Internal combustion engine

Section A
1. Make use of the following information to determine the brake power of
an engine. Take g as 9,81 m/s2.

Diameter of rope 22 mm

Diameter of the flywheel 1,6 m

Scale reading 5,6 kg

Dead mass 45 kg

Engine speed 300 r/min

[9,85 kW]

2. Calculate the brake power of a six cylinder engine, maintaining a speed

of 180 RPM and a brake torque of 30 KN.m

[565,49 kW]

3. Calculate the brake power of an engine if the length (effective) of the

arm is 920,5 mm, the mass at the end of the arm is 48 kg and the
engine rotates at 2 r/sec. Take g= 9,81 m/s2.

[5,45 kW]

4. An engine was tested with a rope brake, with these results: brake
power= 9 kW; diameter of brake drum= 1,6 m; diameter of rope= 22
mm; mass at end of rope= 42 kg; spring balance reading= 6 kg.
Calculate the speed of the engine. Take g = 9,81 m/s2.

[300,07 r/min]

5. An engine was tested with a prony brake. The results were brake
power= 656 kW and brake torque= 3132 N.m.

5.1 Calculate the speed of the engine ( in r/min)

[2000,11 r/min]

5.2 If the length of the lever arm= 1,6 m, what mass at the end of the
lever arm ( in kg) will balance the arm at the speed calculated in
question 5.1?

[199,54 kg]

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6. An 8-cylinder, double-acting, two-stroke diesel engine has a cylinder
diameter of 457 mm and a stroke of 610 mm. The engine speed is 180
r/min. The mean effective pressure ( indicated) is 1242 kPa. Calculate
the indicated power in kW. [5965,062 kW]

7. A six-cylinder, four-stroke petrol engine gave these results in a test:

cylinder diameter= 241,3 mm; stroke length= 304,5 mm; torque= 3122
N.m at 2000 r/min. The indicated power developed 820 kW.

7.1 Calculate the brake power of the engine in kW. [653,87 kW]

7.2 Calculate the mean effective pressure ( in kPa ). [588,874 kPa]

8. Calculate the cylinder diameter (D) and stroke of a single –cylinder in

mm, four-stroke petrol engine that runs at 1500 r/min, develops an
indicated power (IP) of 30 kW. Indicate mean effective pressure=368
kPa; stroke= 1,5 times the cylinder diameter. [177 mm, 265,5 mm]

9. These results were obtained from a test on a single-cylinder, four-

stroke diesel engine at 200 r/min; mean effective pressure= 602 kPa;
cylinder diameter= 305 mm; stroke= 457 mm; brake load at 1,372
m=84,4 kg. Assume g=10 m/s2.

Calculate:

9.1 The indicated power (IP) in kW. [33,501 kW]

9.2 The brake power (BP) in kW. [24,252 kW]

9.3 The mechanical efficiency [72,392%]

10. A six-cylinder, four-stroke petrol engine gave these results: piston

diameter= 241 mm; stroke= 305 mm; mechanical efficiency= 80%;
brake torque= 3130 N.m at 2000 r/min.

Calculate:

10.1 The brake power (BP) in kW. [ 655,546 kW]

10.2 The indicated power (IP) in kW. [819, 432 kW]

10.3 The indicated mean effective pressure (in kPa) [588,965 kPa]

11. An indicator diagram obtained from a test on an engine, has a length of

70 mm and an area of 19,6 cm2. The spring rate (stiffness) of an
indicator = 20kPa per mm height. Calculate the mean effective
pressure. [560 kPa]

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12. A single-cylinder four-stroke engine is tested by means of a rope brake
and the following results were obtained: flywheel diameter 700 mm;
speed 450 RPM; rope diameter 20 mm; mass on the rope 20 kg; scale
reading 3,4 kg; area of indicated diagram 400 mm2; length of indicated
diagram 64 mm; spring tension 140 KN/m2 per mm; bore 110 mm;
length of stroke 150 mm. Take g as 9,81 m/s2.

Determine:

12.1 The brake power [2,763 kW]

12.2 The indicated power [4,677 kW]

12.3 The friction power [1,914 kW]

12.4 The mechanical efficiency [59,076%]

13. During a test, carried out on a single-cylinder, four stroke engine with a
bore diameter of 255 mm and a stroke length of 410 mm, the following
observations were made:

Engine speed 240 RPM

Failures/minute 10

Area of indicated diagram 523 mm2

Spring calibration 0,1 MN/m2 per mm

Length of indicate diagram 75 mm

Effective brake mass 75 kg

Flywheel diameter 1,0 m

Rope diameter 32 mm

50 m3/hour gas was consumed at a temperature of 20℃ and a

pressure of 90 mm water while the barometer reading was 745 mmHg.
Assume the heat value of the fuel as 16,5 MJ/m3 at 0℃ and 760
mmHg. Take g as 9,81m/s2.

Determine:

13.1 The brake power [9,542 kW]

13.2 The indicated power [26,769 kW]

13.3 The indicated thermal efficiency of the engine [12,48%]

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 13.4 The mechanical efficiency [35,646%]

14. The following information refers to a four-stroke, four cylinder petrol

engine, rotating at 4400 RPM; volume compression ratio 7,5:1; cylinder
diameter 75 mm; length of stroke 105 mm; brake power 37 kW;
indicated power 47 kW; air consumption 21 kg/kg fuel; fuel
consumption 13,7 kg/h; heat value of the fuel 41,8 MJ/kg. Assume R=
0,287 kJ/kg.K.

Determine:

14.1 The mechanical efficiency [78,723%]

14.2 The average indicated pressure [690,82 kPa]

14.3 The volumetric efficiency at S.T.P [90,84%]

14.4 The brake thermal efficiency [23,26%]

14.5 The efficiency ratio between the brake thermal efficiency and the
A.S.E. [42,036%]

15. During a test carried on an oil engine, the following results were
obtained:

Duration of test= 25 min; speed= 1760 RPM; brake torque= 330 N.m;
fuel consumption= 9,1 kg; heat value of the fuel=42,3 MJ/kg; mass of
cooling water= 480 kg with inlet and outlet temperatures of 17℃ and
80℃ respectively; air consumed= 180 kg; exhaust gas temperature=
486℃; test room temperature=18℃. Assume Cpg= 1,25kJ/kg.K
(Specific heat capacity of exhaust gases) and S.H.C of water= 4,187
kJ/kg.K

Determine:

15.1 The brake power (BP) [[60,82 kW]

15.2 The brake specific fuel consumed [0,359 kg/kW.h]

15.3 The indicated thermal efficiency if mechanical efficiency is 83%.

[28,56%]

15.4 Draw up an energy balance for this engine and express it in

kJ/min and %. [23,7%; 4,85%; 32,89%; 28,739%; 9,813%]

16. A four-stroke engine with six cylinders was tested by means of a brake
and the following results were obtained:

Piston diameter= 240 mm; length of stroke= 300 mm; mechanical

efficiency= 80%; brake thermal efficiency= 28%; brake torque at 2500

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 RPM= 3130 N.m; heat value of the fuel= 44MJ/kg; air/fuel ratio=19:1;
engine room temperature=16℃ and air pressure in the engine
room=103 kPa.

Calculate:

16.1 The brake power (in kW) [819,43 kW]

16.2 The indicated power (in kW) [1024,29 kW]

16.3 The indicated thermal efficiency [35%]

16.4 The average effective indicated pressure in kPa [603,78 kPa]

16.5 Fuel consumption in kg/min [3,991 kg/min]

16.6 Mass of exhaust gas per minute [79,82 kg/min]

16.7 Volumetric efficiency [60,184%]

17. An eight-cylinder, double-acting, two-stroke diesel engine has a

cylinder diameter of 457 mm and a stroke of 610 mm. Brake torque at
180 r/min= 269 200 N.m; brake thermal efficiency= 33%; mechanical
efficiency= 85%; heat value of fuel= 46520 kJ/kg; air-fuel ratio= 30:1

Calculate:

17.1 Brake power (BP) in kW [5074,3 kW]

17.2 Indicated power (IP) in kW [5969,765 kW]

17.3 Indicated thermal efficiency [38,769%]

17.4 Mass of exhaust gases per minute [615,66 kg/min]

17.5 Indicated mean effective pressure in kPa [1242,979 kPa

17.6 Heat equivalent to friction power in kJ/min. [53727,9 kJ/min]

18. Data for a four-stroke, single-cylinder engine tested on a rope brake at

350 r/min; cylinder diameter= 192 mm; stroke=357 mm; net load on
rope brake with a mean diameter of wheel of 1448 mm=40 kg; fuel
used= 1 kg during a test of 20 min heat value of fuel= 44600 kJ/kg;
cooling water flow= 300 kg per hour with a mean temperature rise of
11℃; air-fuel ratio= 25:1; mechanical efficiency= 70%; specific heat
capacity of exhaust gases= 1,05 kJ/kg.K; exhaust temperature rise=
427℃; S.H.C of cooling water= 4,187 kJ/kg.K. Take g as 9,81 m/s2.

Calculate:

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 18.1 The brake power in kW [10,41 kW]

18.2 The indicated power in kW [14,871 kW]

18.3 The heat available in fuel in kJ/min [2230 kJ/min]

18.4 The heat absorbed by brake power in kJ/min [624,6 kJ/min]

18.5 The heat lost to friction in kJ/min [267, 66 kJ/min]

18.6 The heat lost to coolant in kJ/min [230,285 kJ/min]

18.7 The heat lost to exhaust gas in kJ/min [582,855 kJ/min]

18.8 Draw up a heat balance sheet in kJ/min and express all values
as a percentage of the heat supplied per minute.
[28,01%; 12,003%; 10,327%; 26,137%; 23,525%]

19. A four-cylinder, four-stroke petrol engine is tested on a Prony brake.

The brake arm is 1067 mm long and a mass of 15 kg balances the
brake at 2000 r/min. The mechanical efficiency at this speed is 80%
and the brake thermal efficiency is 25%. The air-fuel ratio is 19:1. The
heat value of the fuel is 44200 kJ/kg. The specific heat capacity of the
exhaust gas is 1,05 kJ/kg.K, with an exhaust gas temperature rise of
520℃. The heat to cooling system is the same as the heat to exhaust
gas per minute.

Draw up a complete heat balance to show all components in kJ/min,

and express this as a percentage of the heat supplied by the fuel per
minute. (Assume g= 10 m/s2)

20. This is data obtained from a test on a two-cylinder, four-stroke oil

engine with a bore of 80 mm and a stroke of 75 mm:
(Assume g= 10 m/s2).

Duration of test 10 minutes

Fuel used 0,28 kg

Heat value of fuel 41 MJ/kg

Area of indicator diagram 7,8 cm2

Length of indicator diagram 65 mm

Spring rate of indicator 25 kPa per mm

Crankshaft revolutions completed 28000

Diameter of flywheel 300 mm

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 Diameter of rope 15 mm

Mass on rope 10,5 kg

Spring scale reading 15 N

Calculate:

20.1 The indicated mean effective pressure. [300 kPa]

20.2 The indicated power in kW. [5,28 kW]

20.3 The brake power in kW. [4,156 kW]

20.4 The brake thermal efficiency. [21,72%]

20.5 The mechanical efficiency. [78,71%]

21. In a trial on a six-cylinder petrol engine, a Morse test was carried out to
estimate the indicated power of the engine. Running at full load, with all
cylinders working, the brake power output was 52 kW. The measured
brake power output( in kW) when each cylinder was cut out in turn, and
the load reduced to bring the engine back to its original speed, are
shown in the table.

Cylinder number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Brake power (in kW) 40,5 40,2 40,1 40,6 40,7 40

Use the above data to answer the questions.

21.1 Estimate the indicated power of the engine. [69,9 kW]

21.2 Estimate the mechanical efficiency of the engine. [74,392%]

22 In a trial of a six-cylinder petrol engine, a Morse test was done when

running a full load, all cylinders working, and the brake power was 56
kW. The measured brake power when each cylinder was cut out in
turn, and the load reduced to bring the engine back to its original speed
are shown in the table.

Cylinder number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Brake power(in kW) 44,2 44,0 43,9 44,3 44,1 43,7

Further recordings were taken: fuel consumption= 0,342 l per kW hour

on an indicated power basis; heat value of fuel= 42 MJ/kg; specific

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 gravity of fuel= 0,76; air-fuel ratio by mass= 15,2:1; exhaust gas
temperature= 400℃; specific heat capacity of exhaust gas= 1,1
kJ/kg.K; outside air temperature= 18℃; cooling water inlet
temperature= 18℃; cooling water outlet temperature= 56℃; cooling
water flow rate= 34 kg/min. Specific heat capacity of water= 4,187
kJ/kg.K. (1 L water= mass of 1 kg)

Calculate:

22.1 The mechanical efficiency. [77,994%]

22.2 The fuel consumption in kg/min [0,311 kg/min]

22.3 The mass of exhaust gases in kg/min. [5,038 kg/min]

22.4 Draw up an energy balance sheet (with the appropriate

headings) as a percentage of the energy supplied by the fuel.

23. In a trial on a four-stroke petrol engine running at 3000 r/min, the brake
load was 267 N when all cylinder were working.
Each cylinder was cut out in turn and the speed returned to 3000 r/min.

Use the brake readings in the table to answer the questions.

Cylinder number 1 2 3 4
Brake reading (in N) 178 187 182 182

Determine:

23.1 The brake power of the engine

23.2 The indicated power

23.3 The mechanical efficiency

Further results were obtained during the trial fuel consumption:

0,568 L in 130s

Specific gravity of fuel 0,72

Heat value of fuel 43 MJ/kg

Air-fuel ratio 14:1

Exhaust gas temperature 760℃

Specific heat capacity of exhaust gas 1,015 kJ/kg.K

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 Cooling water inlet temperature 21℃

Cooling water outlet temperature 56℃

Cooling water flow rate 0,28 kg/s

Outside air temperature 21℃

23.4 Use the results to draw up an energy balance in kJ/min, and as

a percentage of the energy supplied.

24. During a test run of a four-cylinder, petrol engine, rotating at 2200

RPM, the brake torque was 115 N.m. When each cylinder was cut out
in turn, and the speed returned to 2200 RPM, the brake torque
readings were as follows:

Cylinder number 1 2 3 4
Brake torque (N.m) 73,3 72,3 74,5 75,7

Calculate the mechanical efficiency