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6B - Blood Flow Measurement

biomedical and electrical engineering

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Nazifa Tahsin014
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16 views

6B - Blood Flow Measurement

biomedical and electrical engineering

Uploaded by

Nazifa Tahsin014
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE 487

Blood Flow Measurement

Prepared by Dr. Mehdi Hasan Chowdhury, EEE, CUET


Blood Flow

Blood flow helps to understand basic physiological


processes and e.g. the dissolution of a medicine into
the body.

It also helps to understand many pathological conditions,


since many diseases alter the blood flow. Also the blood
clots in the arterial system can be detected.

Usually the blood flow measurements are more


invasive than blood pressure measurements / ECG

2
Blood Flow...

Arterial blood flow velocities ranging from


4.9-19 cm/sec were measured, while
venous blood flow was significantly slower
at 1.5-7.1 cm/sec. Taking into account the
corresponding vessel diameters ranging
from 800 microm to 1.8 mm, blood flow
rates of 3.0-26 ml/min in arteries and 1.2-
4.8 ml/min in veins are obtained.

3
1.Electromagnetic Blood Flow Meters
• Measures instantaneous pulsatile flow of blood

• Works based on the principle of electromagnetic induction

• The voltage induced in a conductor moving in a


magnetic field is proportional to the velocity of the
conductor

• The conductive blood is the moving conductor

4
Principle of Electromagnetic Blood flow Measurement

5
Principle of Electromagnetic Blood Flow Meters
• A permanent magnet or electromagnet
positioned around the blood vessel generates
a magnetic field perpendicular to the
direction of the flow of the blood.

• Voltage induced in the moving blood column


is measured with stationary electrodes
located on opposite sides of the blood vessel
and perpendicular to the direction of the
magnetic field.
6
Principle of Electromagnetic Blood Flow Meters

• The Induced emf

• Where
• B = magnetic flux density, T
• L = length between electrodes, m
• u = instantaneous velocity of blood, m/s

7
Principle of Electromagnetic Blood Flow Meters

• This method requires that the blood vessel be


exposed so that the flow head or the
measuring probe can be put across it.

8
Design of Flow Transducers
• The electromagnetic flow-transducer is a tube of non-
magnetic material to ensure that the magnetic flux does
not bypass the flowing liquid and go into the walls of the
tube.

• The tube is made of a conducting material and generally


has an insulating lining to prevent short circuiting of
induced emf.

• The induced emf is picked up by point electrodes made


from stainless steel or platinum.
9
Design of Flow Transducers
• The flow head contains a slot through which the
intact blood vessel can be inserted to make a snug
fit.

• Several probes of different sizes must therefore


accompany the flowmeter to match the full range
of sizes of the blood vessels which have various
diameters.

• Flow heads having as small as 1mm are available.


10
Types of Electromagnetic Blood Flow Meters

• DC Flow meters
• Use DC Magnetic field.
• Cause electrode polarization and amplifier drift.

• AC Flow meters
• Electromagnets are driven by alternating
currents.
• The transducer acts like a Transformer and
induces error voltages that often exceed the
signal levels by several orders of magnitude.
11
Magnetic Flowmeter Block Diagram

12
Magnetic Flowmeter Block Diagram
• The oscillator, which drives the magnet
provides a control signal for the gate, operates
at a frequency of between 60 and 400 Hz.

• The frequency response is high enough to


allow the recording of the flow pulses.

• The mean or average flow can be derived by


use of a low-pass filter.
13
2. Ultrasonic Blood Flow Meters

• A beam of ultrasonic energy is used to


measure the velocity of flowing blood.

• Two types:

• Transit time flow meters

• Doppler type.

14
Transit-Time Ultrasonic Flow Meters
Ultrasonic
Transducer

Ultrasonic
Transducer 15
Transit-Time Ultrasonic Flow Meters

• Where
• t - transit time
• D - Distance between the transducers
• c - Sound velocity
• u - blood flow velocity 16
Transit-Time Ultrasonic Flow Meters

• The pulsed beam is directed through a blood


vessel at a shallow angle and its transit time is
measured.

• The transit time is shortened when the blood


flows in the same direction as the transmitted
energy

• The transit time is lengthened otherwise.


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Doppler Type Ultrasonic Flow Meters

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Doppler type Ultrasonic Flow Meters
• Based on the Doppler principle

• A transducer sends an ultrasonic beam with a


frequency F into the flowing blood.

• A small part of the transmitted energy is


scattered back and is received by a second
transducer arranged opposite the first one.

• The reflected signal has a different frequency


F + FD or F – FD due to Doppler effect. 19
Doppler Frequency equation

• Where
• fd = Doppler frequency shift
• f0 = source frequency
• u = target velocity
• c = velocity of sound
20
Doppler type Ultrasonic Flow Meters…

• The Doppler component FD is directly


proportional to the velocity of the flowing
blood.

• A fraction of the transmitted ultrasonic energy


reaches the second transducer directly with
the frequency being unchanged.

21
Doppler Type Ultrasonic Flow Meters

22
Doppler type Ultrasonic Flow Meters…

• After amplification of the composite signal,


the Doppler frequency can be obtained at the
output of the detector as the difference
between the direct and the scattered signal
components.

• For normal blood velocities, the Doppler


signal is typically in the low audio frequency
range.
23

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