 265, as amended).
Act of 24 February 2022 on the protection of national heritage related to the names
of public space objects and monuments (Journal of Laws, item. 857).
Act of 28 March 1933 on war graves and cemeteries (Ct. JoL 2018, item. 2337).
Act of 7 May 1999 on the protection of the sites of former Nazi extermination
camps (JoL 2015, item. 2120).
Bykowski Damian , Bober Dariusz 2015, “System geolokalizacji i upamiętnienia
miejsc pochówku” (The web application for geolocalisation and commemoration a
burial place), Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie
Środowiska, 5(3), 19–26.
Długozima Anna , Kosiacka-Beck Ewa 2020, How to Enhance the Environmental
Values of Contemporary Cemeteries in an Urban Context, Sustainability, 12(6),
1–19.
Jabłońska Lilianna , Sobczak Wioleta 2011, “Rynek chryzantem w Polsce w
okresie Święta Wszystkich Świętych” (Polish market of chrysanthemum during the
period of All Saints Day), Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, 98(4), 66–76.
Kubica Grażyna 1986, All Souls’ Day in Polish Culture: Sacred or Secular?,
Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, XVII (2), 110–125.
Landowski Roman 2000, Dawnych obyczajów rok cały. Między wiarą, tradycją i
obrzędem (Ancient customs a whole year. Between faith, tradition and ritual),
Bernardinum, Pelplin.
Ogrodowska Barbara 2007, Ocalić od zapomnienia. Polskie tradycje i obyczaje
rodzinne (To save from oblivion. Polish family traditions and customs), Sport i
Turystyka Muza SA, Warszawa.
Pietkiewicz Igor , 2012, Burial rituals and cultural changes in the polish community
– A qualitative study, Polish Psychological Bulletin, 43(4), 291–312.
Przybylska Lucyna , 2022, Krzyże powypadkowe przy drogach w Polsce (Memorial
crosses along roads in Poland), Bernardinum, Pelplin.
Tanaś Sławoj 2020, “Sfera profanum Dnia Wszystkich Świętych wobec
społecznego aspektu cmentarzy” (The profane sphere of All Saints’ Day and the
social aspect of cemeteries), Turyzm, 30/2, 103–112.

Protecting Funerary Heritage

Act on the protection and the guardianship of monuments, JoL 2003, No. 162,
item. 1568.
Mazurek Anna 2020, “Administracyjnoprawna ochrona zabytkowych nekropolii jako
miejsc dziedzictwa kulturowego” (Administrative and legal protection of historic
necropolises as cultural heritage sites), Ochrona Zabytków, No. 1, 177–193.
Sobotka Sławomir , Długozima Anna 2015, Evaluation and development
opportunities of the disused Lutheran cemeteries within the Maskulińskie and Pisz
forest divisions for thanatourism, Tourism, 25/1, 67–75.
Tanaś Sławoj 2008, Przestrzeń turystyczna cmentarzy. Wstęp do tanatoturystyki
(Tourist space of cemeteries. Introduction to Thanatotourism), Wydawnictwo
Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź.
Zawiła Małgorzata 2019, Dziedziczenie przedwojennych cmentarzy na terenach
postmigracyjnych Polski (Inheriting and perception of the pre-war cemeteries in the
post-migration areas of Poland), Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego,
Kraków.