All India (English-efnvoer)

Electrical Engineering

BULLET VOLUME-II

(Point to Point Quick Revision)

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 efJe<eÙe-metÛeer.
efo<š Oeeje peefve$e (DC Generator)......................................................................................................................7-56
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)............................................................................................................................................ 7
keâeÙe& efmeæevle (Working Principle) ........................................................................................................................ 7
efo° Oeeje peefve$e keâer mebjÛevee (Construction of DC Generator) ................................................................................... 9
Deeces&Ûej keâgC[ueve (Armature Winding).................................................................................................................. 18
efo<š Oeeje peefve$e keâe efJe. Jee. yeue meceerkeâjCe (EMF Equation of DC Generator) ............................................................ 23
Deeces&Ûej Øeefleef›eâÙee (Armature Reaction) ................................................................................................................ 24
efokeâdheefjJele&ve (Commutation) ................................................................................................................................ 28
efo° Oeeje peefve$eeW kesâ Øekeâej (Types of DC Generator) .............................................................................................. 30
efo° Oeeje peefve$eeW kesâ DeefYeue#eCe (Characteristics of DC Generator) ......................................................................... 35
efo° Oeeje peefve$eeW ceW neefveÙeeB Deewj o#elee (Losses and efficiency in DC Generator) ....................................................... 38
efo° Oeeje peefve$eeW kesâ DevegØeÙeesie (Application of DC Generators) .............................................................................. 40
efo° Oeeje peefve$eeW kesâ meceeveevlej ØeÛeeueve (Parallel Operation of DC Generator) ......................................................... 41
NUMERICAL QUESTION ............................................................................................................................. 43
efo° Oeeje ceesšj (DC Motor) ...........................................................................................................................57-104
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction).......................................................................................................................................... 57
keâeÙe& efmeæevle (Working Principle)....................................................................................................................... 58
efo° Oeeje ceesšj keâer mebjÛevee (Construction of DC motor) ........................................................................................ 61
he§e efJe. Jee. yeue keâe cenlJe (Significant of Back EMF) .......................................................................................... 64
efo° Oeeje ceesšj kesâ Øekeâej (Types of DC Motor) ..................................................................................................... 66
DeefOekeâlece Meefòeâ Glheeove keâer eqmLeefle (Condition for Max Power Developed) ............................................................ 72
efo° Oeeje ceesšj keâe yeueeIetCe& meceerkeâjCe (Torque Equation of DC Motor) .................................................................. 73
efo° Oeeje ceesšj kesâ DeefYeue#eCe (Characteristics of DC Motor)................................................................................. 74
ieefle efveÙeceve (Speed Regulation).......................................................................................................................... 77
efo° Oeeje ceesšj keâe ØeejcYeve (DC Motor Starter) ..................................................................................................... 78
efo° Oeeje ceesšj keâe ieefle efveÙeb$eCe (Speed Control of DC Motor) .............................................................................. 80
efJeÅegle DeJejesOeve (yeÇsefkebâie) (Electric Braking) ........................................................................................................... 85
efo° Oeeje ceesšj keâe hejer#eCe (Testing of DC Motor) ................................................................................................ 87
efo° Oeeje ceesšj keâer o#elee Deewj neefveÙeeB (Efficiency and Losses of the DC Motors) .................................................. 89
efo° Oeeje ceesšj kesâ DevegØeÙeesie (Application of DC Motor) ....................................................................................... 92
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 94
š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j (Transformer) ............................................................................................................................105-180
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)........................................................................................................................................ 105
keâeÙe& efmeæevle (Working Principle)..................................................................................................................... 107
š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Transformer) ....................................................................................................... 108
š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j keâer mebjÛevee (Construction of Transformer).......................................................................................... 109
efJe. Jee. yeue meceerkeâjCe Deewj š^ebmeHeâecexMeve Devegheele (EMF Equation and Transformation Ratio) ................................ 119
vees uees[ Deewj Hegâue uees[ hej Hesâpej [eÙe«eece (Phasor Diagram on No-load and Full load) ........................................ 121
Jeesušspe jsieguesMeve (Voltage Regulation) .............................................................................................................. 123
š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j keâe mebÙeespeve (Transformer Connection) ............................................................................................... 125
š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j keâe hejer#eCe (Testing of Transformer) .................................................................................................. 128
ne@efveÙeeB Deewj o#elee (Losses and Efficiency) ........................................................................................................ 132
Meerleueve (Cooling) ............................................................................................................................................ 137
meceevlej ØeÛeeueve (Parallel Operation) ................................................................................................................. 138
efJeMes<e š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j (Special Transformer) ............................................................................................................. 140
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 145
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ØelÙeeJele&keâ (Alternators) ..............................................................................................................................181-218
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)........................................................................................................................................ 181
keâeÙe& efmeæevle (Working Principle)..................................................................................................................... 182
ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâer mebjÛevee (Construction of Alternator) ............................................................................................. 183
mšsšj Ùee DeecexÛej kegâC[ueve (Stator or Armature Winding) .................................................................................. 188
efheÛe Hewâkeäšj Ùee keäJeeÙeue mheeve Hewâkeäšj Deewj efJelejCe iegCeebkeâ Ùee JeeFbef[bie iegCeebkeâ
(Pitch Factor or Coil Span Factor and Distribution Factor or Winding Factor) ............................................. 191
ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâe efJe.Jee. yeue meceerkeâjCe (E.M.F. Equation of Alternator) .................................................................... 193
ØelÙeeJele&keâ ceW DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee (Armature Reaction in Alternator) ....................................................................... 195
Deušjvesšj keâe Jeskeäšj [eÙe«eece (Vector Diagram of Alternator) ............................................................................ 198
Jeesušspe jsieguesMeve Deewj Fmekeâe efveOee&jCe (Voltage Regulation and its Determination) ............................................... 200
leguÙekeâeefuekeâ peefve$e Éeje Glheeefole Meefòeâ (Power Developed by Synchronous Generator) ........................................ 203
meceeveevlej ØeÛeeueve (Parallel Operation) .............................................................................................................. 204
Meeš& meefke&âš Devegheele (Short Circuit Ratio)............................................................................................................ 206
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 207
ef$eHesâpeer ØesjCe ceesšj (Three Phase Induction Motor)...................................................................................219-287
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)........................................................................................................................................ 219
keâeÙe& efmeæevle (Working Principle)..................................................................................................................... 220
leerve Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj keâer mebjÛevee (Construction of 3–φ Induction Motor) ............................................................. 223
leerve Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj kesâ Øekeâej (Types of 3-φ Induction Motor) ............................................................................ 226
eqmuehe, jesšj efJe.Jee. yeue, jesšj Oeeje keâer DeeJe=efòe Deewj jesšj keâe Meefòeâ iegCeebkeâ
(Slip, Rotor EMF, Frequency of Rotor Current and Rotor Power factor) ...................................................... 230
leerve Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj keâe yeueeIetCe& meceerkeâjCe (Torque Equation of 3-φ I.M.) ............................................................ 234
yeueeIetCe& eqmuehe Deewj yeueeIetCe&-ieefle Je›eâ (Torque-Slip and Torque-Speed Curve) ..................................................... 239
leerve Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj keâe Hesâpej [eÙe«eece (Phaser Diagram of 3-φ I.M.) ................................................................... 240
jesšj Fvehegš, «eeme jesšj DeeGšhegš, «eeme še@ke&â, keâehej neBefve leLee eqmuehe ceW mecyevOe
(Relation Between Rotor input, Gross Rotor Output, Gross Torque, Copper loss and Slip) .......................... 241
ØesjCe ceesšj keâe ieefle efveÙev$eCe (Speed Control of Induction Motor) ....................................................................... 242
3-φ ØesjCe ceesšj keâe ØeejcYeve (Starting of 3-φ I.M.)................................................................................................ 248
3-φ ØesjCe ceesšj keâe hejer#eCe (Testing of 3-φ I.M.)................................................................................................. 252
neBefveÙeeb Deewj o#elee (Losses and Efficiency) ........................................................................................................ 253
3-φ ØesjCe ceesšj keâe meke&âue [eÙe«eece (Circle Diagram of 3-φ I.M.).......................................................................... 254
[yeue mkeäJewjue kesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj (Double Squirrel Cage I.M.) ................................................................................ 254
leerve Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj kesâ DevegØeÙeesie (Application of 3-φ I.M.) ................................................................................. 255
Skeâue-Hesâpe j#ekeâ (Single Phase Preventer) ......................................................................................................... 256
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 259
Skeâue keâuee ØesjCe ceesšj (Single Phase Induction Motor) ............................................................................288-318
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)........................................................................................................................................ 288
[yeue Heâeru[ IetCe&ve efmeæevle (Double Field Revolving Theory) ............................................................................ 290
Skeâue keâuee ØesjCe ceesšj keâes mJe-DeejcYeve yeveevee (Making Single Phase Induction Motor Self Starting)........................ 291
Skeâue keâuee ØesjCe ceesšj kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Single Phase Induction Motor) ......................................................... 293
efJeYeòeâ keâuee ØesjCe ceesšj (Split Phase Induction Motor) ....................................................................................... 294
mebOeeefj$e ØeejcYe ceesšj (Capacitor Start Motor) ...................................................................................................... 295
mebOeeefj$e mšeš&, mebOeeefj$e Ûeue ceesšj (Capacitor Start, Capacitor Run Motor) .......................................................... 296
mLeeÙeer mebOeeefj$e ceesšj (Permanent Capacitor Motor) ............................................................................................ 298
Mew[s[ heesue ceesšj (Shaded Pole Motor) .............................................................................................................. 299
Øeefle°cYe ceesšj (Reluctance Motor) .................................................................................................................... 301
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 efnmšsefjefmeme ceesšj (Hysteresis Motor) ................................................................................................................. 302
S.meer. meerjerpe ceesšj (AC Series Motor) ............................................................................................................... 304
meeJe&ef$ekeâ ceesšj (Universal Motor) ...................................................................................................................... 305
Øeeflekeâ<e&Ce ceesšj (Repulsion Motor) .................................................................................................................... 308
meJeex ceesšj (Servo Motor) .................................................................................................................................. 311
mšshej ceesšj (Stepper Motor) ............................................................................................................................. 312
mLeeÙeer Ûegcyekeâ [er.meer. ceesšj (PM DC Motor) ........................................................................................................ 313
Mejeies ceesšj (Schrage Motor) ............................................................................................................................. 314
jsKeerÙe ØesjCe ceesšj (Linear induction motor)........................................................................................................ 314
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 314
leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj (Synchronous Motor) .......................................................................................................319-349
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)........................................................................................................................................ 319
keâeÙe& efmeæevle (Working Principle)..................................................................................................................... 321
leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj keâer mebjÛevee (Construction of Synchronous Motor) ..................................................................... 323
leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj keâer ØeejcYeve efJeefOe (Starting Method of Synchronous Motor)........................................................... 326
leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj keâe Hesâpej [eÙe«eece (Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Motor) ....................................................... 327
leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj hej uees[ keâe ØeYeeJe Deewj leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj kesâ ØeoMe&ve hej Gòespeve heefjJele&ve keâe ØeYeeJe
(Effect of Load on S/M and Effect of Change in Excitation on the Performance of S/M.) ............................ 328
V-Je›eâ Deewj JÙegl›eâce V-Je›eâ (V-Curve and Inverse V-Curve) .............................................................................. 335
yeueeIetCe& Deewj Ùeebef$ekeâ Meefòeâ Glheeove (Torque and Mechanical Power) .................................................................... 336
leguÙekeâeueer mebOeeefj$e (Synchronous Condenser) ..................................................................................................... 339
nbefšbie Deewj Fmekeâe efveoeve (Hunting and Its Elimination) ....................................................................................... 340
ØesjCe ceesšj Deewj leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj kesâ yeerÛe leguevee (Comparison between I.M. and S.M.) ........................................... 341
leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj keâe DevegØeÙeesie (Application of Synchronous Motor) .................................................................... 345
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 346
efJeÅegle Meefòeâ keâe Glheeove (Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e) [Generation of Electrical Power (Power Plant)] ..........................350-410
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)........................................................................................................................................ 350
leeheerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e (Thermal Power Plant) .......................................................................................................... 355
peue Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e (Hydro Power Plant) ................................................................................................................ 369
veeefYekeâerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e (Nuclear Power Plant)....................................................................................................... 378
[erpeue Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e (Diesel Power Plant).............................................................................................................. 384
iewme šjyeeFve Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e (Gas Turbine Power Plant) ........................................................................................... 388
efJeÅegle Meefòeâ keâe DeLe&MeeŒe (Economics of Electrical Power) ................................................................................. 392
šwefjHeâ (Tariff) ................................................................................................................................................... 395
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 398
efJeÅegle Meefòeâ keâe mebÛejCe Deewj efJelejCe (Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Power) ...................411-484
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)........................................................................................................................................ 411
efJeÅegle ueeFveeW keâe DeefYekeâuheve (Design of Electrical lines) ..................................................................................... 414
ueeFve hewjeceeršj (Parameters of Lines) ................................................................................................................ 419
mebÛejCe ueeFveeW keâe ØeoMe&ve (Performance of Transmission Lines) ......................................................................... 424
mebÛejCe ueeFveeW keâer mebjÛeveelcekeâ efJeMes<eleeSB (Constructional Features of Transmission Lines) ................................... 428
ueeFveeW keâe Ùeebef$ekeâ DeefYekeâuheve (Mechanical Design of Lines)................................................................................ 431
Yetefceiele kesâyeue (Underground Cables) ................................................................................................................ 449
kesâyeue oes<e Deewj hejer#eCe (Cable Faults and Testing)............................................................................................. 460
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 mebÛejCe ueeFveeW keâe DeeefLe&keâ efmeæevle (Economic Principle of Transmission Lines) ................................................. 461
Meefòeâ iegCekeâ mebMeesOeve (Power Factor Improvement) ............................................................................................ 462
efJelejCe efmemšce (Distribution System) ................................................................................................................ 464
efJelejCe efmemšce keâer mebjÛevee (Construction of Distribution System) ...................................................................... 468
Meefòeâ ueeFve Jeenkeâ mebÛeej (Power Line Carrier Communication) ......................................................................... 471
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 473
efmJeÛe Ùeb$eeJeueer Deewj j#eCe (Switch Gear and Protection) ...........................................................................485-536
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)........................................................................................................................................ 485
efJeÅegle oes<e (Electrical Faults) ............................................................................................................................ 485
j#eCe efmJeÛe (Protecting Switches) ..................................................................................................................... 489
heefjheLe efJeÙeespekeâ (Circuit Breaker) ...................................................................................................................... 491
efjues (Relays).................................................................................................................................................... 501
HeäÙetpe (Fuse) ..................................................................................................................................................... 510
j#eCe ÙeespeveeSB (Protection Schemes) ................................................................................................................. 515
DeefOe Jeesušlee kesâ efJe®æ j#eCe (Protection Against Over Voltage).......................................................................... 520
meye-mšsMeve (Sub-Stations) ................................................................................................................................. 525
ØeefleIeelekeâ (Reactors) ......................................................................................................................................... 527
vÙetš^ue DeefLeËie (Neutral Earthing) ....................................................................................................................... 528
iewme DeJejesefOele meye-mšsMeve keâer mebkeâuhevee (Concept of Gas Insulated Sub-Station) ................................................... 530
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 531
heer.Sue.meer., ceeF›eâeskeâvš^esuej Deewj mkeâe[e (PLC, Microcontroller and SCADA) ...........................................537-572
heer.Sue.meer. (PLC) .............................................................................................................................................. 537
ceeF›eâeskebâš^esuej (Microcontroller).......................................................................................................................... 549
mkeâe@[e (SCADA) .............................................................................................................................................. 564
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 571
efJeÅegle FvpeerefveÙeefjbie ceW keâchÙetšj meeHeäšJesÙej keâe DevegØeÙeesie
(Application of Computer Software in Electrical Engineering) ............................................................573-586
efJeÅegle FvpeerefveÙeefjbie ceW ØeÙegòeâ meeHeäšJesÙej (Software use in Electrical Engineering)................................................... 573
cewšuewye (MATLAB) .......................................................................................................................................... 576
efmecegefuebkeâ (Simulink) ......................................................................................................................................... 580
Dee@šeskewâ[ (Auto CAD) ...................................................................................................................................... 581
Tpee& kesâ veJeerkeâjCeerÙe Œeesle (Renewable Sources of Energy) .......................................................................587-605
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)........................................................................................................................................ 587
meewj Tpee& (Solar Energy) .................................................................................................................................. 591
yeeÙeesceeme Tpee& (Biomass Energy) ...................................................................................................................... 596
heJeve Tpee& (Wind Energy) ................................................................................................................................. 598
Yet-leeheerÙe Tpee&, pJeejerÙe lejbie Tpee&, mecegõer Tpee& (Geo-Thermal, Tidal and Ocean Energy) ..................................... 601
cewivesšes neF[^es[eÙeveefcekeâ heeJej pevejsMeve (Magneto Hydro Dynamic Power Generation) .......................................... 604
F&Oeve mesue (Fuel Cell) ........................................................................................................................................ 605
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 605
Fueskeäš^e@efvekeäme-I [Electronics-(Analog Electronics) .....................................................................................606-714
Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ Yeeweflekeâer (Semiconductor Physics) ..................................................................................................... 606
DeOe&Ûeeuekeâ [eÙees[ (Semiconductor Diode) ......................................................................................................... 616
yeeFheesuej pebkeäMeve š^ebefpemšj [Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)] .......................................................................... 636
Skeâue mšspe š^ebefpemšj SchueerHeâeÙej (Single Stage Transistor Amplifier) ................................................................. 651
ceušermšspe Deewj Meefòeâ SchueerHeâeÙej (Multistage and Power Amplifier).................................................................... 657
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 heâeru[ Fhewâkeäš š^ebefpemšj (Field Effect Transistor) ................................................................................................. 664
SchueerHeâeÙej ceW Heâer[yewkeâ (Feedback in Amplifier) ................................................................................................. 675
jsieguesšs[ heeJej mehueeF& (Regulated Power Supply) ............................................................................................... 681
oesefue$e (Oscillator) ............................................................................................................................................ 683
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 690
Fueskeäš^e@efvekeäme–II [Electronics-II (Digital Electronics)] .............................................................................715-766
mebKÙee heæefle (Number System) ......................................................................................................................... 715
uee@efpekeâ iesšdme (Logic Gates) .............................................................................................................................. 717
uee@efpekeâ Hewâefceueer (Logic Family).......................................................................................................................... 723
Deæ& Ùeespekeâ Deewj hetCe& Ùeespekeâ, Svekeâes[j Deewj ef[keâes[j, ceušerhueskeämej Deewj [erceušerhuewkeämej
(Half Adder and Full Adder, Encoder and Decoder, Multiplexer and Demultiplexer) ................................... 725
efHeäuehe-Heäuee@he, jefpemšj SJeb keâeGCšj (Flip-Flop, Resistor and counter).................................................................... 728
A/D Deewj D/A keâveJeš&j (A/D and D/A Converters)........................................................................................... 733
ef[mhues ÙegefòeâÙeeB (Display Devices) ...................................................................................................................... 734
DeehejsMeveue SchueerHeâeÙej (Operational Amplifier) ................................................................................................. 737
yengkeâefche$e SJeb Fvšer«esšs[ heefjheLe (Multivibrator and Integrated Circuit) ................................................................ 741
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 743
ceeF›eâesØeesmesmej (Microprocessor) ..................................................................................................................767-787
ceeF›eâesØeesmesmej 8085 (Microprocessors) 8085 ..................................................................................................... 767
ceeF›eâessØeesmesmej 8086 (Microprocessor 8086) ....................................................................................................... 781
hesâjerhesâjue Ùegefòeâ (Peripheral Devices) .................................................................................................................. 786
[eše mebÛeej SJeb vesšJeke&â (Data Communicaiton and Network) ............................................................................ 787
keâcÙetefvekesâMeve FvpeerefveÙeefjbie (Communication Engineering) .........................................................................788-804
keâcÙetefvekesâMeve FvpeerefveÙeefjbie (Communication Engineering) .................................................................................... 788
ceeF›eâesJesye j[ej Deewj Sbšervee (Microwave, Radar and Antenna).............................................................................. 801
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 803
DeewÅeesefiekeâ Fueskeäš^e@efvekeäme Deewj keâvš^esue [Industrial Electronic and Control (IEC)] ......................................805-854
LeeÙeefjmšj heefjJeej (Thyristor family) ................................................................................................................... 805
peer.šer.Dees., [eÙekeâ, š^eÙekeâ Deewj Ùetveerheesuej pebkeäMeve š^ebefpemšj (GTO, Diac, Triac and UJT) ......................................... 823
jsefkeäšheâeÙej (Rectifier) ........................................................................................................................................ 829
Ûeesheme& (Choppers).............................................................................................................................................. 833
FveJeš&me& Deewj keâveJeš&j (Inverters & Converters) .................................................................................................. 836
meeFkeäueeskeâveJeš&j (Cycloconverters)...................................................................................................................... 843
LeeÙeefjmšme& efJeÅegle ceMeerveeW keâe kebâš^esue (Thyristor Control of Electrical Machines) ................................................... 845
DeewÅeesefiekeâ kebâš^esue (Industrial Control) ................................................................................................................ 845
meJeex cewkesâefvepce (Servo Mechanism) .................................................................................................................... 847
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 848
kebâš^esue efmemšce (Control System) .................................................................................................................855-880
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)........................................................................................................................................ 855
efveÙeb$eCe ØeCeeueer keâe cee@[efuebie (Modelling of control System) ................................................................................ 858
š^ebmeheâj hebâkeäMeve, yuee@keâ [eÙe«eece Deewj efmeiveue heäuees «eeheâ (Transfer function, Block diagram and Signal flow graph) ..... 862
šeFce [escesve efJeMues<eCe (Time Domain Analysis) ................................................................................................. 865
mLeeefÙelJe efJeMues<eCe efveÙeb$eCe ØeCeeueer (Stability Analysis Control System) ............................................................... 871
™š ueeskeâme (Root locus) .................................................................................................................................... 872
DeeJe=efòe [escesve efJeMues<eCe (Frequency domian Analysis) ........................................................................................ 874
keâchesvemesšj Deewj kebâš^esueme& (Compensators and Controllers) .................................................................................. 877
NUMERICALS QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 880
6

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 01.
efo<š Oeeje peefve$e
(DC Generator)
♦ In an electromechanical energy conversion device,
1. heefjÛeÙe (Introduction) the developed torque depends upon–
♦ Generator is a machine which convert– Stator field and rotor field strengths
Mechanical energy to electrical energy and the torque angle
efJeÅegle peefve$e Skeâ ceMeerve nQ pees ™heebleefjle keâjleer nw– JewÅegle-Ùeebef$ekeâerÙe Tpee& ™heevlejCe Ùev$e ceW, GlheVe yeueeIetCe&
ÙeeBef$ekeâ Tpee& keâes efJeÅegle Tpee& ceWs efveYe&j keâjlee nw– mšsšj #es$e Deewj jesšj #es$e keâer
(UPRVUNL JE- 2016) meeceLÙe& Deewj yeueeIetCe& keâesCe hej
♦ The principle of dynamically induced emf is ♦ Fleming's right-hand rule regarding direction of
utilised in– Generator induced e.m.f., correlates–
ieeflekeâ Øesefjle efJe. Jee. yeue (emf) kesâ efmeæe@vle keâe GheÙeesie Magnetic flux, Direction of motion
efkeâÙee peelee nw– peefve$e ceW and the direction of
(SSC JE- 2009) e.m.f. induced
♦ DC machine is a– Rotating machine Øesefjle efJe0 Jee0 yeue keâer efoMee kesâ mecyevOe ceW heäueseEceie kesâ
[er.meer. ceMeerve Skeâ, nesleer nw–
IetCeeaÙe ceMeerve oeefnves neLe keâe efveÙece, mebyebefOele nw– ÛegcyekeâerÙe ØeJeen,
♦ The speed of a DC machine can be measured by – ieefle keâer efoMee Deewj Øesefjle efJe0 Jee0 yeue keâer efoMee
Tachometer ♦ For electromechanical energy conversion, a
DC ceMeerve keâer ieefle keâes .......... Éeje ceehee pee mekeâlee nw– magnetic field is employed as the medium rather
than electric field because–
šwkeâesceeršj
The stored energy density for practicable
[RRB JE 30.08.2019]
field strength is low in
♦ A D.C. generator can be termed as–
the electric field
Rotating amplifier
efJeÅegle Ùeebef$ekeâer Tpee& ™heevlejCe kesâ efueS Skeâ ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e keâes keâne pee mekeâlee nw– IetCeea ØeJeOe&keâ keâes efJeÅegle #es$e kesâ yeepeeÙe ceeOÙece keâs ™he ceW efveÙeesefpele efkeâÙee
(ESIC JE- 2016, SSC JE- 2017, 2018) peelee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ–JÙeJeneefjkeâ #es$e Meefòeâ kesâ efueS meb«enerle
♦ Electromechanical energy conversion is–
Tpee& IevelJe efJeÅegle #es$e ceW keâce nw
A reversible process
JewÅegle-ÙeeBef$ekeâ Tpee& ™heeblejCe neslee nw– 2. keâeÙe& efmeæevle (Working Principle)
Skeâ Gl›eâceCeerÙe Øeef›eâÙee
♦ The polarity of the voltage induced in the generation
♦ Theorem uses current generator– mode of the DC machine is given by_______-
Norton's theorem
Fleming’s right-hand rule
ØecesÙe Oeeje peefve$e keâe ØeÙeesie keâjlee nw– veeš&ve ØecesÙe
[er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ pevejsMeve cees[ ceW Øesefjle Jeesušspe keâer
(FCI- 2015)
OeÇgJelee.........kesâ Éeje efveOee&efjle nesleer nw-
♦ An ..........energy conversion device is one which
converts electrical energy into mechanical energy heäuesefcebie kesâ oeSb neLe keâe efveÙece
and vice versa– Electromechanical (NHPC JE 05.04.2022, Shift-II)
Skeâ............Tpee& ™heeblejCe Ùegefòeâ Jen nesleer nw pees JewÅegle ♦ Which principle basis of the production of
Tpee& keâes ÙeeBef$ekeâ Tpee& ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjleer nw Deewj Fmekesâ electrical power using DC generation-
efJehejerle Yeer (JeeFme Jemee&)– JewÅegle ÙeeBef$ekeâ Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
♦ D.C. generator generates– keâewve mee efmeæbele [er.meer Glheeove keâe GheÙeesie keâjkesâ efJeÅegle
AC voltage in the armature Meefòeâ kesâ Glheeove keâe DeeOeej yeveelee nQ -
[ermeer peefve$e.................GlheVe keâjlee nw– Hewâje[s keâe efJeÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe ØesjCe keâe efveÙece
DeecexÛej ceW AC Jeesušspe (UPSSSC JE -16.04.2022)
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♦ Fleming's Right Hand Rule is applicable– Skeâ OeejeJeener keâe@Fue,........... kesâ ™he ceW JÙeJenej keâjleer nw–
For Generator Ûegcyekeâ
Heäuesefcebie kesâ oeÙeW neLe keâe efveÙece ueeiet neslee nw– [RRB JE 19.09.2019]
peefve$e kesâ efueS ♦ If an AC voltage is applied on the field of a DC
♦ In a generator, a dynamically induced emf is generator, then the output of the DC generator is–
produced according to– DC voltage
Faraday's law of electromagnetic Ùeefo Skeâ [er. meer. peefve$e kesâ #es$e ceW S. meer. Jeesušspe ueeiet
peefve$e ceW ieefleMeerue Øesefjle F&SceSHeâ……. kesâ Devegmeej Glhevve efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees [er. meer. peefve$e keâe DeeGšhegš nesiee–
keâer peeleer nw– Hewâje[s kesâ efJeÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe efveÙece [er. meer. Jeesušspe
(UPRVUNL JE- 2016), (RRB JE- 2015) (JMRC JE-2012)
♦ The direction of induced emf in the armature ♦ In DC generator on load, the air-gap flux
conductors of a DC generator can be determined distribution in space is– Flat topped
by using– Fleming's right hand rule [er.meer. peefve$e ceW uees[ hej, efjòeâ mLeeve ceW SÙej-iewhe Heäuekeäme
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e kesâ DeecexÛej Ûeeuekeâ ceW Øesefjle efJe.Jee.yeue keâer efJelejCe neslee nw– Heäuewš še@h[
efoMee kesâ Éeje %eele keâj mekeâles nw– (UPRVUNL JE-2015)
heäuesefcebie kesâ oebÙes neLe keâe efveÙece (ESIC JE- 2016)
♦ Fleming's right hand rule to find the direction of
induced emf, the thumb points towards–
Direction of motion of the conductor
Øesefjle efJe.Jee.yeue keâer efoMee %eele keâjves kesâ Heäuesefcebie kesâ oeSb
neLe kesâ efveÙece ceW Debiet"e keâes Fbefiele keâjlee nw–
Ûeeuekeâ kesâ ieefle keâer efoMee
♦ A generator is compare to motor by which
♦ If number of poles in the rotor decrease the speed
principle the – Working principle is based
of the rotor will Increase
on electromagnetic induction IetCe&keâ ceW OeÇgJeeW keâer mebKÙee Iešves hej IetCe&keâ keâer Ûeeue–
peefve$e keâer leguevee ceesšj mes efkeâme efmeæevle hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw–
yeÌ{ peeÙesiee
JewÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe ØesjCe kesâ efmeæeble hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw
(SSC JE- 2018)
(PGCIL DT-SR 2-22.08.2021) ♦ In a DC machine if 'P' is the number of poles, 'N'
♦ "A time-varying flux causes an induced is the Armature speed in r.p.m., then the
electromotive force." Law this statement frequency of machine reversals will be– PN/120
represent– Faraday's law Skeâ efo° Oeeje ceMeerve ceW Ùeefo 'P' heesueeW keâer mebKÙee nes, 'N'
meceÙe kesâ meeLe heefjJeefle&le nesves Jeeues Heäuekeäme mes GlheVe efJeÅegle DeecexÛej ieefle r.p.m. ceW nes lees ceMeerve heefjJeleea keâer DeeJe=efòe
Jeenkeâ yeue efveÙece ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw– Hewâje[s keâe efveÙece nesieer– PN/120
(UPSC IES EE-II 2014) (BSNL TTA -2013)
♦ To induce maximum EMF in a conductor, the ♦ The length of the air gap under the poles of a DC
direction of motion of the conductor must be– machine is not kept uniform so as to–
Perpendicular to the magnetic lines of flux Obtain a suitable main field flux
efkeâmeer Ûeeuekeâ ceW DeefOekeâlece efJe0 Jee0 yeue Øesefjle keâjves kesâ [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ heesue kesâ lenle nJee kesâ Deblejeue keâer uebyeeF&
efueS, Ûeeuekeâ keâer ieefle keâer efoMee nesveer ÛeeefnS – Skeâmeceeve veneR jKeer peeleer efpememes– Skeâ GheÙegòeâ cegKÙe
heäuekeäme keâer ÛegbyekeâerÙe jsKeeDeeW kesâ uebyeJele #es$e heäuekeäme Øeehle keâj mekeWâ
[RRB JE 19.09.2019] (Coal India Ltd. -2017)
♦ According to Fleming's right hand rule, the angle ♦ The process by which an emf induced in a DC
between the thumb, middle finger and the fore generator is called as ................ method–
finger must be– Dynamic
Mutually at right angles to each other Skeâ [ermeer peefve$e ceW efpeme Øeef›eâÙee kesâ lenle emf Øesefjle neslee
Heäuesefcebie kesâ oeSb neLe kesâ efveÙeceevegmeej DeBiet"e, ceOÙe Debiegueer nw.................efJeefOe keânueeleer nw– ieeflekeâ
Deewj lepe&veer Debiegueer kesâ ceOÙe keâesCe nesvee ÛeeefnS–
♦ If conductor is varying and field is fixed then emf
Skeâ-otmejs mes heejmheefjkeâ ™he mes mecekeâesCeeW hej will induces. This principle is called–
♦ A current carrying coil behave as a– Magnet Dynamically induced emf

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 Ùeefo Ûeeuekeâ heefjJeefle&le neslee nw Deewj #es$e efmLej nw lees ♦ In a DC machine, the yoke is the outer frame of
F&.Sce.SHeâ. Øesefjle nesiee~ Ùen efmeæevle keânueeSiee– cast steel it ............-
ieeflekeâ Øesefjle efJe. Jee. yeue Supports the pole cores and complete
♦ If conductor is constant and field is varying then the magnetic path
emf will induce. This principle is called– [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW, Ùeeskeâ keâemš mšerue keâer yeenjer øesâce neslee nw
Static induced emf Ùen ..............-
Ùeefo Ûeeuekeâ efmLej neslee nw leLee #es$e heefjJeefle&le neslee nw, lees heesue keâesj keâes meheesš& keâjlee nw Deewj ÛegyebkeâerÙe heefjheLe
F&.Sce.SHeâ. Øesefjle nesiee~ Ùen efmeæevle keânueelee nw–
keâes hetCe& keâjlee nw~
mLeweflekeâ Øesefjle efJe. Jee. yeue
(UPSSSC JE -16.04.2022)
♦ To produce dynamically induced emf, the….. are
necessary– Magnetic field, Conductor and ♦ A D.C. machine has 4 poles and the entire
Motion of conductor with respect to the field armature winding in connected in the given
fashion, Identify the type of winding employed.–
ieeflekeâ ™he mes efJe0 Jee0 yeue GlheVe keâjves nsleg.......DeeJeMÙekeâ nw-
Skeâ ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e, Skeâ Ûeeuekeâ Deewj
#es$e kesâ meehes#e Ûeeuekeâ keâer ieefle
♦ In any DC generator the emf generated in the
armature is maximum when– Wave winding
Rate of change of flux linked is minimum
[er.meer. ceMeerve ceW 4 OegÇJe leLee mechetCe& DeecexÛej kegâC[ueer efoÙes
efkeâmeer [ermeer peefve$e ceW DeecexÛej ceW GlheVe efJe0 Jee0 yeue ieÙes ØeÛeueve ceW mebÙeesefpele nw~ ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee ieÙee kegâC[ueve kesâ
DeefOekeâlece neslee nw peye–
Øekeâej keâes henÛeeves– lejbie kegâC[ueve
mecyeæ Heäuekeäme heefjJele&ve keâer oj vÙetvelece nes
(UPPCL JE 29-03-2022, Shift- II)
♦ If B is the flux density, l the length of conductor
and v the velocity of conductor, then induced ♦ DC machine, which parts does NOT rotate–
e.m.f. is given by– Blv Brushes
Ùeefo B heäuekeäme IevelJe, l Ûeeuekeâ keâer uecyeeF& Deewj v Ûeeuekeâ [er.meer ceMeerve kesâ efueS keâewve mee Yeeie Ietcelee veneR nw – yegÇMe
keâer ieefle nw, lees Øesefjle efJe0 Jee0 yeue kesâ Éeje efoÙee peelee nw–
(UPPCL JE 29-03-2022, Shift- II)
Blv
♦ For a linear electromagnetic circuit– ♦ What is the condition of retrogressive winding in
Field energy is equal to the coenergy DC machines? Yb < Yf
Skeâ jsKeerÙe JewÅegle-ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe kesâ efueS– [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW Øeefleieeceer kegâC[ueve kesâ efueS keäÙee Mele& nesleer
#es$e Tpee& men Tpee& keâs yejeyej neslee nw nw? Yb < Yf
3. efo° Oeeje peefve$e keâer mebjÛevee ♦ Which is defined as the distance in terms of the
number of armature conductors in which a coil
(Construction of DC Generator) advances on the back of the armature? (Far end of
the commutator)– Back pitch
♦ The frame of a DC generator is made of–
efkeâmes DeecexÛej ÛeeuekeâeW keâer mebKÙee kesâ heoeW ceW Gme otjer kesâ ™he
Cast Iron
ceW heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee peelee nw, efpemeceW keâe@Fue DeecexÛej kesâ
[er.meer. peefve$e keâe øesâce yevee neslee nw– keâÛÛee ueesne
efheÚues efnmmes hej Deeies yeÌ{leer nw~ (keâchÙetšsšj kesâ otj Jeeues
(DSSSB JE-22.06.2022 Time-8.30 To 10.30 AM)
♦ What is the purpose of the lamination of armature efmejs hej)–
for a DC generator– Reduce eddy current loss yewkeâ efheÛe
[er.meer. peefve$e kesâ efueS DeecexÛej kessâ uesefcevesMeve keâe GösMÙe keäÙee [UPPCL JE-28.03.22(2-5 PM)]
nw– YebJej Oeeje neefve keâes keâce keâjvee ♦ The polarity of compoles in a dc generator is
[NPCIL (Kaiga) SA/ST 28.08.2022] Same as that of the main pole ahead
♦ Which winding that handles only exciting current-
Field winding in the direction of rotation
keâewve meer JeeFbef[bie kesâJeue Gòesefpele Oeeje keâjbš keâes mebYeeueleer nw- [er.meer. peefve$e ceW keâcheesue keâer OeÇgJelee ........... neslee nw-
Heâeru[ JeeFbef[bie IetCe&ve kesâ efoMee kesâ Deeies cegKÙe OegÇJe kesâ meceeve
(UPSSSC JE -16.04.2022) (ISRO VSSCTA 2021)
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 Ùeespekeâ DeLee&led Ùeeskeâ meeOeejCe uethe peefve$e keâe Skeâ DeeJeMÙekeâ Yeeie nw–
Skeâ keâcÙetšsšj, heesue keäJeeFue Deewj DeecexÛej kegâC[ueve
(Yoke)
(PGCIL DT-SR 2-22.08.2021)
[er.meer ceMeerve (generator and motor) keâe Ùen Skeâ ♦ The _________ is mainly utilised for spreading
cenlJehetCe& Debie nw, efpemes DeeJejCe (cover), {eBÛee (frame) the magnetic flux to avoid the field coil from
Deeefo keâF& veeceeW mes peevee peelee nw~ falling- Pole shoe
Úesšer ceMeerve kesâ efueS {ueJeeB ueesns (cost iron) keâe yeveeÙee Heâeru[ keâe@Fue keâes efiejves mes yeÛeeves SJeb ÛegbyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme keâes
peelee nw, hejvleg yeÌ[er ceMeerve kesâ efueS Fmes cost steel keâe hewâueeves kesâ efueS cegKÙe ™he mes ............ keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee
yeveeÙee peelee nw~ peelee nw- heesue Met
Ùen ceMeerve kesâ meYeer DebieeW (parts) keâes OeejCe keâjlee nw~ (UPPCL JE 08.09.2021, Shift-I)
♦ The field coils of D.C generator are usually made
of- Copper
[er.meer. peefve$e keâe #es$e kegâC[ueve Deeceleewj hej..........kesâ yeves
nesles nQ- keâe@hej
♦ The armature core in an electrical machine is
made with the help of a/an–
Laminated electrically-conductive material
JewÅegle ceMeerve ceW DeecexÛej keâesj ................ keâer meneÙelee mes
yeveeÙee peelee nw– hešefuele JewÅegle ™he mes ÛeeuekeâerÙe heoeLe&
♦ Armature of the DC machine is laminated to
reduce _______. Eddy current loss
Ùen ceMeerve keâes Ùeebef$ekeâ megj#ee Øeoeve keâjlee nw DeLee&led Ùen
ceMeerve keâes yeenjer DeeIeeleeW (Oetue, Oethe, heeveer Deeefo peueJeeÙegJeer [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ DeecexÛej ceW ....... keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS
kegâØeYeeJeeW) mes yeÛeelee nw~ hešefuele efkeâÙee peelee nw– S[er keâjbš neefve
(UPPCL JE-27.11.2019 Shift-II)
Ùen ceMeerve kesâ efJeÅegle-ÛegcyekeâerÙe OegÇJeeW kesâ efueS Deeuecye
(FCI-2015)
(support) leLee DeeOeej (base) keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
Ùen ceMeerve kesâ Devoj ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe (magnetic circuit) Construction Material
DeLee&led heäuekeäme heLe keâes hetCe& keâjlee nw~ mebjÛevee heoeLe&
Ùen DeblÙe hešdšeW (end plates), Éeje Meeheäš-yesÙeeEjie keâes Yoke (Ùeeskeâ) Cast steel(keâe@mš mšerue)
Deeuecye (support) Øeoeve keâjlee nw~ Pole core and pole Cast steel (keâe@mš mšerue)
♦ The electrical connections can be ensured between shoes (heesue keâesj SJeb
the commutator as well as exterior load circuit heesue-Met)
with the help of- Brushes
Armature core Laminated silicon steel
......... keâer ceoo mes keâcÙetšsšj kesâ meeLe-meeLe yeenjer uees[ (DeecexÛej keâesj) (uesefcevesšs[ efmeefuekeâe@ve mšerue)
heefjheLe kesâ yeerÛe efJeÅegle mebÙeespeve keâer meneÙelee mes megefveef§ele
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw- yeÇgMe Commutator Hard drawn copper (keâ"esj
(keâcÙetšsšj) keâef<e&le lee@ceü) or / drop forget
(UPPCL JE 07.09.2021, Shift-II)
copper (yetbo peeueer lee@ceü)
♦ Why are armature windings made on the rotor of a
DC machine– For commutation Brush (small Copper and carbon (keâe@hej SJeb
[er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ jesšj hej DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie keäÙeeW yeveeF& peeleer machine) (yeÇgMe (Úesšs keâe@ye&ve)
nQ– keâcÙegšsMeve kesâ efueS ceMeerve)
[UPPCL JE 07.09.2021 Shift-I] Brush (Large Electro-grephite (Fueskeäš^es-
♦ The role of a generator in a power system is– machine) (yeÇgMe (yeÌ[s «esHeâeFš)
It converts mechanical energy
ceMeerve)
into electrical energy Ùeeskeâ (Yoke)
Tpee& mebÙeb$e ceW peefve$e keâer Yetefcekeâe nesleer nw– ♦ The yoke of small DC machine is made up of–
Ùeebef$ekeâ Tpee& keâes efJeÅegle Tpee& ceW yeouevee Cast iron
(PGCIL DT-NR 1-13.08.2021) Úesšs [er.meer ceMeerve keâe Ùeeskeâ efveefce&le neslee nw– {ueJeeB ueesne
♦ An essential part of a simple loop generator– (RRB JE- 2015)
A commutator, Pole coils and Armature ♦ The yoke in a large DC machine is made of–
windings Cast silicon steel
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 yeÌ[er [er.meer. ceMeerveeW keâe Ùeeskeâ yevee neslee nw– Ûeej OegÇJeerÙe [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW–
{ueJeeB efmeefuekeâe@ve Fmheele Skeâeblej ›eâce mes Gllejer Deewj oef#eCeer OeÇgJe nesles nQ
(DMRC SC/TO-2018) (ESIC JE- 2016)
♦ The yoke of a DC machine carries .............. pole ♦ The function of pole-shoes in a D.C. machine is–
flux– One–half of Uniform distribution of flux
Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve keâe Ùeeskeâ OeÇgJe heäuekeäme keâe [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW heesue-Met keâe keâeÙe& nw–
.................ues peelee nw– DeeOee meceeve ™he mes heäuekeäme keâe efJelejCe keâjvee
♦ Yoke in DC machine serves the outermost cover. (DMRC JE- 2018)
For magnetic flux it provides– ♦ Poles of D.C. machine are often laminated to–
Low reluctance path Reduce pulsation loss
[er.meer. ceMeerve ceW Ùeeskeâ meyemes yeenjer keâJej keâes yeveeS jKelee [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ heesue (OeÇgJe) hešefuele efkeâÙes peeles nw–
nw~ ÛegcyekeâerÙe Heäuekeäme nsleg Ùen..................Øeoeve keâjlee nw– mhebove neefve keâce keâjves
efvecve Øeefle°bYe jemlee ♦ The pole shoe of a DC self excited generator is
made of– Residual magnetic material
♦ The couplings between electrical and mechanical
system of a D.C. machine is– Magnetic field Skeâ mJe-Gòesefpele [er.meer. peefve$e keâe heesue–Met ............keâe
[er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ Fuesefkeäš^keâue Je cewkesâefvekeâue efmemšce kesâ yeerÛe yevee neslee nw– DeJeefMe° ÛegcyekeâerÙe heoeLe&
.................keâe keâheefuebie neslee nw– ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e OeÇgJe kegbâ[ueer Ùee #es$e kegbâ[ueer
♦ In the DC generators the pole shoes are fastened Pole coils or field coils
to the pole core – By counter sunk screw ♦ In DC machine, shape of main field flux
[er.meer. peefve$e ceW heesue Met, keâesj mes........... pekeâÌ[s jnles nw– distribution is– Trapezoidal
keâeGbšj Mebkeâ mketÇâ kesâ Éeje [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW, cegKÙe #es$e heäuekeäme efJelejCe keâer Deeke=âefle
(UPRVUNL JE- 2015) nesleer nw – meceuecyeekeâej
heesue keâesj SJeb heesue-Met [RRB JE 19.09.2019]
♦ The field of self-excited generator is excited by–
(Pole Cores and Pole-Shoes) By its own current
cenlJehetCe& efyevog mJe Gòesefpele peefve$e keâer heâeru[ Gòesefpele nesleer nw–
Deheves mJeÙeb keâer Oeeje Éeje
(Important Point)
(RRB JE- 2015)
heesue-Met, cesve cewivesefškeâ heesue Éeje Glhevve heäuekeäme keâes ♦ The exciting coils of any D.C. machine are
DeecexÛej keâer heefjefOe hej meceeve ™he mes efJeleefjle wound– Around the poles
(uniformly distributed) keâjlee nw~ [er.meer. ceMeerve keâer Gòesefpele kegbâ[efueÙeeB pegÌ[er nesleer nQ–
heesue-Met, JeeÙeg Devlejeue (air gap) keâes keâce keâjlee nw~ OeÇgJe kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj
efpememes heäuekeäme kesâ efueS vÙetve Øeefle<šcYe heLe Glhevve nes (SSC JE- 2017)
peelee nw~ ♦ An e.m.f. is induced in the windings of an
DeecexÛej keâesj 0.35 mm mes 0.5mm lekeâ ceesšer armature of a D.C. generator when the armature
rotates in– Magnetic field
efmeefuekeâve Fmheele keâer heefòeÙeeW (circular stampings)
mes yeveeÙee peelee nw~ [er.meer. peefve$e kesâ DeecexÛej kesâ kegâC[ueve ceW efJe. Jee. yeue Øesefjle
neslee nw, peye DeecexÛej IetCe&ve keâjlee nw–
♦ Pole shoe of a D.C. machine is laminated for the ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e ceW
purpose of– Decreasing eddy current loss
(SSC JE- 2017)
[er.meer. ceMeerve keâe heesue Met hešefuele efkeâme GodosMÙe mes efkeâÙee peelee
♦ In D.C. Generator the critical resistance refers to–
nw– YebJej Oeeje neefveÙeeW keâes keâce keâjves nsleg Field
(UPSSSC JE-2016) [er.meer. peefve$e ceW ›eâeefvlekeâ ØeeflejesOe meboefYe&le keâjlee nw– #es$e
♦ In a d.c. generator the generated e.m.f. is directly (NPCIL- 2018)
proportional to the– Pole flux
♦ In D.C. machine shape of main field flux
[er.meer. peefve$e ceW Glhevve efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue meerOes distribution is– Flat tapped or trapezoidal
Deveg›eâceevegheeleer neslee nw– OeÇgJe Heäuekeäme kesâ [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW cegKÙe #es$e kesâ heäuekeäme efJelejCe keâe Deekeâej
(BSNL TTA- 2016) neslee nw– Ûeheše ÛetÌ[eroej Ùee meceuebyeekeâej
♦ In a four-pole D.C. machine– (SSC JE (E)- 2018)
Alternate poles are north and south (ESIC JE (E)- 2016)
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 cenlJehetCe& efyevog ÛegcyekeâerÙe OegÇJe-›eâes[ leLee ÛegcyekeâerÙe OeÇgJe-veeue
(Magnetic Pole Core and Magnetic Pole Shoe)
(Important Point)
DeefleueIeg ceMeerve kesâ heesue-keâesj leLee heesue-Met keâes {ueJeeB
Ùeeskeâ ceMeerve kesâ Devoj ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe (magnetic ueesns keâes {eue keâj "esme yeveeÙee peelee nw~
circuit) DeLee&led heäuekeäme heLe keâes hetCe& keâjlee nw~
heesue-Met, heesue Éeje Glhevve heäuekeäme keâes DeecexÛej keâer heefjefOe
hej meceeve ™he mes efJeleefjle (uniformly distributed) keâjlee
nw~
DeecexÛej keâesj Deheves KeeBÛeeW (slots) ceW kegâC[ueer JeeFbef[bie keâes
OeejCe keâjkesâ, ÛeeuekeâeW (conductors) keâes meneje Deewj
menÙeesie (shelter and support) Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
JewÅegle ceMeerve keâer Meeheäš ØeeÙe: ce=og Fmheele (mild steel) keâer
yesueveekeâej yeveer nesleer nw~
♦ Flashing the field of D.C. generator mens.– ceOÙece leLee yeÌ[er meeFpe keâer ceMeerveeW kesâ heesue-keâesj leLee
Creating residual magnetism by a D.C. source heesue-Met keâes leeheevegMeerleve Fmheele keâer heefòeÙeeW
[er.meer. peefve$e kesâ #es$e ceW heäuewefMebie keâe DeLe& nw– (stampings of annealing steel) mes hešefuele
[er.meer. œeesle kesâ Éeje DeJeefMe<š ÛegcyekeâlJe yeveevee (laminated) yeveeÙee peelee nw~
♦ If the flux per pole of a D.C. generator is halved Úesšer ceMeerveeW ceW Ùeeskeâ, heesue-keâesj SJeb heesueMet keâes {eue
but its speed is doubled, its generated emf will– keâj lewÙeej efkeâÙee peelee nw leLee yeÌ[er Je ceOÙece ceMeerveeW kesâ
Remain the same efueÙes Fmes veš-yeesuš kesâ meeLe mebueive efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ùeefo Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e keâe Heäuekeäme Øeefle heesue DeeOee keâj efoÙee heesue-keâesj leLee heesue-Met keâes hešefuele (laminated)
FmeefueS yeveeÙee peelee nw, leeefkeâ FmeceW YeBJej Oeeje neefve
peelee nw leLee ieefle keâes oesiegvee keâj efoÙee peelee nw lees Fmekesâ (eddy current loss) vÙetvelece neW, keäÙeeWefkeâ DeecexÛej kesâ
Éeje Glheeefole efJe0 Jee0 yeue nesiee– meceeve jnlee nw ÛeeuekeâeW ceW ØeJeeefnle Oeeje ØelÙeeJeleea nesleer nw~
♦ In a D.C. generator, the flux produced in the field ♦ In a D.C. generator in case the resistance of the
winding is maximum when– field winding is increased, then output voltage
The core is saturated will– Decrease
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW, #es$e kegâC[ueer ceW GlheVe Heäuekeäme Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW Ùeefo heâeru[ JeeFbef[bie keâe ØeeflejesOe yeÌ{lee
DeefOekeâlece nesiee peye– keâesj meble=hle nes nw, lees DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe– Iešsiee
♦ Shunt field coils carry low current but produces ♦ With the increases in field excitation of a DC
very strong magnetic field. This is due to the– generator, its generated emf– Increases upto a
Large number of turns limit and then remains almost constant
Mebš #es$e kegâC[efueÙeeB efvecve Oeeje Jenve keâjleer nww uesefkeâve cepeyetle Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e kesâ #es$e Gòespeve ceW Je=efæ kesâ meeLe, Fmekeâe
ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e GlheVe keâjleer nw~ Ùen.................kesâ keâejCe peefve$e efJe. Jee. yeue– Skeâ meercee lekeâ yeÌ{lee nw Deewj efheâj
neslee nw– Jeleex keâer DeefOekeâ mebKÙee ueieYeie efmLej jnlee nw
♦ The polarity of a D.C. generator can be reversed ♦ A 4–pole D.C. machines has................ magnetic
by– Reversing the field current circuits– 4
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e kesâ OeÇgJelee keâes yeouee pee mekeâlee nw– Skeâ Ûeej OeÇgJe [er.meer. ceMeerveeW ceW.................ÛegcyekeâerÙe
heefjheLe nesles nw– 4
#es$e Oeeje keâes efjJeme& keâjkesâ
♦ Small D.C. machines generally have.......... poles– DeecexÛej (Armature)
2 (Two) ♦ The induced emf in the armature conductor of a
Úesšer [er.meer. ceMeerveeW ceW meeceevÙele:.............OeÇgJe nesles nQ– D.C. machine is– Trapezoidal
2(oes) [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ DeecexÛej Ûeeuekeâ ceW Øesefjle efJe.Jee. yeue neslee
nw– meceuecyeekeâej
♦ .......... D.C. machines are most common–
(GATE EE- 1999 UPSC IES EE-II 2013)
4–pole
♦ The armature MMF waveform of a D.C. machine is–
............ [er.meer. ceMeerveW meyemes meeceevÙe nw– 4 OeÇgJe Triangular
♦ Magnetic field in a D.C. generator is produced [er.meer. ceMeerve keâe DeecexÛej ÛegcyekeâerÙe Jeenkeâ yeue lejbie ™he
by– Electromagnets nw– ef$eYegpeekeâej
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e...............kesâ Éeje (ESE 2010)
GlheVe efkeâÙee peelee nw– JewÅegle ÛegcyekeâeW (SSC JE- 2018), (SSC-JE 2017)
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♦ In D.C. generator, type of electricity is produced
in the armature– A.C.
[er.meer. peefve$e kesâ, DeecexÛej cebs efJeÅegle GlheVe neslee nw–
ØelÙeeJeleea
(EDCIL DDA. JE. 2018)
(SSC JE- 2018), (SSC JE 2017)
(UPPCL JE- 2016)
♦ Approximately the thickness of laminations of a ØelÙeskeâ heòeer keâer oesveeW he=<"eW hej efJeÅeglejesOeer Jeeefve&Me keâer
D.C. machine– 0.35 to 0.5 mm hejle ÛeÌ{eF& peeleer nw, efpemes SveerueerkeâjCe keânles nQ~
Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ hejleoejeW (uewefcevesMevme) keâer ceesšeF& Fmekesâ KeeBÛeeW ceW kegâC[ueer JeeFbef[bie mLeeefhele keâer peeleer nw~
ueieYeie nes mekeâleer nw– 0.35 to 0.5 mm
Ùen Deheves KeeBÛeeW ceW kegâC[ueer JeeFbef[bie keâes OeejCe keâjkesâ,
(ESIC JE- 2016) ÛeeuekeâeW keâes meneje Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
♦ Armature coil of a D.C. machine is usually made Ùen ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeämeeW keâes DeeflevÙetve Øeefle<šcYe heLe
up of– Copper
(very low reluctance path) Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
[er.meer ceMeerve keâer DeecexÛej kegâC[ueer meeceevÙele: yevee neslee nw– Ùen ÛeeuekeâeW keâes Meeheäš kesâ meeLe-meeLe meceeve IetCeea ieefle
leeByee Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
(RRB JE- 2015) ♦ The ventilating ducts in most of D.C. machine
♦ Armature current at starting can be reduced by are– Radial as well as longitudinal
keeping– Ra maximum and Rf minimum DeefOekeâlej [er.meer. ceMeerveeW ceW nJeeoej veueer ([keäšdme) nesles
DeecexÛej Oeeje keâes ØeejcYe ceW keâce jKeves kesâ efueS, jKee peelee nQ– $ewefpÙekeâ kesâ meeLe-meeLe DevegowOÙe&
nw– Ra DeefOekeâlece Deewj Rf vÙetvelece ♦ Armature flux is....... with respect to main field
(SSC-JE 2018) flux or main field poles– Stationary
♦ For a D.C. machine shunt resistance and armature cegKÙe #es$e heäuekeäme Ùee cegKÙe #es$e OegÇJe kesâ meehes#e DeecexÛej
resistance values are– High and low heäuekeäme ......... neslee nw– efmLej neslee nw
[er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ efueS Mebš ØeeflejesOe Deewj DeecexÛej ØeeflejesOe kesâ ♦ In a D.C. machine–
ceeve nesles nQ– GÛÛe Deewj vÙetve Current and emf in armature are alternating
(SSC JE- 2018), (SSC JE- 2018) Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW–
♦ The teeth in the armature of a D.C. machine are DeecexÛej ceW Oeeje Deewj efJe. Jee. yeue ØelÙeeJeleea nesles nQ
sometimes skewed. This is done to reduce–
♦ In any rotating machine that part which houses the
Vibrations conductors and in which e.m.f. induced is to be
Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ DeecexÛej ceW šerLe keâYeer-keâYeer eflejÚs utilised is called– Armature
(Skewed) yeveeS peeles nw~ Ùen.......... keâce keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâmeer Yeer IetCe&ve ceMeerve ceW Jen efnmmee pees Ûeeuekeâ keâes jKelee
efkeâÙee peelee nw– keâcheve Deewj efpemeceW Øesefjle efJe0 Jee0 yeue keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw,
♦ The material used for the armature core of a D.C. Gmes keâne peelee nw– DeecexÛej
generator is– Silicon steel ♦ The armature mmf of a D.C. machine has–
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e kesâ DeecexÛej keâesj kesâ efueS Triangular space distribution
...............heoeLe& ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– efmeefuekeâe@ve mšerue and rotates at the speed of armature
♦ The real working part of a D.C. machine is the– [er.meer. ceMeerve keâe DeecexÛej ÛegcyekeâerÙe Jeenkeâ yeue neslee nw–
Armature winding ef$ekeâesCeerÙe mhesme efJelejCe Deewj
Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve keâe JeemleefJekeâ keâeÙe&keâejer Debie DeecexÛej keâer ieefle hej IetCe&ve keâjlee nw
............nw– DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie
(UPSC IES EE-II 2000)
DeecexÛej keâesj ♦ In a D.C. machine the armature mmf is–
(Armature Core) Stationary with respect to the field poles
DeecexÛej keâesj, [er.meer. ceMeerve keâe Skeâ Ietceves Jeeuee but rotating with respect to the armature
yesueveekeâej Debie nw~ Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW DeecexÛej ÛegcyekeâerÙe Jeenkeâ yeue neslee
Fmes 0.35mm mes 0.5 mm efceueerceeršj lekeâ ceesšer nw– #es$e OeÇgJe kesâ meehes#e efmLej uesefkeâve
efmeefuekeâve Fmheele keâer Je=òeekeâej heefòeÙeeW mes yeveeÙee peelee DeecexÛej kesâ meehes#e IetCeeaÙe
nw~
♦ A triangular mmf wave is produced in the air gap
Fvekeâer heefjefOe hej kegâC[ueer JeeFbef[bie kesâ efueS yengle mes of an electric machine. Such a wave is produced
KeeBÛes yeveeS peeles nQ~ by– Rotor of a D.C. machine
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 Skeâ JewÅegle ceMeerve kesâ JeeÙeg Devlejeue ceW ef$ekeâesCeerÙe ♦ In a D.C. generator commutator acts as a–
Sce.Sce.Sheâ. (ÛegcyekeâerÙe Jeenkeâ yeue) lejbie GlheVe neslee nw~ Mechanical Rectifier
Fme lejn keâer lejbie Glheeefole nesleer nw– Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW, efokeäheefjJe&lekeâ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw–
Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ jesšj Ùeebef$ekeâ efo°keâejkeâ kesâ ™he ceW
(UPSC IES EE-II 2013) (SSC JE- 2017)
keâcÙetšsšj (Commutator) ♦ The main purpose of a commutator in a D.C.
♦ Insulator used in a commutator is– Mica generator is to– Convert the induced
Skeâ efokeäheefjJe&lekeâ ceW kegâÛeeuekeâ ØeÙeesie neslee nw– DeYeükeâ A.C. into D.C.
(UPPCL AE- 2015) efo° Oeeje peefve$e ceW efokeäheefjJele&keâ keâe cegKÙe GösMÙe nw–
♦ Commutators will convert ............. in D.C. Øesefjle S.meer. keâes [er.meer. ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjvee
generators and .............. in D.C. motors– (PGCIL ER- 2018)
AC to D.C., D.C. to A.C. ♦ The maximum allowable voltage between
[er.meer. peefve$e cebs efokeäheefjJelekeâ ................ leLee [er.meer. adjacent segment is– 30–40V
ceesšj cebs ................ heefjJeefle&le keâjsiee– DeemeVe Keb[ kesâ yeerÛe DeefOekeâlece mJeerkeâeÙe& Jeesušspe nw–
A.C. mes D.C. Deewj D.C. mes A.C. 30–40V
(UPPCL JE- 2016) (SSC JE- 2018)
♦ In a D.C. generator current to external circuit from ♦ The function of a commutator in a D.C. machine
armature is given through– (generator) is to convert–
Commutator and brushes Alternating current to
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW DeecexÛej mes yeenjer heefjheLe kesâ efueS keâjbš unidirectional current
......... kesâ ceeOÙece mes efoÙee peelee nw– Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW efokeäheefjJe&lekeâ keâe keâeÙe& neslee nw–
efokeäheefjJele&keâ Deewj yeÇMe ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje mes Skeâ efoMeerÙe Oeeje
(LMRC JE- 2016) (UPPCL- 2018)
efokedâheefjJele&keâ DeLee&led keâ@cÙetšsšj (SSC JE- 2018), (SSC JE- 2018),
(Commutator) (UPRVUNL JE- 2016), (SSC-JE 2017),
Fmes DeecexÛej kesâ meeLe meceeve Meeheäš hej Deejesefhele efkeâÙee (RPHED-2015), (RRB Allahabad-2014),
peelee nw~ (RRB Gorakhpur-2014), (RRB Ajmer-2014)
Ùen Skeâ efJeÅegle-Ûeeuekeâ heoeLe& keâ"esj keâef<e&le leeceü (hard ♦ D.C. generators are designed to develop armature
drawn copper) kesâ šsefhele KeC[eW (tappered voltages not exceeding 650 V because of the
limitations of– Commutator
segments) mes yesueveekeâej yevee neslee nw~
............ kesâ meercee kesâ keâejCe [er.meer. peefve$e Fme Øekeâej yeveeS
peeles nQ leeefkeâ Jes 650V mes DeefOekeâ keâe DeecexÛej Jeesušspe
efJekeâefmele ve keâj mekeWâ– efokeäheefjJele&ve
(SSC-JE-2018)
♦ Commutator segments are made of–
Hard drown Copper
efokeäheefjJele&keâ KeC[...............kesâ yeves nesles nQ–
keâ"esj keâef<e&le leeByee
♦ The reason for sparking at brushes of a D.C.
Ùes KeC[, DeYeükeâ efJeÅeglejesOeer heoeLe& keâer ueieYeie Skeâ machine– Dirty commutator
efceueerceeršj ceesšer hele& he=Lekedâ jnles nQ~ Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ yeÇgMeeW hej mheeefke&âie keâe keâejCe neslee nw–
keâ@cÙetšsšj ceW mesieceWšeW kesâ DeecexÛej kesâ heeme Jeeues Debie
kegâÚ GYejs ngS nesles nQ, efpevnW mesieceWš-jeFpeme& keânles nQ~ ievoe efokeäheefjJele&keâ
FveceW DeecexÛej keâer kegâC[efueÙeeW kesâ efmejeW keâes Jesu[ keâjkesâ ♦ The commutator segments are connected to the
mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ armature conductors by means. of– Copper lugs
Ùen keâeye&ve efveefce&le, yeÇMeeW keâer meneÙelee mes Oeeje meb«enCe efokeäheefjJe&lekeâ mesiecesvš, DeecexÛej kebâ[keäšj mes pegÌ[e neslee nw–
(current collection) keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw keâe@hej ueime kesâ Éeje
Ùen Oeeje ™heevlejCe (current conversion) keâe keâeÙe& ♦ In a commutator– Mica is harder than copper
keâjlee nw DeLee&led Ùen S.meer. keâes [er.meer. leLee [er.meer. keâes Skeâ efokeäheefjJe&lekeâ ceW–
S.meer. ceW ™heevleefjle (convert) keâjlee nw~ ceeFkeâe keâe@hej keâer leguevee ceW keâ"esj nw
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♦ The commutator of a D.C. machine acts as a– (ii) yeeue yesÙeeEjie (Ball Bearings)
Full wave rectifier FmeceW ØeÙegòeâ ieesefueÙeeB (balls), Fmheele Oeeleg (steel
[er.meer. ceMeerve ceW efokeäheefjJele&keâ.............keâer lejn JÙeJenej metal) keâer nesleer nQ~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie ueIeg leLee ceOÙece
keâjlee nw– hetCe& lejbie efo°keâejer Deekeâej keâer ceMeerveeW ceW neslee nw, efpevekesâ IetCe&keâ
(SSC JE-3 March 2017) (rotors) keâe Yeej meeceevÙe neslee nw~
(SSC JE-2014)
♦ In a D.C. generator the ripples in the direct e.m.f.
generated are reduced by–
Using commutator with large
number of segments
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW [eÙejskeäš Glhevve efJe. Jee. yeue ceW efjheume
kesâ Éeje keâce efkeâÙee peelee nw– (iii) jesuej yesÙeeEjie (Roller Bearing)
DeefOekeâ mebKÙee ceW mesiecesvš Jeeuee FmeceW ØeÙegòeâ yesueve (rollers) Yeer ØeeÙe: Fmheele Oeeleg kesâ
efokeäheefjJe&lekeâ ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ nesles nQ~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie ceOÙece meeFpe keâer ceMeerveeW ceW
♦ In case of D.C. machine winding, number of neslee nw, DeLee&led meeceevÙe IetCe&keâ Yeej (normal rotor
commutator segments is equal to– weight) Jeeueer ceMeerveeW ceW neslee nw~
Number of armature coils
[er.meer. ceMeerve JeeFbef[bie kesâ mecyevOe ceW, efokeäheefjJe&lekeâ mesiecesvš
keâer mebKÙee, kesâ yejeyej nw– DeecexÛej keäJee@ÙeueeW keâer mebKÙee
♦ A D.C. generator without commutator is a–
A.C. generator
efyevee efokeäheefjJele&keâ kesâ Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e
Skeâ...................neslee nw– S.meer. peefve$e
yeÇMe Deewj efyeÙeefjbie (Brush and Bearings) (iv) yesefyeš cesšue yegMe yesÙeeEjie
(Babit and bush Bearing)-
♦ In a D.C. generator the brush tension is very
impotant for its function, excessive brush tension
yesefyeš cesšue yegMe oes YeeieeW ceW yeveeÙee peelee nw Deewj
will– Overheat the commutator and Fme yesÙeeEjie keâe GheÙeesie yengle yeÌ[er ceMeerveeW ceW neslee nw~
wearout the surface
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e cebs yeÇMe keâe leveeJe Gmekesâ keâeÙe& kesâ efueS
yengle cenlJehetCe& neslee nw, DelÙeefOekeâ yeÇMe leveeJe mes–
efokeäheefjJele&keâ Deeflelehle nesiee Deewj melen efIeme peeSieer
(UPPCL JE- 2016)
yesÙeeEjie Ùee Mee@Heäš efyeÙeefjbie ♦ Carbon brushes are used in electric motors to–
(Bearing or Shaft Bearings) Provide a path for flow of current and Prevent
(i) mueerJe yesÙeeEjie (Sleeve Bearings) sparking during commutation
Ùen ieve cewšue keâer yeveer ngF& Skeâ Øekeâej keâer yegMe Fuesefkeäš^keâ ceesšjeW ceW keâeye&ve yegÇMe ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ–
yesÙeeEjie nesleer nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie DeefleueIeg ceMeerveeW ceW Oeeje kesâ yeneJe keâes jemlee Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS Deewj
neslee nw, efpevekesâ IetCe&keâeW (rotors) keâe Yeej Deuhe neslee efokeäheefjJele&ve kesâ oewjeve mhegâueve keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueS
nw~
(DMRC- 2014)
♦ The bearing used to support the rotor shaft are
generally– Ball bearing
jesšj MeeHeäš keâes meheesš& osves kesâ efueS efpeme efyeÙeefjbie keâe
GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, Jen meeceevÙele: neslee nw–
yee@ue efyeÙeefjbie
(UPRVUNL JE- 2015)
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 keâeye&ve-yeÇMespe [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW yeÇMeeW keâes efJeÅegleerÙe ™he mes meeceevÙele: jKee
(Carbon Brushes)
peelee nw– Deblej OegÇJeerÙe #es$eeW ceW
efJeÅegle ceMeerve ceW keâeye&ve-yeÇMe, keâ@cÙetšsšj leLee yee¢e heefjheLe (SSC JE- 2018)
kesâ yeerÛe Skeâ mebÙeespeve keâÌ[er nw, pees efJeÅegleOeeje kesâ ♦ The brush contact losses in a D.C. machine is–
Deeoeve-Øeoeve keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ Deepekeâue efJeÅegle- Directly proportional to the current
ceMeerveeW ceW ØeÙeesie (use) nesves Jeeues keâeye&ve-yeÇMe [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW yeÇMe mebheke&â neefve nesleer nw–
efvecveefueefKele leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ– Oeeje kesâ meceevegheeleer
(i) keâ"esj keâeye&ve-yeÇMe (Hard Carbon Brushes) (SSC JE- 2018)
FvnW efJeMes<e iegCeJellee Jeeues keâeye&ve kesâ meeLe kegâÚ DevÙe ♦ In D.C. generators, supply to external load is
heoeLeeX keâes efceueekeâj, JeebefÚle Deeke=âefle SJeb Deekeâej tapped through– Brush and commutator
(shape and size) ceW {euee peelee nw lelheMÛeeled FvnW [er.meer. peefve$e ceW yeenjer Yeej keâer mehueeF& keâes_____ mes šshe
GÛÛe leehe›eâce hej hekeâeÙee Ùee iece& efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efkeâÙee peelee nw– yeÇMe Deewj efokeäheefjJe&lekeâ
FvnW meeceevÙe Oeeje-IevelJe kesâ efueS Úesšer leLee ceOÙece (BSNL TTA- 2016)
Deekeâej keâer ceMeerveeW ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (SSC JE-2018)
(ii) «esheâeFš-yeÇMespe (Graphite Brushes) ♦ The voltage drop for brush can be expected to be
least– Metal graphite brushes
«esheâeFš-yeÇMespe keâe GheÙeesie GÛÛe-Oeeje IevelJe kesâ efueS,
yeÌ[s Øeceehe (large size) keâer ceMeerveeW ceW neslee nw~ yeÇMeeW kesâ efueS meyemes keâce Jeesušleeheele keâer Dehes#ee keâer pee
(iii) OeeeflJekeâ «esheâeFš-yeÇMespe
mekeâleer nw– Oeeleg «esheâeFš yeÇMeeW mes
(Metallic Graphite Brushes) ♦ In a clockwise rotating loaded D.C. generator,
brushes have to be shifted operation of two over
FvnW Oeeleg efceefßele yeÇMe leLee keâe@hej-«esheâeFš-yeÇMespe Yeer compounded D.C. generators– clockwise
keânles nQ~
oef#eCeeJele& Ietceleer ngF& Skeâ Yeeefjle [er.meer. peefve$e ceW oes DeesJej
Fve yeÇMespe keâe efvecee&Ce, keâe@hej leLee «esheâeFš kesâ efceßeCe mes keâcheeGC[ [er.meer. peefve$e kesâ ØeÛeeueve kesâ efueS yeÇMeeW keâes
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ................ efMeHeäš keâjvee heÌ[siee– oef#eCeeJele&
Fvekeâe ØeeflejesOe, Gòeâ oesveeW Øekeâej kesâ yeÇMespe keâer Dehes#ee
♦ Width of a carbon brush should be equal to–
keâce neslee nw; FmeefueÙes Fvekeâe Oeeje IevelJe DelÙeefOekeâ neslee
The width of 2 to 3 commutator
nw Deewj FvnW DelÙeesÛÙe Oeeje Jeeueer yeÌ[s Øeceehe keâer ceMeerveeW
segments
ceW ØeÙeesie (use) keâjles nQ~
Skeâ keâeye&ve yeÇMe keâer ÛeewÌ[eF&...............kesâ yejeyej nesveer
♦ The brushes in D.C. machines are made of ÛeeefnS– oes mes leerve efokeâdheefjJele&keâ KeC[eW keâer ÛeewÌ[eF&
carbon– To reduce the wear and tear of
commutator ♦ In a D.C. machine, the brushes are physically
placed in the–
[er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ yeÇMespe keâeye&ve kesâ yeves nesles nQ– Polar axis and electrically connected to the
efokeäheefjJe&lekeâ kesâ štš Deewj Hetâš keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS coils lying in the interpolar axis
(BSNL TTA- 2016) Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW yeÇMe keâes Yeeweflekeâ ™he mes jKee peelee nw–
♦ The brushes of a D.C. machine are made of– OeÇgJeerÙe De#e hej Deewj FCšjheesuej De#e hej efmLele
Carbon kegâC[ueer mes efJeÅegleerÙe ™he mes mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw
[er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ yeÇMe yeves nesles nQ– keâeye&ve ♦ The brushes ideally should be placed along–
(BSNL TTA- 2016) MNA
♦ Brushes are provided in D.C. machine for– yeÇMeeW keâes DeeoMe& ™he mes ..................kesâ meeLe mLeeefhele
Providing a path for flow of current efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS– MNA
[er.meer. ceMeerve ceW yeÇgMe keâjlee nw– ♦ Due to magnetic saturation, the flux per pole in a
Oeeje ØeJeen nsleg heLe GheueyOe keâjevee D.C. machine without brush shift–
(UPPCL-2015), (NMRC- 2017) Decrease in both the generator
♦ The function of brushes in a D.C. generator is to– and the motor with load
Collect current from the commutator ÛegcyekeâerÙe meble=hle kesâ keâejCe [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW efyevee yeÇMe efMeHeäš
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW yeÇMe keâe keâeÙe& nQ– kesâ Øeefle OeÇgJe Heäuekeäme–
efokeäheefjJe&lekeâ mes Oeeje Skeâef$ele keâjvee peefve$e leLee ceesšj oesveeW ceW Yeej kesâ meeLe Iešlee nw
♦ Brushes in a D.C. machine are normally placed ♦ The brushes are ................. in shape– Rectangular
electrically in the– Inter polar regions yeÇMe.................Deekeâej ceW nesles nQ– DeeÙeleekeâej
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♦ Carbon brushes are used in a D.C. machine efo<škeâejer ceMeerveeW (D.C. macines) ceW Devle:OeÇgJe GheÙeesie
because– Carbon lubricantes and polishes efkeâS peeles nQ–
the commutator ØeefleIeele Jeesušlee keâe ØeeflekeâeÙe& keâjves kesâ efueS
Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW keâeye&ve yeÇMe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, (UPRVUNL AE- 2014)
keäÙeeWefkeâ– keâeye&ve mvesnkeâ Øeoeve keâjlee nw Deewj ♦ Inter poles are meant for–
efokeäheefjJele&keâ keâes hee@efueMe keâjlee nw Reducing sparking at the commutator
♦ The potential difference generated between the Devle:OeÇgJe kesâ GodosMÙe nesles nQ–
ends of the coils is transmitted to the output efokeäheefjJele&keâ ceW mhegâefuebie keâce keâjves kesâ efueS
terminals by the– Brushes
(SSC JE- 2008)
kegâC[efueÙeeW keâs Devle efmejeW kesâ ceOÙe GlheVe efJeYeJeeblej....... kesâ ♦ In D.C generator inter poles field coils are
Éeje efveie&le šefce&veueeW keâes mebÛeefjle efkeâÙee peelee nw– yeÇMeeW connected– In series with armature winding
♦ The brush contact resistance can be minimized by efkeâmeer [er.meer. peefve$e ceW, Deevleefjkeâ OeÇgJeeW keâer #es$e kegâC[ueve
using– More area of brush and more pegÌ[e neslee nw– DeecexÛej kegâC[ueve keâer ßesCeer ceW
brush tension
(UJVNL- 2016)
yeÇMe mecheke&â ØeeflejesOe keâes keâce efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– (SSC JE - 2017)
yeÇMe #es$eHeâue DeefOekeâ leLee yeÇMe leveeJe ♦ The mmf produced by interpole is proportional
DeefOekeâ ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ to– Armature current
♦ Copper brushes in D.C. machine are used– Devle:OeÇgJe Éeje Glheeefole ÛegcyekeâerÙe Jeenkeâ yeue meceevegheeleer neslee
Where low voltage and high
nw– DeecexÛej Oeeje keâs
currents are involved (SSC JE-2011)
[er.meer. ceMeerve ceW keâe@hej yeÇMeeW keâes ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw– Fbšjheesue JeeFbef[bie
peneB efvecve Jeesušlee Deewj GÛÛe OeejeSb Meeefceue nesles nQ (Interpoles Winding)
[er.meer. peefve$eeW ceW keâcÙetšsMeve kesâ keâejCe keâcÙetšsšj leLee
♦ In D.C. generators brushes are used for–
yeÇMeeW kesâ yeerÛe GlheVe nesves Jeeueer mheeefkeËâie kesâ efveJeejCe kesâ
Collecting of current without any sparkings efueS cegKÙe Heâeru[-heesume kesâ yeerÛe mLeeefhele efkeâS ieS Úesšs
[er.meer. peefve$eeW ceW yeÇMe ØeÙegòeâ efkeâS peeles nQ– heesume, Fvšjheesume keânueeles nw~
efyevee efkeâmeer mheeefkeËâie kesâ Oeeje Ùes heesume, DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie leLee meerjerpe-Heâeru[ JeeFbef[bie
keâes Skeâef$ele keâjves kesâ efueS kesâ ßesCeer-›eâce ceW mebÙeesefpele efkeâS peeles nw~
♦ The number of brushes in a commutator depends Devle:OeÇgJeeW keâe keâeÙe& ›eâe@me Ûegbyekeâve ØeYeeJe Ieševee Yeer neslee
on– nw~
Amount of electric current to be collected
Skeâ efokeäheefjJele&keâ ceW yeÇMeeW efkeâ mebKÙee efkeâme hej efveYe&j keâjleer
nw– Skeâef$ele keâer peeves Jeeueer JewÅegle Oeeje keâer cee$ee
♦ To avoid formation of grooves in the
commutator– The brushes of opposite polarity
should track each other
efokeâdheefjJele&keâ ceW iegÇJme (KeeBÛeeW) keâe efvecee&Ce jeskeâves nsleg–
efJehejerle OeÇgJelee kesâ yeÇMe Skeâ otmejs keâes š^wkeâ (helee)
keâjves ÛeeefnS
Interpole
FCšjheesue Ùee keâcheesume
(Interpoles or Compoles)
♦ In D.C. machines, the field-flux axis and armature FvnW meneÙekeâ OegÇJe (auxiliary poles), efokeâdheefjJele&ve
mmf axis are respectively along– OegÇJe (commutator poles), Deefleefjòeâ OegÇJe (extra
Direct axis and inter-polar axis poles), ueIeg OegÇJe (small poles) Deeefo veeceeW mes Yeer
[er.meer. ceMeerve ceW, #es$e heäuekeäme De#e Deewj DeecexÛej ÛegcyekeâerÙe peevee peelee nw~
Jeenkeâ yeue De#e ›eâceMe:, kesâ meeLe nw– ♦ Inter–poles are used in–
ØelÙe#e De#e Deewj FCšj-heesuej De#e Both lap and wave wound machines
(UPSC IES EE-II 2015) FCšjheesue keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw–
♦ Interpoles are used in D.C. machines– uewhe Deewj JesJe JeeGC[ ceMeerve oesveeW kesâ efueS
To counteract the reactance voltage
(SSC JE- 2017)
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♦ The number of parallel paths in simplex wave- FCšjheesue...............kesâ meeLe JeeGC[ nesleer nw–
wound generator is- two Yeejer hewceeves kesâ keâe@hej leej
efmechueskeäme JesJe-JeeFbef[bie Jeeues peefve$e ceW meceeblej heLeeW keâer
mebKÙee ............ nesleer nw- oes ♦ In D.C. machines, the interpoles have tapering
shape which results in–
(SSC JE-29.10.2020 Shift-II) Increase in acceleration of commutation
♦ Direct current machines are attached with inter- [er.meer. ceMeerveeW ceW, Devle:OeÇgJeW šshej Deekeâej ceW nesles nQ efpemekeâe
poles in order to– Improve commutation heefjCeece neslee nw– keâcÙetšsMeve kesâ lJejCe ceW Je=efæ
under loaded conditions
♦ A D.C. generator is provided with interpole and
[er.meer. ceMeerve keâes Fbšjheesue mes peesÌ[e peelee nw– compensating windings. These two windings with
Yeeefjle efmLeefleÙeeW ceW keâcÙetšsMeve respect to the armature circuit will be– In series
keâes megOeej keâjves kesâ efueS Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e keâes Devle:OeÇgJe Deewj Øeeflekeâejkeâ kegâC[ueve
Øeoeve keâer peeleer nw~ DeecexÛej heefjheLe kesâ meehes#e Ùes oesveeW
(DMRC JE- 2018)
JeeFbef[bie..................nesieer– ßesCeer ceW
♦ The interpoles in D.C. machines have a tapering
shape in order to– ♦ The size of inter pole are small as compared to
main poles. Reason– In order to not to
Reduce the saturation in the interpole
get saturation
[er.meer. ceMeerve ceW Fbšjheesue keâe Deekeâej MebkeäJeekeâej neslee nw
efpememes– Fbšjheesue ceW meble=hlelee keâce nes peeleer nw cegKÙe OegÇJeeW keâer Dehes#ee Devle: OegÇJeeW keâe Deekeâej Úesše neslee nw,
keâejCe nw– meble=hlelee ve Øeehle keâjves nsleg
(SSC-JE- 2018)
♦ Interpole flux should be sufficient to–
♦ Inter pole winding is connected in–
Neutralise both the armature reaction flux as
Series with armature
well as commutating e.m.f. induced in the coil
Devle:OeÇgJe JeeFbef[bie peg[Ì er nesleer nw–
Fbšjheesue heäuekeäme kesâ efueS heÙee&hle nesvee ÛeeefnS–
DeecexÛej kesâ meeLe ßesCeer ceW
kegâC[ueer ceW Øesefjle heefjJele&keâ efJe. Jee. yeue kesâ meeLe-meeLe
(SSC JE- 2018) DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee heäuekeäme keâes Goemeerve keâjlee nw
♦ The functions of inter poles are–
♦ The interpoles in D.C. machines have a tapering
Nullify reactance voltage and reduce shape in order to–
cross magnetization effect Reduce the saturation in the interpole
Devle:OeÇgJeeW keâe keâeÙe& nw– [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW Devle: OeÇgJe Mebkegâ kesâ Deekeâej keâe neslee nw–
ØeefleIeele Jeesušspe efvejLe&keâ keâjvee Deewj Devle: OeÇgJe ceW meble=hle keâce keâjves kesâ efueS
›eâe@me Ûegbyekeâve ØeYeeJe Ieševee (UPSC IES EE-II, 1998)
(SSC JE- 2018) ♦ The polarity of the interpole is the–
♦ In shunt generator inter-pole winding carries– Same as that of main pole ahead in case of
Armature current generators, Same as that of main
heeMJe& peefve$e ceW Devle:OeÇgJe JeeFbef[bie Jenve keâjlee nw– pole behind in case of motor
DeecexÛej Oeeje Devle: OeÇgJe keâer OeÇgJelee nesleer nw–
peefve$e keâer DeJemLee ceW Deeies kesâ cegKÙe OeÇgJe kesâ meceeve,
(Sail (RSP) OCTT- 2019)
♦ The use of interpole in D.C. generator–
ceesšj keâer DeJemLee ceW heerÚs kesâ cegKÙe OeÇgJe kesâ meceeve
To improve commutation ♦ The interpole air gap is .......... that under the field
poles, in D.C. machines– Larger than
[er.meer. peefve$e ceW Devle:OeÇgJe keâe ØeÙeesie nw–
[er.meer. ceMeerve cebs, Devle: OeÇgJe kesâ Devleie&le JeeÙeg Devlejeue, #es$e
keâcÙetšsMeve keâes megOeejvee OeÇgJe keâer ........... neslee nw– Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ
♦ The introduced of interpoles in between the main
pole improves the performance of D.C. machines 4. Deeces&Ûej keâgC[ueve (Armature Winding)
because– A counter emf is induced in
♦ No. of armature conductors per pole is defined as–
the coil undergoing commutation Pole pitch
cegKÙe OeÇgJeeW kesâ yeerÛe Devle:OeÇgJeeW keâe meceeJesMe, [er.meer. ceMeerve Øeefleheesue DeecexÛej Ûeeuekeâes keâer mebKÙee .................keâes
kesâ ØeoMe&ve keâes megOeejlee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ– heefjYeeef<ele keâjleer nw– heesue efheÛe
keâcÙetšsMeve kesâ oewjeve kegbâ[ueer ceW Skeâ efJejesOeer ♦ With the usual notations, in the equation :
efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue Øesefjle neslee nw φZN P P
♦ Inter poles are wound with– Eg = × . Find the ratio of , if the DC
60 A A
Heavy gauge copper wire machine is LAP WOUND – 1
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 meeceevÙe mebkesâle heæefle kesâ meeLe meceerkeâjCe ceW ♦ In DC armature winding,________ is the distance
φZN P P between the finish of a turn and the starting of the
Eg = × , keâe Devegheele %eele keâerefpeS, Ùeefo DC next turn, which are connected to the same
60 A A commutator segment. Front pitch
ceMeerve uewhe JeeGb[ nw – 1
efo° Oeeje DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie ceW ......... Skeâ IegceeJe kesâ Devle
(DSSSB JE-22.06.2022 Time 12:30 to 2:30 PM) leLee Deieues OegceeJe kesâ ØeejcYe kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer nesleer nw, pees
UPPCL JE 29/03/2022 Shift II Skeâ ner keâcÙetšsšj KeC[ mes pegÌ[s nesles nw- De«e efheÛe
♦ The value of armature resistance in a DC machine (SJVN JE 24.10.2021 Shift -I)
is usually- Less than 1 
♦ An advantage of distributed armature winding is–
efkeâmeer [ermeer. ceMeerve ceW DeecexÛej ØeeflejesOe keâe ceeve meeceevÙele: Elimination of distorting harmonics
neslee nw- 1Ω mes keâce efJeleefjle DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie keâe ueeYe nw–
(DSSSB JE-19.03.21) ef[mšesefšËie neceexefvekeäme keâe SefueefcevesMeve
♦ The material used for generator, motor winding [RRB JE19.09.2019]
and field windings is _____. ♦ A winding which has equal number of slots and
Enamelled copper wire poles is called – Concentrated winding
peefve$e, ceesšj kegâC[ueve Deewj #es$e kegâC[ueve kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ Skeâ JeeFbef[bie efpemeceW meceeve mebKÙee ceW muee@š Deewj heesue nesles
heoeLe& nw– Fvecesu[ leeceü leej nQ, ........... keâne peelee nw– kebâmevš^sšs[ JeeFbef[bie
(UPPCL JE-27.11.2019 Shift II) [RRB JE 30.08.2019]
♦ If the poles in a lap wound generator are doubled, ♦ In AC parallel circuit the angle between voltage
then the generated EMF will- Remain the same and current of each branch will be– Different
Ùeefo uewhe JeeGC[ peefve$e ceW heesue keâes ogiegvee keâj efoÙee peelee AC meceeveeblej heefjheLe ceW, ØelÙeskeâ MeeKee kesâ Jeesušspe Deewj
nw, lees GlheVe efJe.Jee.yeue (EMF) - meceeve jnsiee Oeeje kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nesiee – efYevve
(CSPHCL JE-06.01.2022) [RRB JE 30.08.2019]
♦ Which type of heating is normally used for ♦ A DC motor is running with a certain load. The
hardening, annealing and tempering of machine effect of adding an external resistance in the shunt
field circuit is ______.
parts– Eddy current heating
To increase the motor speed
ceMeerve kesâ hegpeex keâer ne[xefvebie, Sveerefuebie Deewj šscheefjbie kesâ efueS
Skeâ [er.meer. ceesšj efkeâmeer efveef§ele Yeej kesâ meeLe Ûeue jne nw~
meeceevÙele: efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ leeheve keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
Mebš #es$e heefjheLe ceW yee¢e ØeeflejesOe pees[Ì ves keâe ØeYeeJe nw–
YebJej Oeeje leeheve ceesšj keâer ieefle keâes yeÌ{evee
[UPPCL JE-28.03.22(2-5 PM)] (UPPCL JE-27.11.2019 Shift II)
♦ In wave winding–
Average pitch = (back pitch + front pitch)/2,
Comparison Between Lap and Wave
The back pitch is equal to the front pitch, The Winding
back pitch and front pitch should be odd uewhe kegâC[ueve lejbie kegâC[ueve
lejbie kegbâ[ueve ceW– (Lap (Wave winding)
Deewmele efheÛe = (yewkeâ efheÛe + øebâš efheÛe)/2, Fmekeâer winding)
yewkeâ efheÛe, øebâš efheÛe kesâ yejeyej nesleer nw, Fmekeâer yewkeâ DeefOekeâ Oeeje kesâ DeefOekeâ Jeesušspe kesâ efueS lejbie kegâC[ueve keâe
efheÛe Deewj øebâš efheÛe efJe<ece nesveer ÛeeefnS efueS uewhe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
[UPPCL JE-28.03.22(2-5 PM)] kegâC[ueve keâe
♦ For a 4-pole simplex wave-wound DC generator,
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
number of parallel paths will be– 2 peelee nw
4-heesue efmebhueskeäme JesJe-JeeFbef[bie Jeeues [ermeer peefve$e kesâ efueS, FmeceW De«eefheÛe FmeceW De«eefheÛe (Yf) leLee he§eefheÛe (Yb) keâe ceeve
meceeveeblej heLeeW keâer mebKÙee nesieer– 2 (Yf) Je he§eefheÛe meceeve Yeer nes mekeâlee nw~ Deewj oesveeW ceW oes keâe
(UPPCL JE-08.09.2021 Shift-II) (Yb) keâe ceeve Devlej Yeer nes mekeâlee nw~
♦ In DC machines, the use of wave winding is
meceeve vener nesvee
prohibited if the armature currents exceeds ÛeeefnS yeefukeâ
___________– 300 A oesvees ceW 2 keâe
[er.meer. ceMeerveeW ceW DeecexÛej Oeeje keâe ceeve ....... mes heej keâj Devlej nesvee
peeves hej lejbie kegâC[ueve keâe ØeÙeesie Jeefpe&le nw– 300 A
ÛeeefnS, DeLee&le
Yb = Yf ± 2
(HPCL JE-07.08.2021 Shift-II)
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 efokeäheefjJele&ve efokeäheefjJele&ve efheÛe keâe ceeve heefjCeeceer efheÛe kesâ uewhe kegbâ[ueve ceW heefjCeeceer efheÛe Deblejeue neslee nw–
efheÛe keâe ceeve yejeyej neslee nw heMÛe efheÛe Deewj De«e efheÛe Deblejeue keâe Devlej
Skeâ nesvee Commutator pitch YC = YA (DSSSB JE-2015)
ÛeeefnS No.of Commutator bar ± 1 ♦ Welding generator will have– Lap winding
Yc = ± 1 YC = Avera Jesefu[bie peefve$e ceW meeceevÙele: nesleer nw– uewhe kegâC[ueve
No.of Pair of pole
ge pitch which must be an integer in (DSSSB JE-2015)
Z ♦ For both lap and wave windings, there are as
Z± 2 ±1 many commutator bars as the number of–
given YA = YA = 2
p p Winding elements
2 uewhe Deewj JesJe kegbâ[ueve oesveeW kesâ efueS efokeäheefjJele&keâ yeej keâer
FmeceW meceeveevlej FmeceW meceeveevlej heLees keâer mebKÙee 2 nesleer nw mebKÙee ........ keâer mebKÙee kesâ yejeyej nesleer nw–
heLees keâer mebKÙee A = 2 ØelÙeskeâ meceeveevlej heLe ceW Ûeeuekeâes keâer kegâC[ueve Ieškeâ
heesue keâer mebKÙee Z (DSSSB JE-2015)
kesâ yejeyej nesleer mebKÙee 2 nesveer ÛeeefnS ♦ As a result of armature reaction, the reduction in
nw~ A = P the total mutual air gap flux in a D.C. generator is
approximately– (5%)
ØelÙeskeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ heefjCeece mes kegâue
meceeveevlej heLe hejmhej JeeÙeg iewhe Heäuekeäme ceW keâceer ueieYeie neslee nw– (5%)
ceW ÛeeuekeâeW keâer (DSSSB JE-2015)
Z ♦ In lap winding, the number of brushes is always–
mebKÙee nesveer
P Same as the number of poles
ÛeeefnS uewhe kegâC[ueve ceW yeÇMeeW keâer mebKÙee ncesMee nesleer nw–
FmeceW mecekeâejer FmeceW mecekeâejer mebÙeespeve keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee vener heesue kesâ mebKÙee kesâ yejeyej
mebÙeespeve keâer nesleer nw (DSSSB JE- 2015, UPSSSC JE-2016,)
DeeJeMÙekeâlee (ESIC JE-2016)
nesleer nw~ ♦ Aluminium is not used as winding wire for the
armature of D.C. machine because–
Fme Øekeâej kesâ Fme Øekeâej kesâ DeecexÛej ceW [ceer kegâC[ueer nes Large winding space required
DeecexÛej ceW mekeâleer nw by Aluminium conductor
meceevÙele: [ceer
SuÙegceerefveÙece keâes [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ DeecexÛej keâer JeeFbef[bie leej
kegâC[ueer vener nw cebs ØeÙeesie veneR keâjles nQ keäÙeeWefkeâ–
♦ We call a winding when the ends of a coil are SuÙegefceefveÙece Ûeeuekeâ keâes pÙeeoe
joined to a commutator bar at a distance of one
pole pitch– Wave winding JeeFbef[bie mhesme keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~
Ùeefo Skeâ keäJeeFue kesâ efmejeW keâes efokeäheefjJele&keâ yeej hej Skeâ heesue (BSNL TTA-2016)
efheÛe keâer otjer hej peesÌ[e peeÙes lees Fme JeeFbef[bie keâes keânles nw– ♦ The basic requirement of a D.C. armature winding
is that it must be– A closed coil
lejbie kegbâ[ueve
Skeâ efo°Oeeje DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie keâer cetue DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw efkeâ–
(UPPCL JE-2016)
Ùen Skeâ yevo kegbâ[ueer nes
♦ For lap winding compared to wave winding–
(BSNL TTA-2016)
The efficiency of the lap winding is less
♦ A pole pitch in electrical machines is–
uewhe JeeFbef[bie keâer leguevee Jesye JeeFbef[bie mes keâjves hej –
1800 electrical
uewhe JeeFbef[bie keâer #ecelee keâce nesleer nw JewÅegle ceMeerveeW ceW Skeâ heesue efheÛe nesiee– 1800 JewÅegle
(PGCIL DT-SR 2-22.08.2021 (UK AE-2013)
♦ A 6-pole D.C. machine having wave winding has ♦ In case of four pole, lap wound machine if the air
number of parallel paths– 2 gap under each pole is the same, then the result
lejbie kegbâ[ueve Ùegòeâ Skeâ 6-OeÇgJeerÙe [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW meceeveevlej will be– Current in each path will be the same
heLe nesles nQ– 2 Skeâ uewhe JeeGC[ ceMeerve efpemeceW 4 heesue nw~ Ùeefo ØelÙeskeâ heesue
(UPPCL AE-2016) kesâ veerÛes meceeve JeeÙeg Devlejeue nw lees heefjCeece keäÙee nesiee–
♦ In the case of lap winding resultant pitch is– ØelÙeskeâ heLe keâe Oeeje meceeve jnsiee
Difference of back pitch and front pitch (J&K JE-2016)

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♦ If θm be the mechanical degrees & θe be the kegâC[ueer efJemleej–
electrical degrees & P the number of poles on a OeÇgJe efheÛe kesâ yejeyej nes Yeer mekeâleer nw vener Yeer
D.C. generator then– θm = 2θe/P
♦ The commutator pitch for simplex wave winding
Ùeefo θm, Ùeeefv$ekeâ ef[«eer Deewj θe efJeÅegle ef[«eer P heesueeW keâer is equal to– Average pitch
mebKÙee nes lees efkeâmeer [er.meer. peefve$e ceW– θm = 2θe/P meeOeejCele: lejbie kegâC[ueve kesâ efueS efokedâheefjJele&keâ efheÛe
UJVNL-2016 yejeyej neslee nw– Deewmele efheÛe
♦ Lap winding is preferred for machines– ♦ The commutator of a 6-pole D.C. machine having
High current and low voltage a simple wave-wound armature with 72 slots,
uewhe kegâC[ueve keâes ceMeerveeW ceW JejerÙelee oer peeleer nw– segments will be– 72
GÛÛe efJeÅegleOeeje Deewj efvecve Jeesušspe 72- muee@š kesâ meeLe Skeâ meeOeejCe lejbie kegâC[ueve DeecexÛej
Jeeueer 6 heesue [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ efokeäheefjJele&keâ kesâ efueS
(LMRC SCTO-2015, ESIC JE -2016)
mesieceWš nesieW– 72
(UP Jal Nigam AE-Dec-2016)
(UPSC IES EE-II 2011)
(FCI-04.10.205, DMRC JE-2015)
♦ In a drum type D.C. armature winding the back
♦ For a full pitch winding, the generated voltages in pitch and front pitch in terms of the coil-sides
both coil sides are– Exactly in phase must be– Both odd
hetCe& efheÛe kegâC[ueve (JeeFbeE[ie) kesâ efueS, oesveeW keäJee@Fue Skeâ [^ce Øekeâej kesâ [er.meer. DeecexÛej kegâC[ueve ceW keäJee@Ùeue
meeF[dme ceW GlheVe Jeesušspe nQ– mešerkeâ hesâpe ceW meeF[ kesâ mevoYe& ceW yewkeâ efheÛe Deewj øebâš efheÛe nesvee ÛeeefnS–
(SSC JE-2017) oesveeW efJe<ece
♦ The parts of the armature electric circuit which ♦ In a D.C. machine, fractional pitch winding is
take active part in e.m.f. generation are– employed to– Reduce sparking, save copper
The coil sides inside the slots Skeâ efo° Oeeje ceMeerve ceW DeebefMekeâ efheÛe kegâC[ueve ØeÙegòeâ keâer
efJe. Jee. yeue efvecee&Ce ceW DeecexÛej efJeÅegle heefjheLe kesâ keâewve mes peeleer nw– mHegâueve (mhegâefuebie) ceW keâceer, leeceü yeÛele
efnmmes meef›eâÙe ®he mes Yeeie uesles nQ– ♦ The basic requirement of a D.C. armature winding
muee@š kesâ Yeerlej keâer kegâC[ueer keâer meeF[ is that it must be– Closed type
(SSC JE-2017) Skeâ [er.meer. DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie keâer cetue DeeJeMÙekeâlee Ùen nw
♦ Number of parallel paths will be in duplex 4-pole efkeâ Ùen.................nesveer ÛeeefnS– yebo Øekeâej keâer
lap winding– 8 ♦ In the armature windings of a D.C. generator an
4 OeÇgJe ÉwOe (Duplex) uewhe kegâC[ueve ceW meceeveevlej heLees keâer emf is induced when the armature rotates in–
mebKÙee nesieer– 8 Magnetic field
Vizag steel JE 2018 efkeâmeer [er.meer. peefve$e kesâ DeecexÛej kegâC[ueveeW ceW efJe. Jee. yeue
♦ Wave winding is employed in D.C. machine Øesefjle neslee nw peye DeecexÛej.................ceW IetCe&ve keâjlee nw–
having– High voltage, Low current ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e
Gve [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW JesJe JeeFbef[bie ØeÙegòeâ keâer peeleer nw ♦ The armature resistance in case of lap wound
efpemeceW– GÛÛe Jeesušspe, keâce Oeeje nesleer nw armature having Z conductors each conductor of
length l meters, x-sectional area a m2, resistivity
LMRC (SCTO). 2018 ρlZ
♦ Commutator pitch for simplex lap winding is– ρ and P poles will be–
aρ 2
±1
uewhe kegâC[ueve keâer oMee ceW DeecexÛej ceW Z Ûeeuekeâ kesâ meeLe
efmecheuewkeäme uewhe kegâC[ueve kesâ efueS efokeäheefjJele&keâ efheÛe neslee ØelÙeskeâ Ûeeuekeâ keâer uecyeeF& l ceeršj, DevegØemLe keâeš #es$eheâue a
nw– ±1 ceeršj2, ØeeflejesOekeâlee ρ Deewj P OegÇJe hej DeecexÛej ØeeflejesOe
♦ The number of armature parallel paths in a two– ρlZ
pole D.C. generator having duplex lap winding– 4 nesiee–
aρ 2
[ghueskeäme uewhe JeeFbef[bie jKeles ngS Skeâ oes-OeÇgJe [er.meer. peefve$e
JeeFbef[bie ceW DeecexÛej kesâ meceeveevlej heLeeW keâer mebKÙee nesleer nw–4 ♦ In lap winding, the number of brushes is always
________ the number of poles– Same as
♦ The nature of armature winding of a D.C. machine
is decided by– Commutator pitch
uewhe kegâC[ueve ceW, yeÇMeeW keâer mebKÙee meowJe heesue (OegÇJe) keâer
mebKÙee kesâ ____________ nesleer nw– meceeve
Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ DeecexÛej kegâC[ueve keâer Øeke=âefle efveOee&efjle
keâer peeleer nw– efokeäheefjJele&keâ efheÛe kesâ Éeje ♦ If in 6 pole lap wound D.C. machine, the air gap
under each pole is not the same, this is likely to
♦ The coil span– result in–
May or may not be exactly equal to pole pitch Unequal currents in parallel paths
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 Ùeefo 6 heesue uewhe kegâC[ueve [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW, ØelÙeskeâ OeÇgJe ♦ For a D.C. generator when the number of poles
kesâ Devleie&le JeeÙeg Devlejeue Demeceeve nw lees Fmekeâe heefjCeece nes and the number of armature condutors is fixed,
then winding will give the higher e.m.f.–
mekeâlee nw– meceeveevlej heLe ceW Demeceeve Oeeje
Wave winding
♦ A duplex lap winding with equalizers and even
[er.meer. peefve$e kesâ efueS peye heesueeW keâer mebKÙee Deewj DeecexÛej
number of pairs of poles is–
Ûeeuekeâ keâer mebKÙee efveef§ele nes, leye JeeFbef[bie GÛÛe efJe. Jee.
Doubly re-entrant and number
yeue osiee– lejbie kegbâ[ueve
of coils per pair of poles is an odd integer
♦ The commutator pitch of a triplex lap winding in a
FkeäJeueeFpej Deewj OeÇgJe ÙegiceeW keâer mece mebKÙee kesâ meeLe Skeâ D.C. generator is– 3
[Ÿethueskeäme uewhe kegâC[ueve neWleer nw–
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW Skeâ efš^hueskeäme uewhe kegâC[ueve keâe
hegve: ØeJesMeer oesiegveer Deewj Øeefle OegÇJe Ùegice kegâC[ueer
efokeäheefjJele&keâ efheÛe..................neslee nw– 3
keâer mebKÙee Skeâ efJe<ece hetCeeËkeâ nesleer nw ♦ Wave winding is composed of–
♦ The parts of the armature electric circuit which That even number which is
take active part in e.m.f. generation are– exact multiple of poles ±2
The coil sides inside the slots JesJe JeeFbef[bie.................keâer yeveeÙeer peeleer nw–
efJe. Jee. yeue efvecee&Ce ceW DeecexÛej efJeÅegle heefjheLe kesâ keâewve mes
efnmmes meef›eâÙe ®he mes Yeeie uesles nQ– Jen mece mebKÙee pees OeÇgJeeW keâer mebKÙee keâe mešerkeâ ±2 keâe
iegCekeâ nes
muee@š kesâ Yeerlej keâer kegâC[ueer keâer melen
♦ The distance between the beginning one coil and
(SSC JE- 2 March 2017, 2.45 pm) the beginning of the next coil to which it is
♦ Lap winding is composed of– connected is given by– Resultant pitch
Any even number of conductors efkeâmeer kegâC[ueer keâer Meg™Deele leLee Gmemes pegÌ[er Deieueer
uewhe JeeFbef[bie, keâe yevee nw– kegâC[ueer keâer Meg™Deele kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer keâes................Éeje
ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ efkeâmeer Yeer mece mebKÙee efoÙee peelee nw– heefjCeeceer efheÛe
♦ In a D.C. generator the number of mechanical ♦ A P–pole lap wound D.C. machine has an
armature current Ia. The conductor current in the
degrees and electrical degrees will be the same
when– Number of poles is 2  Ia 
armature winding is– P
[er.meer. peefve$e ceW cewkesâefvekeâue ef[«eer Deewj Fuesefkeäš^keâue ef[«eer keâer  
mebKÙee meceeve nesieer, peye– heesueeW keâer mebKÙee 2 nes Skeâ P-heesue uewhe JeeGC[ [er.meer. ceMeerve keâer DeecexÛej Oeeje Ia
nw~ DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie ceW Ûeeuekeâ Oeeje.................nw–  a 
♦ For a P-pole machine, the relation between I
electrical and machanical degrees is– P
 P  ♦ For wave winding, the average pitch must be–
θelec = 2 θmech 
  Odd or even (Integer Number)
P-heesue ceMeerve kesâ efueS, JewÅegle Deewj Ùeebef$ekeâ ef[«eer kesâ yeerÛe lejbie kegbâ[ueve kesâ efueS, Deewmele efheÛe.................nesveer
 P  ÛeeefnS– efJe<ece DeLeJee mece (hetCeeËkeâ mebKÙee)
mecyevOe nw– θelec = 2 θmech  ♦ The armature conductors of a 6–pole, lap wound
D.C. generator are divided into number of parallel
♦ In a lap wound D.C. generator having P as number path– 6
of poles and Z as number of conductors, the
maximum number of equilizer rings will be–
Skeâ 6 heesue uewhe JeeGC[ [er.meer. peefve$e kesâ DeecexÛej kebâ[keäšj
keâes...............meceeveevlej heLeeW ceW efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw–6
 2Z 
P ♦ If number of poles in lap wound d.c. generator are
  doubled, the generated e.m.f. will be– Unchanged
Skeâ uewhe JeeGC[ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW P heesueeW keâer mebKÙee Deewj Ùeefo uewhe JeeGC[ efo.Oee. peefve$e ceW OegÇJeeW keâer mebKÙee ogiegveer keâer
Z ÛeeuekeâeW keâer mebKÙee nw, lees FkeäJeeueeFpej efjbie keâer DeefOekeâlece peeleer nw, lees GlheVe efJe.Jee.ye.– DeheefjJeefle&le jnsiee
 2Z  (Uttarakhand- 2013)
mebKÙee nesieer–  P 
[ceer keäJee@Ùeue
♦ For generating large currents on D.C. generators,
winding is generally preferred– Lap winding (Dummy Coil or Idle coils)
[er.meer. peefve$e ceW DeefOekeâ OeejeDeeW keâe efvecee&Ce keâjves kesâ efueS, ♦ The dummy coils in d.c. machines are used to–
Maintain mechanical balance
JeeFbef[bie keâe meeceevÙe ™he mes ÛeÙeve keâjles nQ– uewhe kegbâ[ueve
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 [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW [ceer keâe@Fue keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– ♦ In a DC machine, if V = terminal voltage and E=
induced EMF in the armature, then which
ÙeeBef$ekeâ meblegueve keâes yeveeves ceW condition for the DC machine to work like a DC
(SSC JE-(M)-2018, SSC JE-(E)-2018) motor– V>E
(LMRC SCTO. 2018) Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW Ùeefo V = efmeje Jeesušspe leLee E =
(BSNL TTA-2016, SSC-JE-2017) DeecexÛej ceW Øesefjle efJe.Jee. yeue leye keâewve meer efmLeefle [er.meer.
(Coal India Ltd.-2017) ceMeerve keâes Skeâ [er.meer. ceesšj keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâjves kesâ efueS
(Uttarakhand AE 2013) GòejoeÙeer nw– V>E
(UPSC IES EE-II 2003) (UPPCL JE 29-03-2022, Shift- II)
(UPPCL AE-2015) ♦ A 300 V of separately excited dc generator is run
at rated speed without excitation, terminal voltage
(UPRVUNL JE-2015)
on no load condition will be– Very low 2 to 3 V
Note:- [ceer keäJeeÙeue lejbie kegâC[ueve ceW nesleer nw~ he=Lekeâle: ™he ceW Gòesefpele [er.meer. peefve$e keâes Skeâ 300Jeesuš
efyevee Gòespevee kesâ jsšs[ ieefle mes ÛeueeÙee peelee nw, efyevee uees[
5. efo<š Oeeje peefve$e keâe efJe. Jee. yeue meceerkeâjCe keâer efmLeefle hej šefce&veue Jeesušspe nesiee–
(EMF Equation of DC Generator) yengle keâce 2 mes 3 Jeesuš
[UPPCL JE 07.09.2021 Shift-I]
♦ For a simplex Wave-wound generator, the E.M.F ♦ What is the EMF generated per path in a P-pole
generated/path is _______volts.(Where φ = φZN
Flux/pole in weber, Z = total no. of armature simplex lap-wound generator- Volt
60
conductor, P = No. of generetor Poles, N =
Armature rotation in revolution per minute) P-heesue efmechueskeäme uewhe-JeeFbef[bie Jeeues peefve$e ceW Øeefle heeLe
φZNP φZN
GlheVe efJe.Jee.yeue (EMF) efkeâlevee neslee nw- Volt
60A 60
Skeâ efmechueskeäme JesJe-JeeGb[ peefve$e kesâ efueS, efJe. Jee. yeue (SSC JE-29.10.2020 Shift-II)
GlheVe/heLe..........Jeesuš nw~ (peneb φ = Jesyej ceW heäuekeäme/heesue, ♦ The nature of emf induced in the armature of a dc
Z = DeecexÛej kebâ[keäšj keâer kegâue mebKÙee, P = peveef$e heesue keâer generator is _____ and it is converted into _____
by means. of split ring (commutator)– AC, DC
mebKÙee, N = IetCe&ve Øeefle efceveš ceW DeecexÛej jesšsMeve)-
φZNP
[er.meer. pesvejsšj kesâ DeecexÛej ceW Øesefjle F&.Sce.Sheâ. keâer
Øeke=âefle..............nesleer nw Deewj Fmes ..............ceW efmhueš
60A
JeueÙe (efokeâdheefjJele&keâ) kesâ Éeje heefjJeefle&le efkeâÙee peelee nw–
(NPCIL KAIGA SA-B, 27-08-2022)
AC, DC
efo<šOeeje peefve$e kesâ efJeÅegle-Jeenkeâ yeue keâe meceerkeâjCe ♦ To generate emf, methods may be used–
(Electromotive Force Equation of D.C.
Stationary field system with rotating
Generator)
armature Stationary armature with
Øesefjle efJeÅegle-Jeenkeâ yeue (induced e.m.f.)
rotating field system or Stationary
φZN P field and stationary armature
E= × volts
60 A efJe.Jee. yeue GlheVe keâjves kesâ efueS .........efJeefOe ØeÙeesie keâer
uewhe JeeFbef[bie keâer efmLeefle ceW– peeleer nw– IetCeea DeecexÛej kesâ meeLe efmLej #es$e ØeCeeueer
Gòeâ meceerkeâjCe ceW A = P jKeves hej efJeÅegle-Jeenkeâ yeue IetCeea #es$e ØeCeeueer kesâ meeLe efmLej DeecexÛej Ùee
φZN efmLej #es$e Deewj efmLej DeecexÛej
El = volt
60 ♦ The EMF of a generator depends on–
JesJe JeeFbef[bie keâer efmLeefle ceW– Number of poles, Number of parallel
Gòeâ meceerkeâjCe ceW A = 2 jKeves hej efJeÅegle-Jeenkeâ yeue paths and Flux per pole
φPNZ peefve$e keâe efJe.Jee. yeue........... hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw –
Ew = volt heesue keâer mebKÙee, meceeveeblej heLeeW keâer mebKÙee Deewj
120
‘‘uewhe leLee JesJe’’ JeeFbef[bieeW kesâ efJeÅegle-Jeenkeâ yeueeW ceW heäuekeäme Øeefle heesue
hejmhej mecyevOe (Relation between electromotive [RRB JE 30.08.2019]
forces of "lap and wave", winding ♦ Whenever machine is operating as generator the
emf is called as.........whereas when machine is
P operated as motor the emf is called as ...........–
Wave winding e.m.f. = × Lap winding e.m.f.
2 Generated EMF, Back EMF
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 peye ceMeerve peefve$e kesâ meceeve ØeÛeeefuele nesleer nw lees emf ♦ The emf induced in a conductor rotating in a
............... keânueelee nw, Deewj peye ceMeerve ceesšj kesâ meceeve bipolar field is– AC
ØeÛeeefuele nesleer nw lees ............. keânueelee nw– efkeâmeer efÉOeÇgJeer #es$e ceW Skeâ IetCeeaÙe Ûeeuekeâ ceW Øesefjle efJe.Jee. yeue
GlheVe efJe.Jee. yeue, he§e efJe.Jee. yeue neslee nw– S.meer.
♦ As we go from generator end towards load, the ♦ A conductor is rotating within a magnetic field.
severity of a particular fault– Decreases Peak voltages occur–
At right angle to the axis of the magnetic field
pewmes efkeâ nce peefve$e kesâ Deble mes uees[ keâer Deesj peeles nQ, lees
Skeâ efJeMes<e oes<e keâer iebYeerjlee– Iešlee nw efkeâmeer ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e kesâ Debleie&le Skeâ Ûeeuekeâ IetCe&ve keâj jne
nw~ efMeKej Jeesušlee Ieefšle neslee nw–
(Coal India Ltd.- 2017)
♦ Quantity maintains the same direction whether a
ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e kesâ De#e kesâ meceeveeblej
D.C. machine runs as a generator or as a motor– ♦ If we increase field current of a DC generator its
Induced E.M.F. EMF output–
[er.meer. ceMeerve Éeje peefve$e kesâ ™he ceW DeLeJee ceesšj kesâ ™he ceW Increases till the magnetic saturation
keâeÙe& keâjves hej Yeer jeefMe meceeve efoMee keâes keâeÙece jKeleer nw– Ùeefo nce Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e keâer #es$e Oeeje keâes yeÌ{eles nQ, lees
Øesefjle efJe.Jee. yeue Fmekeâe efJe.Jee. yeue DeeGšhegš–
(SSC JE- 2017)
ÛegcyekeâerÙe meble=hlelee lekeâ yeÌ{lee nw
♦ Condition for maximum power delivered in D.C. ♦ Drop in speed of a D.C. generator due to increase
Generator is– in load can be compensated by–
Induced EMF = (2 × Supply voltage) Increasing the input to the prime mover
efo° Oeeje peefve$e keâer DeefOekeâlece Meefkeäle hej keâece keâjves keâer Yeej ceW Je=efæ kesâ keâejCe [er.meer. peefve$e kesâ ieefle ceW keâceer keâes
Mele& nw– Øesefjle efJe.Jee. yeue · (2 × Deehetefle& Jeesušlee) keâce efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– ØeeFce cetJej kesâ Fvehegš
(SSC JE- 2017) keâes yeÌ{ekeâj
♦ A simple method of increasing the voltage of a ♦ With the increase in field excitation of a D.C.
DC generator is– generator, its generated emf–
To increase the speed of rotation Increases upto a limit and then
remains almost constant
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e keâer Jeesušlee keâes yeÌ{eves keâer mejue efJeefOe
nw– IetCe&ve ieefle keâes yeÌ{e keâjkesâ [er.meer. peefve$e kesâ #es$e Gòespeve ceW yeÌ{esòejer kesâ meeLe Gmekeâe
Glheeefole efJe.Jee. yeue.–
(SSC-JE- 2018, SSC JE- 2017)
Skeâ meercee lekeâ yeÌ{siee Deewj Gmekesâ yeeo
♦ In DC machine torque is proportional to–
ueieYeie efmLej jnsiee
Both flux & amature current
♦ The armature current in a D.C. shunt generator is
[er.meer. ceMeerve ceW yeueeIetCe& Devegheeleer neslee nw–
Eg − V
Heäuekeäme Deewj DeecexÛej Oeeje oesveeW kesâ given as–
Ra
(SSC JE- 2018)
[er.meer. HeeMJe&heLe peefve$e ceW DeecexÛej Oeeje efoÙee peelee nw–
♦ If residual magnetism is present in a DC
Eg − V
generator, the induced emf at zero speed will be–
Zero Ra
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW Ùeefo DeJeefMe° ÛegcyekeâlJe GheefmLele nes, 6. Deeces&Ûej Øeefleef›eâÙee (Armature Reaction)
MetvÙe ieefle hej Øesefjle efJe.Jee. yeue nesieer– MetvÙe
♦ If residual magnetism is not present in a DC ♦ _______ is the effect of magnetic flux setup by
generator, the induced emf at Normal speed is armature current upon the distribution of flux
under the main poles- Armature reaction
Zero
_______ cegKÙe OeÇgJeeW kesâ veerÛes Heäuekeäme kesâ efJelejCe hej
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW Ùeefo DeJeefMe° ÛegcyekeâlJe GheefmLele ve nes DeecexÛej Oeeje Éeje ÛegcyekeâerÙe Heäuekeäme mesš-Dehe keâe ØeYeeJe nw-
lees meeceevÙe ieefle hej Øesefjle efJe.Jee. yeue nesieer– MetvÙe
DeecexÛej efjSkeäMeve
♦ The emf of a generator depends on–
(UPSSSC JE -16.04.2022)
Speed & flux
♦ In a D.C. machine, on no load the magnetic
peefve$e keâe efJe.Jee. yeue.................hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw– neutral axis– Coincides with the geometrical
ieefle Deewj Heäuekeäme neutral axis
efo° Oeeje peefve$e 24 YCT
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Skeâ uees[ jefnle [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW, ÛegcyekeâerÙe Goemeerve De#e– The armature reaction, which cross or divert
main magnetic field is called cross magnetising
pÙeeefceleerÙe Goemeerve De#e kesâ mecheeleer nesiee armature.
(UPSSSC JE 2016) Jen DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee, pees cegKÙe ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e keâes heej
♦ In d.c. generators, armature reaction is produced (cross) keâjlee nw, ›eâeme cewivesšeFefpebie DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee
by ____ – Armature current keânueelee nw~
[er.meer. peefve$e ceW, DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee _____ Éeje efveefce&le Magnetic neutral axis (MNA) is always
nesleer nw – DeecexÛej Oeeje perpendicular to the axis of resulatant field
(DSSSB JE-20.06.2022 Time-8.30 To 10.30 AM) flux.
(FCI 2015) ÛegcyekeâerÙe Goemeerve De#e (MNA) meowJe, heefjCeeceer #es$e
♦ The winding of interpoles is connected _______ Heäuekeäme kesâ uecyeJeled neslee nw~
with the armature– In series Geometric neutral axis (GNA) is along the
Fbšjheesue keâer JeeFbef[bie, DeecexÛej kesâ meeLe....... pegÌ[er nesleer nw– quadrature axis of the d.c. machine
ßesCeer ceW pÙeeefceleerÙe Goemeerve De#e (GNA), DC ceMeerve ÛelegLeeËMe
De#e (keäJee[&jsÛej) kesâ De#e ceW jnlee nw~
(RRB JE-01-09-2019)
Compensating winding mmf neutralizer the
♦ ................. of a DC generator is called regulation armature mmf only under the main pole face.
curve- Armature characteristic
Øeeflekeâejer kegâC[ueve mmf, kesâJeue cegKÙe OeÇgJe Hesâme kesâ Deboj
[er.meer. peefve$e keâe ............. efveÙeceve Je›eâ keânueelee nw- kesâ DeecexÛej mmf keâes Goemeerve keâjlee nw~
DeecexÛej DeefYeue#eCe Interpoles are use to neutrallised the armature
(UPPCL JE- 27.11.2019 Shift -I) reaction flux in the interpolar axis. It also
♦ Armature reaction in a D.C. shunt generator produce some rotational voltage in the coil
undergoing commutation and neutralize the
running at full load with brushes not shifted from
reactance voltage and improve the
the geometrical neutral plane and saturation commutation.
neglected is– Cross magnetizing
DeblejOeÇgJe keâe ØeÙeesie, DeblejOeÇgJe De#e ceW DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee
hetCe& uees[ hej Ûeueves Jeeues Skeâ [er.meer. Mebš peefve$e ceW yeÇMeeW Heäuekeäme keâes Goemeerve keâjves kesâ efueS neslee nQ Ùen
keâes pÙeeefceleerÙe Goemeerve De#e mes efMeHeäš veneR efkeâÙee ieÙee nw efokeâheefjJele&ve Jeeueer kegâC[ueve ceW kegâÚ IetCeeaÙe Jeesušspe Yeer
leLee meble=hle keâes vepej Deboepe efkeâÙee ieÙee nw, lees DeecexÛej GlheVe keâjlee nw Deewj Øeefleef›eâÙee Jeesušspe keâes Goemeerve Deewj
Øeefleef›eâÙee nesieer– ›eâe@me cewivesšeFef]peie efokeâheefjJele&ve keâes megOeejlee Yeer nw~
(UPRVUNL AE- 2016) Polarity of interpoles is same as the succeeding
♦ The effect of armature flux on the main field– main pole in generator action and of the
Cross magnetizing as well as demagnetizing preceding main pole in motor action.
cegKÙe #es$e hej DeecexÛej heäuekeäme keâe ØeYeeJe neslee nw– peefve$e kesâ ceeceues ceW, DeblejOeÇgJe keâer OeÇgJelee Deheves GòejJeleea
(De«eieeceer) OeÇgJe kesâ meceeve peyeefkeâ ceesšj kesâ ceeceueeW ceW
›eâe@me (efleÙe&keâ) Ûegcyekeâve kesâ meeLe-meeLe efJeÛegcyekeâve Deheves hetJe&Jeleea (he§eieeceer) OeÇgJe kesâ meceeve nesleer nw~
(UPPCL AE- 2016) The interpole winding and compensating
DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee winding carry armature current
(Armature Reaction) DeblejOegÇJe Deewj Øeeflekeâejer kegâC[ueve oesveeW DeecexÛej Oeeje keâes
Jenve keâjleer nw~
The effect of armature magnetic flux on the
main magnetic flux is called armature reaction. Interpoles are long but narrow in shape to avoid
magnetic saturation.
cegKÙe cewivesefškeâ Heâeru[ hej DeecexÛej cewivesefškeâ Heâeru[
(heäuekeäme) kesâ ØeYeeJe keâes DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee keânles nQ~
ÛegcyekeâerÙe meble=hlelee mes yeÛeeves kesâ efueS DeblejOeÇgJe uecyee hejvleg
DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee De«eefueefKele oes Øekeâej keâe neslee nw– heleues Deekeâej keâe neslee nw~
(i) Demagnetising armature reaction ♦ In a D.C. generator, when the magnetic neutral
(ii) Cross magnetising armature reaction axis coincides with the geometrical neutral axis–
The armature reaction which opposes or There is no load on the generator
decrease main magnetic field is called [er.meer. peefve$e ceW, ÛegcyekeâerÙe vÙetš^ue De#e pÙeeefceleerÙe vÙetš^ue
Demagentising armature reaction. De#e mes efceuelee nw peye–peefve$e hej keâesF& uees[ veneR neslee nw
Jen DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee, pees cegKÙe ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e keâe efJejesOe (UPRVUNL- 2015)
keâjlee nw, [ercewivesšeFefpebie DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee keânueelee nw~ (JUVNL JE- 2017)
efo° Oeeje peefve$e 25 YCT

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 SefcheÙej-šveeX keâe heefjkeâueve Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW, DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee keâe heefjCeece neslee
(Calculation of Ampere Turn) nw– cegKÙe OegÇJe kesâ efmejs keâe efJeÛegbyekeâerkeâjCe
Deewj efheÚues OeÇgJe kesâ efmejs keâe ÛegbyekeâerkeâjCe
(i) Øeefle heesue [ercewivesšeFefpebie SsefcheÙej-šve&
(ESIC JE- 2016)
 θ  ♦ The demagnetisation component of armature
ATd / Pole = ZI  
 360  reaction in D.C. generator–
(ii) Øeefle heesue kegâue SsefcheÙej-šve& Reduces generator e.m.f.
Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee keâe efJeÛegbyekeâerkeâjCe
ZI a
ATt / Pole = Ieškeâ– peefve$e keâe efJe.Jee.yeue. (emf) keâce keâj oslee nw
2AP
(ESIC JE- 2016)
(iii) Øeefle heesue ›eâe@me cewivesšeFefpebie SsefcheÙej-šve& ♦ Under-commutation gives rise to–
 l θ  Sparking at the trailing edge of the brush
ATc / pole = ZI  − 
 2AP 360  Deb[j-efokeäheefjJele&ve kesâ keâejCe neslee nw–
(iv) Øeefle heesue keâcheWmesefšbie JeeFbef[bie SsefcheÙej-šve& yeÇMe kesâ Devegieeceer (efheÚueer) efkeâveejs hej mheee\keâie
ATcu / pole = 0.7 × ATt / pole (SSC JE- 2017, UPSSSC JE- 2016)
♦ In a D.C. generator, sparking at the brushes occurs
ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e kesâ Deefleefjòeâ JeleeX (Calculation of due to–
Extra Turns of Magnetic Field)– Armature reaction and commutation
(i) heeMJe& JeleeX keâe heefjkeâueve (Calculation of Shunt [er.meer. peefve$e ceW yeÇMe hej mheeefkeËâie keâe keâejCe neslee nw–
Turns) DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee Deewj efokeâ-heefjJele&ve
(LMRC (SCTO)- 2018)
Tsh =
A.Td
×λ pÙeeefceleerÙe Goemeerve De#e
Ish (Geometrical Neutral Axis)
(ii) ßesCeer JeleeX keâe heefjkeâueve (Calculation of Series DeecexÛej SJeb heesue oesveeW De#eeW kesâ uecyeJele Jen keâeuheefvekeâ
Turns) mLeeÙeer De#e (mejue jsKee), pees oes efJehejerle (N and S)
mebueive ÛegcyekeâerÙe OegÇJeeW kesâ yeerÛe kesâ keâesCe keâes meceefÉYeeefpele
A.Td keâjleer nw, pÙeeefceleerÙe Goemeerve De#e keânueeleer nw~ Fmes
Tse = ×λ G.N.A. Øeleerkeâelcekeâ De#ejeW mes JÙeòeâ keâjles nQ DeLeJee Jen
I se
keâeuheefvekeâ mLeeÙeer De#e (mejue jsKee), pees ÛegcyekeâerÙe OegÇJe De#e
(M.P.A.) kesâ "erkeâ ceOÙe efyevog hej yeveves Jeeues keâesCe keâes
keâgue ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme ( φt ) meceefÉYeeefpele keâjleer nw, pÙeeefceleerÙe Goemeerve De#e keânueeleer nw~
#ejCeiegCeebkeâ ( λ) = >1
GheÙeesieer ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme ( φu ) ♦ Armature reaction effect causes flux to reduce–
With decreasing torque
λ = 1.12 to 1.25 DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee ØeYeeJe kesâ keâejCe, Heäuekeäme ceW keâceer nesleer
nw– Iešles ngS DeeIeÒCe& kesâ meeLe
peneB (SSC JE- 2018)
P = ÛegcyekeâerÙe OeÇgJeeW keâer kegâue mebKÙee ♦ Armature reaction effect is more in–
A = DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie ceW meceeveevlej heLeeW keâer kegâue mebKÙee Field weakening method
Ia = DeecexÛej keâjWš DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee ØeYeeJe DeefOekeâ neslee nw–
I = DeecexÛej keâC[keäšj ceW Oeeje #es$e ogye&ueve efJeefOe ceW
I = Ia /P DeecexÛej keâer uewhe JeeFbef[bie kesâ efueS (SSC JE- 2018)
= Ia /2 DeecexÛej keâer JesJe JeeFbef[bie kesâ efueS ♦ In a D.C. generator, the brushes on the
commutator are shifted from geometrical neutral
Z = DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie ceW kegâue Ûeeuekeâes keâer mebKÙee positions to– Avoid sparking
= No. of slots × No. of conductor per slot Skeâ [er.meer. peefve$e ceW, efokeäheefjJele&keâ hej yeÇMe Goemeerve
Dele: Z = S × C pÙeeefceleerÙe efmLeefle mes.................kesâ efueS efMeHeäš efkeâÙee peelee
♦ In a D.C. generator, the armature reaction results
nw– mheeefkeËâie jeskeâves
in– Demagnetisation of leading ♦ Armature reaction of an unsaturated D.C. machine
pole tip and magnetisation is– Cross magnetizing
of the trailing pole tip
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 Skeâ Demeble=hle [er.meer. ceMeerve keâe DeecexÛej efjSkeäMeve......... ÛegcyekeâerÙe Goemeerve De#e
neslee nw– ›eâe@me cewivesšeFefpebie (Magnetic Neutral Axis)
♦ Reactance voltage in D.C. machine depends on– oes efJehejerle (N and S) mebueive ÛegcyekeâerÙe OegÇJeeW kesâ yeerÛe
Armature current mes peeves Jeeueer Jen keâeuheefvekeâ DemLeeÙeer De#e (mejue
[er.meer. ceMeerve ceW efjSkeäšsvme Jeesušspe...........hej efveYe&j keâjlee jsKee) pees DeecexÛej kesâ Goemeerve ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ De#e mes
nw– DeecexÛej Oeeje neskeâj iegpejleer nw, ÛegcyekeâerÙe Goemeerve De#e keânueeleer
nw~
cenlJehetCe& efyevog Fmes M.N.A. Øeleerkeâelcekeâ De#ejeW mes JÙeòeâ keâjles nQ~
(Important Point) Fme De#e hej DeecexÛej Ûeeuekeâ SJeb heäuekeäme hejmhej
DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ oes ØeYeeJe ›eâeme Ûegcyekeâve Deewj meceeveevlej nesles nQ; FmeefueS efJeÅegle-Jeenkeâ yeue GlheVe
efJeÛegcyekeâve ØeYeeJe nQ~ efpemekesâ keâejCe 4-5³ heäuekeäme keâce nes veneR neslee DeLee&led Fme hej efmLele, DeecexÛej ÛeeuekeâeW ceW
peelee nw~ efpememes ceMeerve keâer ieefle yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ Oeeje keâe ceeve MetvÙe neslee nw~
[er.meer. peefve$e ceW [er.meer. efJe. Jee. yeue ceW Gefce&keâe (ripples) ♦ Air gap at the pole tips of a D.C. machine is kept
keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS DeefOekeâ mebKÙee ceW mesiceWš more than that at the centre of the pole mainly to
reduce– Effect of armature reaction
(segment) Jeeuee efokeäheefjJele&ve ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve keâe JeeÙeg Devlejeue OeÇgJe efšhe hej, OegÇJe kesâ
efmechueskeäme uewhe JeeFbef[bie kesâ efueS efokeäheefjJele&ve efheÛe ±1 Ùee kesâvõ mes pÙeeoe jKee peelee nw cegKÙele: _____ keâes keâce keâjves
-1 neslee nw~ kesâ efueS– DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ ØeYeeJe
peefve$e ceW cegKÙe heäuekeäme kesâ meehes#e DeecexÛej heäuekeäme efmLej ♦ As a result of armature reaction, the reduction in
neslee nw~ the total mutual air gap flux in a D.C. generator is
keâcÙetšsMeve kesâ oewjeve keäJeeÙeue ceW GlheVe mJe. Øesefjle approximately– 5%
efJe.Jee.yeue efjSkeäšsvme Jeesušlee (Reactance Voltage) [er.meer. peefve$e ceW DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ heefjCeece mes kegâue
keânueelee nw~ hejmhej JeeÙeg iewhe Heäuekeäme ceW keâceer ueieYeie neslee nw– 5%
FCšj heesue keâer OeÇgJelee peefve$e kesâ efueS Deieues Deeves Jeeues (DSSSB JE- 2015)
cegKÙe OeÇgJe kesâ meceeve nesleer nw~ ♦ Armature coil is short-circuited by brushes when
it lies– Along neutral axis
FCšj heesue keâer OeÇgJelee ceesšj kesâ efueS Fmekesâ heerÚs Jeeues DeecexÛej keäJee@Ùeue yeÇMe Éeje ueIegheefLele neslee nw peye Ùen efmLele
cegKÙe OeÇgJe kesâ meceeve nesleer nw~ neslee nw– vÙetš^ue De#e kesâ meeLe
DeC[j keâcÙetšsMeve kesâ keâejCe ceMeerve kesâ trailing edge hej ♦ In D.C. generators, the brushes on commutator
mheeefkeËâie nesleer nw~ remain in contact with conductors which–
[er.meer. ceMeerveeW ceW keâchesvemesefšbie JeeFbef[bie keâe ØeÙeesie DeecexÛej Lie under interpolar region
Øeefleef›eâÙee leLee FCšjheesue keâe ØeÙeesie keâcÙetšsMeve megOeejves ceW [er.meer. peefve$e ceW keâcÙetšsšj hej yeÇMe, Ûeeuekeâ kesâ mecheke&â ceW
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ jnles nQ– Fbšjheesuej #es$e kesâ veerÛes efmLele
[er.meer. ceMeerve ceW ncesMee yebo keäJeeFue kegâC[ueve keâe ØeÙeesie ♦ Cross magnetization Affecting– Commutation
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ›eâe@me Ûegcyekeâve ØeYeeefJele keâjlee nw– efokeâdheefjJele&ve keâes
yewkeâ efheÛe leLee øebâš efheÛe oesveeW keâe ceeve efJe<ece neslee nw~ ♦ Demagnetization effects–
Jen šeke&â pees ceMeerve ceW keâeÙe& keâjves kesâ efueS GheueyOe jnlee Reduction in main field flux,
nw, Gmes Meeheäš šeke&â (Shaft Torque) keânles nQ~ Reduces the terminal voltage
FCšjheesue SÙej iewhe, heâeru[ heesume SÙej iewhe mes pÙeeoe neslee ef[cewivesšeFpesMeve ØeYeeJe nw– cegKÙe #es$e heäuekeäme ceW keâceer,
nw~ šefce&veue Jeesušlee ceW keâceer
DeecexÛej efjSkeäMeve keâe [ercewivesšeFefpebie Ieškeâ cegKÙe heäuekeäme kesâ ♦ Flux density under trailing pole tips in case of
efJehejerle efoMee ceW neslee nw~ generator will– Increase
♦ In generator, due to armature reaction flux peefve$e keâer oMee ceW š^sefuebie OegÇJe efšhme kesâ Devleie&le heäuekeäme
distribution on M.N.A. is – IevelJe– yeÌ{siee
Rotate in the direction of rotation ♦ Flux density under leading pole tips in case of
peefve$e ceW DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ keâejCe Heäuekeäme efJelejCe generator will– Decrease
M.N.A. keâes– IetCe&ve keâer efoMee ceW Ietcee oslee nw peefve$e keâer oMee ceW ueeref[bie OegÇJe efšhme kesâ Devleie&le heäuekeäme
IevelJe– Iešsiee
♦ The field winding of a D.C. shunt machine usually
carries ..... of the rated current in the machine–2% ♦ Effects of armature reaction–
to 5% Increase the iron loss, Increase the
Skeâ [er.meer. Mebš ceMeerve keâer #es$e kegâC[ueve ceMeerve ceW maintenance and repair, Increases
meeceevÙele: efveOee&efjle Oeeje keâe......Jenve keâjleer nw–2% mes 5% the design cost
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 DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee keâe ØeYeeJe nQ– ♦ Compensating windings are used when loads are–
ueewn ne@efve ceW Je=efæ, jKejKeeJe Have large fluctuations
Deewj cejccele ceW Je=efæ, Øeeflekeâejer kegâC[ueve ØeÙeesie neslee nw peye Yeej–
ef[peeFve ueeiele ceW Je=efæ yengle DeefOekeâ Gleej-ÛeÌ{eJe keâjlee nw~
(UPRVUNL JE- 2016)
Øeeflekeâejkeâ kegâC[ueve ♦ Direction of the current in the compensating
(Compensating Winding) winding is........ to the direction of current in the
♦ In a D.C. machine the purposes of compensating armature conductors– Exactly opposite
winding and interpoles is– Øeeflekeâejkeâ kegâC[ueve ceW Oeeje keâer efoMee DeecexÛej ÛeeuekeâeW ceW
Compensating winding to neutralize Oeeje keâer efoMee kesâ.......... nesleer nw– "erkeâ efJehejerle
armature reaction: Interpoles ♦ Compensating windings are used in D.C.
to improve commutation generators–
Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ meboYe& ceW, Øeeflekeâejkeâ kegâC[ueve leLee To neutralise the cross-magnetising
Devle: OegÇJeeW kesâ GösMÙeeW keâer JÙeeKÙee keâjlee nw– effect of the armature reaction
DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee keâes yesDemej keâjves [er.meer. peefve$eeW ceW Øeeflekeâejkeâ kegâC[ueveeW keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw–
nsleg Øeeflekeâejkeâ kegâC[ueve efokeäheefjJele&ve ceW DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ ›eâe@me ÛegcyekeâerkeâjCe
megOeej nsleg Devle: OegÇJeeW keâer mLeehevee ØeYeeJe Goemeerve keâjves kesâ efueS
(LMRC SC/TO- 2015) ♦ The compensating winding in a D.C. machine–
♦ The number of conductors of the compensating Is located on pole shoes for avoiding the
winding in a D.C. machine– flashover at the commutator surface
Is always less than the number
Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW Øeeflekeâejer kegâC[ueve–
of armature conductors per pole
efokeâdheefjJele&keâ melen hej heäuewMe DeesJej mes yeÛeves kesâ
[er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ Øeeflekeâejer kegâC[ueeR (kebâhevmesefšbie JeeFbef[bie) ceW
Ûeeuekeâes keâer mebKÙee nesleer nw– ncesMee Øeefle heesue DeecexÛej efueS OeÇgJe veeue hej efmLele nesleer nw
Ûeeuekeâes keâer mebKÙee mes keâce (GATE E.E.- 2000)
(SSC JE- 2017) ♦ The armature reaction effect in D.C. machines can
be completely neutralized by using–
♦ Compensating winding is placed in the–
Pole shoe Compensating winding and interpoles
Øeeflekeâejer JeeFbef[bie keâneB ueieeF& peeleer nw– heesue Met hej [er.meer. ceMeerve cebs DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee ØeYeeJe.............. keâe
(SSC-JE- 2018)
GheÙeesie keâjkesâ hetCe& ™he mes meceehle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
keâchevmesefšbie JeeFbef[bie Øeeflekeâejkeâ kegâC[ueve Deewj Deble:OeÇgJeeW oesveeW
(Compensating Winding)
7. efokeâdheefjJele&ve (Commutation)
keâchevmesefšbie JeeFbef[bie (Compensating Winding)
keâcheeGC[ peefve$eeW ceW ›eâe@me-Ûegcyekeâve ØeYeeJe keâes meceehle ♦ Which type of shape is used for carbon brushes in
DC machine– Square
keâjves kesâ efueS meerjerpe-Heâeru[ JeeFbef[bie kesâ ßesCeer-›eâce ceW
Skeâ Deefleefjòeâ JeeFbef[bie mebÙeesefpele keâer peeleer nw, efpemes [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW keâeye&ve yeÇMe ceW efkeâme Øekeâej keâer Deeke=âefle keâe
keâchevmesefšbie JeeFbef[bie keânles nQ~ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– Jeie&
(PGCIL NER JE-27.02.2022)
♦ In progressive lap winding with Z conductors and
P poles, the front YF and back pitch YB are respect
Z Z
given by – YF = – 1, YB = + 1
P P
Z Ûeeuekeâ Deewj P heesue kesâ meeLe Skeâ ØeesiesÇefmeJe uewhe JeeFbef[bie ceW
øebâš efheÛe YF Deewj yewkeâ efheÛe YB ›eâceMe: _____ Éeje efoS
Ùen JeeFbef[bie Yeer meerjerpe-Heâeru[ JeeFbef[bie keâer YeeBefle Heâeru[- Z Z
heesume hej mLeeefhele keâer peeleer nw Deewj Fmekeâe mebÙeespeve, peeles nw– YF = – 1, YB = + 1
P P
DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie kesâ ßesCeer-›eâce ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (DSSSB JE-20.06.2022 Time-8.30 To 10.30 AM)
Øeeflekeâejer kegâC[ueve keâe ØeÙeesie Gve oerIe& ceMeerveeW ceW neslee ♦ A DC generator without commutator is an–
nw, efpevekesâ Yeej ceW DeefOekeâ Gleej-ÛeÌ{eJe neslee nw~ AC generator

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 efokeäheefjJele&keâ (keâcÙetšsšj) kesâ efyevee [er.meer. peefve$e, Skeâ ♦ In case of DC machines, the brush contact drop is
_________ neslee nw– AC peefve$e assumed to be .............. for carbon brushes–
(PGCIL DT -SR-I-22.08.2021) 2.0 V
♦ What is the function of equalizer ring- [er.meer. (D.C.) ceMeerveeW kesâ meboYe& ceW, keâeye&ve yeÇMe kesâ efueS
To avoid unequal distribution of
yeÇMe mebheke&â-heele (brush contact drop) keâe ceevee peelee nw–
2.0 V
current at the brushes
(SSC JE-28.10.2020 Shift-II)
thereby helping to get sparkless commutation
♦ The commutator of DC generator acts as a –
FkeäJeeueeFpej efjbie keâe keäÙee keâeÙe& nw-
Rectifier
yeÇMe hej Oeeje kesâ Demeceeve efJelejCe mes yeÛevee [er.meer. peefve$e keâe efokeäheefjJele&keâ .......... kesâ ™he ceW keâeÙe&
efpememes mheeke&â jefnle keâcÙetšsMeve Øeehle keâjlee nw – efo„keâejer
keâjves ceW ceoo efceueleer nw- [RRB JE 19.09.2019]
(DFCCIL-30.09.2021 Time 4:30-6:30 PM) Note: Jen efJeefOe efpememes ueIegheefLele DeecexÛej kegâC[ueer ceW Oeeje keâer
♦ In large machines flat copper strips known as– efoMee, peye Jen ÛegcyekeâerÙe Goemeerve De#e (M.N.A) keâes heej keâjleer nw
Risers Jen ØeefleJeefle&le (Reversed) nes peeÙes lees Gme Iešvee keâes efokeâdheefjJele&ve
yeÌ[er ceMeerveeW ceW leeByes keâer Ûehešer heóer keâes keâne peelee nw– (commutation) keânueeleer nw~
jeFpej Jen meceÙe efpemeceW DeecexÛej kegâC[ueer ueIegheefLele jnleer nw~
(SSC JE- 2018) efokeâdheefjJele&ve keâeue (commutation period) keânueeleer nw~
♦ The change of current in the coil when the brush Fmes Tc mes JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
passes through the axis is called- Commutation 1
kegâC[ueer, peye yeÇMe De#e mes iegpejleer nw lees kegâC[ueer ceW Oeeje Tc = meskesâC[dme OR TC = 2 ms
500
keâe heefjJele&ve keânueelee nw- efokeâdheefjJele&ve ØeeflekeâeÙe&lee Jeesušlee (Reactance Voltage) -
(DSSSB JE-19.03.21)
keâcÙetšsMeve megOeejves keâer efJeefOeÙeeB 2LIa
Vr = V
(Methods of Improving Commutation) Tc
(i) ØeeflejesOe Fme efJeefOe ceW DeefOekeâ ØeeflejesOe Jeeues ØeeflekeâeÙe&lee Jeesušlee DeecexÛej Oeeje kesâ meceevegheeleer nesleer nw~
efJeefOe keâeye&ve yeÇMeeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ØeeflekeâeÙe&lee Jeesušlee efokeâdheefjJele&ve keâeue kesâ JÙegl›eâceevegheeleer
(Resistance yeÇMeeW keâe ØeeflejesOe DeefOekeâ nesves kesâ keâejCe nesleer nw~
method) Mee@š&-meefke&âš keäJee@Ùeue ceW Oeeje Oeerjs-Oeerjs ♦ Commutation conditions at full-load of a large
heefjJeefle&le nesleer nw, efpemekesâ heefjCeecemJe™he D.C machine can be checked by–
efÛebieejer veieCÙe nes peeleer nw~ Hopkinson's test
GÛÛe ØeeflejesOe keâeye&ve yeÇMe keâe GheÙeesie hetCe& Yeej hej efo° Oeeje Jeeueer yeÌ[er ceMeerveeW kesâ efueS
keâjkesâ mcetLe keâcÙetšsMeve Øeehle efkeâÙee pee efokeâdheefjJele&ve heefjefmLeefle keâer peeBÛe____mes nes mekeâleer nw–
mekeâlee nw~ ne@heefkeâvmeve šsmš
(ii) efJeÅegle- Fme efJeefOe Éeje efjSkeäšsvme Jeesušspe kesâ (SSC JE- 2017)
Jeenkeâ yeue ØeYeeJe keâes Kelce keâjves kesâ efueS Fmekesâ ♦ Satisfactory commutation of D.C. machines
efJeefOe efJehejerle efoMee ceW Fvšjheesue keâer meneÙelee requires–
(E.M.F. mes efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue GlheVe efkeâÙee peelee Brushes should be of proper grade and size,
Method) nw~ Brushes should smoothly run in the holders,
[er.meer. peefve$eeW ceW cegKÙe heesume kesâ ceOÙe Smooth, Concentric commutator
Úesšs-Úesšs Fvšjheesue ueieeS peeles nQ~ properly undercut
Fvekeâer mebKÙee cegKÙe heesume kesâ meceeve ner [er.meer. ceMeerve kesâ meblees<epevekeâ keâcÙetšsMeve kesâ efueS
nesleer nw~ DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw–
♦ The generated ––––– emf is converted into ––––– yeÇMe GefÛele «es[ Deewj Deekeâej keâe nesvee ÛeeefnS, yeÇMe
emf because of commutator keâes Deemeeveer mes OeejkeâeW ceW Ûeuevee ÛeeefnS, efÛekeâvee
A.C, Unidirectional mekesâefvõle efokeäheefjJele&keâ DeÛÚer lejn mes Dev[jkeâš
peefve$e .......efJe.Jee.yeue efokeäheefjJele&keâ kesâ keâejCe .........
♦ In DC machines, the armature windings are placed
efJe.Jee.yeue ceW heefjJeefle&le nes peelee nw S.meer., SkeâefoMeerÙe on the rotor because of the necessity for–
( PUNE METRO SC/TO JE-19.10.2021) Commutation
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 [er.meer. ceMeerveeW ceW, DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie jesšj hej...........keâer DeC[j efokeâdheefjJele&ve, DeesJej efokeâdheefjJele&ve,
DeeJeMÙekeâlee kesâ keâejCe ueieeÙee peelee nw– keâcÙetšsMeve Oeeje keâe DeefOekeâ leer›e efJehejerle nesvee
♦ The sparking at the brushes, in a DC machines is ♦ The reactance voltage is–
due to– Reactance voltage
Directly proportional to armature current
Skeâ [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW yeÇMeeW hej mheeefkeËâie keâe keâejCe neslee nw– and inversely proportional to
efjSkeäšWme Jeesušlee commutation period
♦ The self induced emf in the coil undergoing ØeefleIeele Jeesušspe nw–
commutation is called the– Reactance voltage DeecexÛej Oeeje kesâ meerOes meceevegheeeflekeâ Deewj
Jen kegâC[ueer efpemeceW keâcÙetšsMeve nes jne nes ceW mJe-Øesefjle
efJe.Jee.yeue. keânueelee nw– efjSkeäšWme Jeesušlee efokeädheefjJele&ve keâeue kesâ JÙegl›eâceevegheeleer
♦ If in the DC machine the reversal of current in the
♦ In a DC machine, the sparking between brushes coil is faster than ideal or linear commutation then
and commutator surface may be to– the commutation is said to be–
Under commutation, Over commutation, Accelerated commutation
Too rapid reversal of current Ùeefo [er.meer. ceMeerve ceW kegâC[ueer ceW Oeeje keâe Gl›eâceCe DeeoMe&
[er.meer. ceMeerve ceW, yeÇMeeW Deewj efokeâdheefjJele&keâ melen kesâ yeerÛe Ùee jsKeerÙe efokeäheefjJele&ve mes lespe neslee nw lees efokeäheefjJele&ve keâes
mhegâefuebie, nes mekeâlee nw– keâne peelee nw~ lJeefjle ™heevlejCe
8. efo° Oeeje peefve$eeW kesâ Øekeâej
(Types of DC Generator)
[er.meer. ceMeerveeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe
(Classification of D.C. Machines)

he=Lekeâ Gòesefpele peefve$e Skeâ [er.meer. Mevš ceesšj keâes mhesjsšueer FkeämeeFšs[ peefve$e mes
(Separately Excited Generator) mehueeF& efoÙee peelee nw Ùeefo ceesšj hej uees[ šeke&â keâes DeeOee
keâce keâj efoÙee peeÙes leye–
ceesšj Deewj peefve$e oesveeW keâe DeecexÛej
Oeeje DeeOee Ieš peelee nw
(ESE-2012)
♦ The generator whose field magnet winding is
supplied from an independent external DC source
is called- Separately excited DC generator
♦ A separately excited D.C. generator is feeding a Jen peefve$e efpemekesâ #es$e Ûegcyekeâ JeeFbef[bie keâes Skeâ mJeleb$e yeenjer
D.C. shunt motor. If the load torque on the motor [er.meer. œeesle mes Deehetefle& keâer peeleer nw ........keânueelee nw~
is reduced to half, then–
he=Leefkeâle Gòesefpele [er.meer. peefve$e
The armature current of both
motor and generator are reduced to half (UPPCL JE 08.09.2021, Shift-I)
efo° Oeeje peefve$e 30 YCT

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